Dualistic Interpretation Research Articles

Another pit, another post-hole: Are we learning anything new from Parramatta’s ‘convict hut’ sites?

This paper explores the archaeology of one of the more recently excavated ‘convict hut’ sites, the structures associated with early convict occupation (c.1788–1818) of the colonised agricultural landscape of what is now Parramatta in New South Wales. The paper primarily examines what substantive conclusions can be drawn from what could be considered repetitious archaeological sites: one hut in a long line of huts. The work focuses on the temporal and spatial constraints of evidence from the Club Parramatta site, building on the legacy of excavations that have occurred over the last 40 years. The results are framed through a conceptual lens of assemblages of practice and make use of comparative artefact analysis of three huts. We argue that New Materialism is particularly helpful for avoiding dualistic interpretations, such as convict/free, and instead allows for more nuanced and active understandings of people in the past.

The psychosomatics attributes in Plato’s Timaeus and Charmides: disease and health of man

The paper analyzes in Plato the integration/συναμφότερον between the human soul and body in Charmides and Timaeus exploring the ideas of health/ὑγίεια and disease/νόσος and how they originate in man. The thesis is that in Plato’s thought there is a strong presence of an integrated view of man, the relationship between the constitutive instances (soul and body) being psychosomatic, since both suffer (πάσχω) influence from each other. The nuances of the soulbody relationship are also considered with regard to the psychophysical aspects of this compound. As a consequence, it goes beyond the dualistic interpretation erroneously propagated by philosophy manuals, which insist that in Plato the soul must despise the body. In other words, what “seems” in Plato’s texts to be a reference to a strong tension between soul and body is in fact a warning by the philosopher of the need for a balanced integration between both.

디자인보호법상 유사판단의 일본에서의 이원론적 해석론에 관한 고찰

우리나라 법원에서의 유사판단의 법리는 이원론을 적용하고 있다. 이것은 일본에서의 의장의 유사판단에 관한 이원론적 해석론을 받아들인 것이며, 공지부분을 포함한 디자인의 유사판단에서 권리화 단계와 권리행사 단계를 구별하여 관련 법리를 적용하고 있다. 이에 따라 우리나라 법원에서는 디자인의 ‘유사’에 대하여 동일한 용어를 사용하고 있음에도 불구하고 실제 관련 규정을 적용할 때마다 구체적인 적용태양과 관련 법리에 대한 해석이 다른 것처럼 보이게 하는 판단법리를 설시하고 있다. 그러므로 우리나라 법원의 유사판단에 관한 이원론에 영향을 미친 일본에서의 의장의 유사판단에 관한 이원론적 해석론을 살펴볼 필요가 있게 되었다. 그리고 일본에서의 의장의 유사판단에 관한 연혁 및 최근에 통용되는 해석론에 대하여 구체적으로 분석함으로써 우리나라에서의 이러한 이원론의 적용에 대한 재검토를 할 때가 되었다. 일본에서는 2006년에 의장법 제24조 제2항이 도입된 이래로 지적재산고등재 판소에서 유사판단방법에 관한 통일적인 판단법리를 판시하고 있는데, 우리나라의 특허법원 판결의 판단법리와 비슷한 법리를 판시하고 있다. 즉, 복잡한 이원론적 해석론의 적용보다는 의장의 미감의 공통점과 차이점을 비교형량하여 의장의 요부(지배적 특징)를 기준으로 유사판단을 하는 단순화된 모습을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 의장의 유사판단에서의 공지의장의 참작에 대한 일본에서의 해석론을 고려하여, 의장의 요부의 파악을 할 때에 등록의장의 공지부분을 무조건 제외시키는 것을 전제로 판단하는 것에 대해서도 신중을 기할 필요가 있을 것이다. 결국 이 논문에서는 현재 우리나라 대법원 판례에서의 디자인보호법상 유사판단의 이원론에 관한 문제점들을 일본에서의 이원론적 해석론과 비교하여 비판적으로 고찰하면서 이에 대한 해결방안을 구체적으로 제안하고 있다.

Protectorate: approaches to interpretations

The article considers the existing approaches in the modern social sciences to the definition of "protectorate". Based on their analysis, it is concluded that the definition of "protectorate" has a multifaceted interpretation. The aim of the work is theoretical and legal analysis of the protectorate, identification of its features and forms. Depending on the subjective composition, a monistic and dualistic interpretation of the term "protectorate" is proposed. The author's version of the concept of "protectorate" is presented as a certain form of semi-colonial, client statehood, which provides for the dependence of one state on another in the field of interstate relations and is characterized by the fact of patronage of a stronger state over a weaker one. The main features of the protectorate are highlighted. It is emphasized that the practical implementation of the clash of civilizational interests of world leaders seeking to form their own geopolitical clusters of influence, creates conditions for a new life of forms of interstate relations that have become classics, namely forms of client statehood,forcing other states. interests, "of their own free will" to give part of their rights and powers, provided they are supported. We are talking about such forms as: associated state, satellite state, puppet state, neo-colony and protectorate. Similar to each other, united by one essential feature: the presence of limited power, these forms require careful analysis. It is worth noting that the terminology of the definition of these forms has been the subject of research by political scientists, philologists and historians, and requires additional state and legal interpretation. The concept of protectorate today does not have a single established interpretation and is used in many variations. Among them, taking into account the above topics, it is worth paying attention to the monistic and dualistic approaches to understanding the protectorate, when the determining criterion for such a distribution will be the quantitative subjective composition. The dualistic approach is more common and assumes the following variations, but they all involve at least two subjects of interstate relations: the protecting state, which exercises power, and the protected state, over which such influence is exercised. Understanding the protectorate in its monistic sense is perceived as a form of temporary sole power, a person (protector) who governs a state with a monarchical form of government until a certain time or in the presence of other special circumstances that make it impossible to exercise power by a monarch. Based on the above, we can determine that the protectorate is a form of semi-colonial, client statehood, which provides for the dependence of one state on another in interstate relations and is characterized by the presence of a stronger state over a weaker (dualistic understanding) or atypical form of monarchy (monistic understanding).

Mark Harris as a Naturalistic Theist: The Perspective of the Model of Levels of Analysis

Presently, naturalistic theism is the dominant position in the debate on the relation between science and religion, defending a thesis that the conflict between science and religion is only an apparent one. Also, this version of theism accepts the naturalist assumptions behind contemporary science and attempts to reformulate the beliefs held within the traditional Christian theism in order to present the religious view of reality as not conflicting with the scientific picture of the world. Certain assumptions behind Mark Harris’s views on the relations between science and religion can be described as consistent with naturalistic theism. The model of levels of analysis helps to analyze the most important themes found within naturalistic theism and show how these are described in the works of Harris. The model facilitates the identification of the relations between particular kinds of assumptions behind the position taken from the point of view of naturalistic theism in the debate on the relation between science and religion. The list of most frequently recurring assumptions — that are also important in Harris’s writings — include: the general division of epistemic competence, which assumes theology (religion) to be competent in dealing with the metaphysical issues (Levels 1 and 2) and science to be the only one competent to deliver the empirical statements describing processes and entities found within the empirical sphere (Levels 4 and 5); the acceptance of the naturalistic assumptions behind contemporary science (Level 2) and skepticism toward the religious notions found in the traditional Christian theism describing supernatural interventions and toward the dualist interpretation of human soul (Level 3). This leads to the acceptance of purely scientific, naturalistic, explanations of the events found within the empirical sphere and to skepticism toward the literal meaning of descriptions of empirical events (Level 5) that are not consistent with the anti-interventionist assumptions behind science. Harris’s acceptance of naturalistic theism in terms of the relation between science and religion and his use of the techniques found in the modern biblical scholarship have led him to the ideas of plurality of meanings and the lack of one definite truth with respect to the specific issues he deals with. From the point of view of MLA it is the rejection of super-naturalistic assumptions of the traditional Christian theism and the acceptance of the naturalistic assumptions of science that seems to be the cause of lack of definite truth in his theological explanations.

Solo self-employment, entrepreneurial subjectivity and the security–precarity continuum: Evidence from private tutors in the supplementary education industry

Entrepreneurship is regarded by policy makers and politicians as an accelerant for economic development. Economic geography demonstrates that rather than stimulating entrepreneurship in general, policy makers should support specific forms of entrepreneurship that fuel wider growth. The paper's original contribution is to insist that entrepreneurship research must also explore less growth-oriented, but crucially very widespread, forms of entrepreneurial activity. The paper therefore places solo self-employment – the self-employed without employees – centre stage as an exemplar of this trend. Research is presented on private tutors who run businesses from home, offering children one-to-one tuition in the burgeoning supplementary education industry. The paper scrutinises the causes, configuration and consequences of such solo self-employment as an economically marginal, but numerically dominant, form of entrepreneurship. In so doing, it makes three conceptual advances in the exploration of heterogeneous entrepreneurship. First, in examining why individuals become self-employed, the paper moves beyond classic efforts to understand entrepreneurship through binary push/pull mechanisms in models of occupational choice. Instead, the analysis demonstrates the importance of risk in entrepreneurship and paid employment, highlighting the multiple pathways into solo self-employment as opportunities and constraints coalesce in individual's lives. Secondly, in considering how the solo self-employed think about business, the research breaks through conventional definitions of entrepreneurship to demonstrate that solo self-employment involves a distinctively entrepreneurial subjectivity and practices. Thirdly, by investigating the consequences of solo self-employment, the findings transcend dualist interpretations of self-employment as the realm of entrepreneurial wealth or economic precarity, highlighting instead a security–precarity continuum in immediate and long-term outcomes.

La superación de la antinomia entre realismo y constructivismo en Luhmann y Bhaskar. Hacia una fundación paradójica del conocimiento científico

Este trabajo aborda las posiciones epistemológicas de Luhmann y Bhaskar, en cuyo marco comparamos sus concepciones de unidad de análisis y conocimiento científico. Nuestra hipótesis es que ambos plantearon la distinción entre realismo y constructivismo en términos paradójicos, superando así el dualismo.

Narrative Level, Internal Time Consciousness and Narrative Ethics: Susan Sontag’s Narrative Art as Evinced in <i>Death Kit</i>

Literary critics have swarmed to shower their comments—markedly diverse comments indeed—on Death Kit. Being not intended for propounding some dualistic interpretation of the novel, this essay ventures to expatiate on the novel’s narrative art manifesting itself in a trinity comprising (1) the technique of narrative level, (2) the technique of internal time consciousness, and (3) the ethic for carrying on the narration. By bringing the extradiegetic, the intradiegetic and the metadiegetic to an ultimate silence, Sontag is meant to suggest that the hero Diddy has finished freighting his death kit and is on the way to the terminal demise. It is by describing how his consciousness performs such leaps and bounds in the temporal stream that his past life repeatedly gains access to his present life and that his present life would instantaneously turn into his past life, and that his future is nonexistent at all except for its sporadic emergences as his dreamlike reverie would induce them. Such leaps and bounds of his consciousness which succeed in acquiring their definite shapes by following the temporal random driftiness have been incessantly intensifying the anguish stemming from the reminiscence of his excruciating life in the past and serve to debunk his expectation that he can restore his vitality by committing a murder in the course of his imaginary life. The falsehood inherent in his imaginary life compels him to realistically cast once more about the advisability of actually committing suicide. Moreover, narration goes in the novel in very strict compliance with an explicit ethics she imposes on herself. This serves to throw light upon Sontag’s approach towards the US government’s propaganda aimed at sanctifying the Vietnam War and the catastrophe brought to that country by American troops. In this way the moral caliber of the novel is vindicated.

А. Melikhov. The impact of international economic migration on the labor potential of enterprises in the donor country.

The relevance of studying the processes of international labor migration in the context of increasing its intensity was substantiated. The classical and modern theoretical approaches to labor migration were analyzed in the framework of both economic and interdisciplinary orientation. The definition of “migration” was clarified on the basis of its dualistic interpretation, both as a process and as a result. Its connection with the development of the structure and quality of labor potential was noted. The factors and motives of international labor migration were systematized on the basis of the theory of pull and push factors. Economic, social, political, demographic, and environmental factors were distinguished. Based on the SWOT analysis methodology, an assessment was made of the migration results for all its actors, both at the macro level (the recipient country to which migrants go, the donor country from which they leave) and at the micro level (directly migrants, enterprises-employers, which potential migrants may quit). This made it possible to determine the positive and negative consequences of migration not only at the present time, but also in the future. Using the theory of rational choice, it was concluded that migrants, as well as the recipient country and the donor country, have a positive effect on migration. The ways of solving the problems of labor potential development that arise in enterprises-employers of the donor country were proposed through activities related to scientific, technical and organizational progress, in particular, the development of labor-saving technologies, personnel marketing methods, the development of employee loyalty programs.

Aristotle’s harmony with Plato on separable and immortal soul

The possibility of a harmony between the psychological doctrine of Aristotle and that of Plato marks a significant issue within the context of the debate surrounding Aristotle’s putative opposition to or harmony with Plato’s philosophy. The standard interpretation of Aristotle’s conception of the soul being purely hylomorphic leaves no room for harmonisation with Plato, nor does a functionalist interpretation that reduces Aristotle’s psychological doctrine to physicalist terms. However, these interpretations have serious drawbacks, both in terms of ad-hoc explanations formulated in the developmentalist mode, and the misconstruing of some of the fundamental features of Aristotle’s psychological doctrine. A dualist interpretation that accepts Aristotle’s doctrine of some part of the soul being properly incorporeal, separable and immortal overcomes these drawbacks and, significantly, opens the door for Platonic harmonisation. Furthermore, it can be shown that the kind of immortality in question is also in line with the Platonic stance, due to a deep similarity between the conceptions of metaphysical and moral personhood held by Plato and his student. However, this Aristotelian dualism is not Platonic dualism simpliciter. Rather, it is best understood in terms of the division of labour between Aristotle and Plato suggested by the Neoplatonic commentators generally, and Simplicius in particular. I argue that though questions surrounding these issues and particularly the issue of reincarnation remain, an account of Aristotle’s psychological doctrine as dualist and in harmony with Plato’s view of the soul can be shown to be stronger than both standard hylomorphic and functionalist accounts, both exegetically and philosophically.

Do minds switch bodies? Dualist interpretations across ages and societies

ABSTRACTResearchers explain cultural phenomena ranging from cognitive biases to widespread religious beliefs by assuming intuitive dualism: humans imagine minds and bodies as distinct and separable. We examine dualist intuition development across two societies that differ in normative focus on thinking about minds. We use a new method that measures people’s tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli using mind-body dualist thinking. We recruited 180 Canadian children (2–10 yrs) along with 42 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian children (5–13 yrs) and 38 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian adults (27–79 yrs) from a remote island community. Participants tracked a named character within ambiguous animations that could be interpreted as a mind-body switch. Animations vary “agency cues” that participants might rely on for dualistic interpretations. Results indicate early emerging dualistic inclinations across populations and reliance on “agency cues” of body proximity and appearance of eyes. “Agency cues” increase dualist interpretations from 10% to 70%, though eyes mattered more for Westernized participants. Overall, statistical models positing that dualist interpretations “emerge early and everywhere” fit our data better than models positing that dualism “develops gradually with exposure to Western cultural traditions.” Fijian participants, who normatively avoid focus on minds, offered even more dualistic interpretations when they had less Western cultural exposure (via formal education).

Correlations Between Hysteretic Categorical and Continuous Judgments of Perceptual Stimuli Supporting a Unified Dynamical Systems Approach to Perception.

We report from two variants of a figure-ground experiment that is known in the literature to involve a bistable perceptual domain. The first variant was conducted as a two-alternative forced-choice experiment and in doing so tested participants on a categorical measurement scale. The second variant involved a Likert scale measure that was considered to represent a continuous measurement scale. The two variants were conducted as a single within-subjects experiment. Measures of bistability operationalized in terms of hysteresis size scores showed significant positive correlations across the two response conditions. The experimental findings are consistent with a dualistic interpretation of self-organizing perceptual systems when they are described on a macrolevel by means of so-called amplitude equations. This is explicitly demonstrated for a Lotka-Volterra-Haken amplitude equation model of task-related brain activity. As a by-product, the proposed dynamical systems perspective also sheds new light on the anchoring problem of producing numerical, continuous judgments.

Logos and noēsis in Alcinous, Didaskalikos 4

This paper presents an analysis of some passages of Alcinous, Didaskalikos 4. Its aim is to show, on the one hand, that Alcinous suggests a reading of the main points of Plato’s epistemology focused on a hard dualistic interpretation of both the theory of forms and recollection; and, on the other hand, that in the text there is no real acceptance of Stoic doctrines, but only an attempt to show that outside of the Platonic framework no suitable account for Stoic notions such as logos or physikai ennoiai can be provided.

Котинґемова концепція триалізму Декарта й сучасні дискусії

The approaches of the main interpreters of Cartesianism as trialism (J. Cottingam, D. Hoffman, T. Schmaltz, etc.) and the critisism of their ideas made by supporters of dualistic interpretation of Cartesianism (M. Rozemond, etc.) are described in the article. Significant changes in the current interpretation of dualism caused by controversy with trialism are marked.

Environmental Protection as Market Pathology?: Carbon Trading and the Dialectics of the ‘Double Movement’

Polanyi's concept of the ‘double movement’ is frequently interpreted as the opposition between the problematic and unsustainable dynamics of the market and the benign and normatively desirable reaction against this by ‘society’. This paper questions this dualistic interpretation of the double movement and undertakes a problematization of the Polanyian idea of social and environmental protection. It does this by revisiting the concept of the double movement in light of the recent proliferation of market-based mechanisms for environmental regulation. Through an exploration of the different interpretations of Polanyi's work, the paper presents a dialectical reading of the double movement that conceptualizes the idea of social protection within a broader capitalist framework. This is then illustrated with the case of emissions trading as a particular form of environmental protection. Carbon trading as a mitigation strategy, it is argued, corresponds to the Polanyian idea of ‘social protection’ in that its protective potential to reduce emissions is itself constrained by the socioeconomic framework within which it operates. This in turn points to the need for a critique of climate mitigation efforts that goes beyond a focus on current problems with emissions trading schemes.

Postcolonialising Informality?

Urban informality has been the subject of renewed attention in recent years, with a resurgence of interest from architecture and planning. A focus on informality has however been criticised as reviving colonial hierarchies, characterising entire cities in terms of lack and rendering them perpetually inferior to Western cities. The call to postcolonialise urban studies has been answered by an emerging literature which has neglected Latin America. This paper therefore examines recent work on urban informality in the region that resonates with other scholarship at the intersection of postcolonial and urban studies. The Latin American work is characterised by an emphasis on informality as resistance and by challenges to the formal/informal binary. Its ‘favela-isation’ of the continent can however perpetuate dualistic interpretations, entrenching or inverting stereotypes rather than disrupting them. The paper also asks what postcolonial readings of informality from elsewhere can contribute to understanding Latin American experience.

Descartes on the Identity of Passion and Action

According to the standard Aristotelian doctrine of the identity of passion and action (Ipa), a passion and the action with which it is identified are distinguished through a distinction of reason, and both passion and action are located in the patient. Descartes has recently been interpreted by some scholars to be rejecting Ipa in favor of a view that throws into contention a dualistic interpretation of his philosophy of mind. This article contends that Descartes did hold Ipa, albeit expressed in his own metaphysical vocabulary of substance and mode. On this interpretation, (1) a passion and the action with which it is identified are distinguished through a conceptual distinction or distinction of reason and (2) the passion and the action constitute one and the same mode which is locatedin the patient. This result is significant first, because it shows Descartes's retention of a fundamentally Aristotelian understanding of the metaphysical categories of passion and action and second, because it removes some of the support for recent interpretations on which Descartes is seen in the Passions of the Soul to diverge from a dualistic view of mind and body.

Persistent pain: not a medically unexplained symptom

At the same time as the study of pain is flourishing as a basic and applied science, and attention is paid nationally to reducing the gap between provision and need (chronic/persistent pain is a Royal College of General Practitioners priority for 2011-2013),1,2 there are moves to categorise it as a medically unexplained symptom (MUS). This is puzzling on a scientific level, and seriously retrogressive at a healthcare level. It is nearly 50 years since Melzack and Wall published their gate control theory,3 presenting an integrated model of physiological and psychological processing, and challenging existing dualistic interpretations of many pain phenomena: > ‘The contemporary custom of assigning the cause of pain either to peripheral pathology or to mental pathology is too simple because it ignores the subtle dynamic properties of peripheral tissue and of the nervous system … which could explain many … diseases … which have previously been attributed to mental disorders.’3 On the …

From famine to food crisis: what history can teach us about local and global subsistence crises

The number of famine prone regions in the world has been shrinking for centuries. It is currently mainly limited to sub-Saharan Africa. Yet the impact of endemic hunger has not declined and the early twenty-first century seems to be faced with a new threat: global subsistence crises. In this essay I question the concepts of famine and food crisis from different analytical angles: historical and contemporary famine research, food regime theory, and peasant studies. I will argue that only a more integrated historical framework of analysis can surpass dualistic interpretations grounded in Eurocentric modernization paradigms. This article successively debates historical and contemporary famine research, the contemporary food regime and the new global food crisis, the lessons from Europe's ‘grand escape’ from hunger, and the peasantry and ‘depeasantization’ as central analytical concepts. Dualistic histories of food and famine have been dominating developmentalist stories for too long. This essay shows how a blending of historical and contemporary famine research, food regime theory and new peasant studies can foster a more integrated perspective.

Islamism and Western Political Religions

AbstractThe political ideas of Islamism as they have been formulated by Hassan al‐Banna and Sayyid Qutb share a number of striking similarities with Western political religions like Communism and National Socialism, in particular the radical dualist interpretation of history and the understanding of politics as a struggle against evil. However, the concept of political religions as it has been elaborated by Voegelin and further developed by Gentile implies the deification of a secular entity. Thus, if political religions are defined as being based on secularism, this concept seems to be inappropriate for the analysis of Islamism. This paper investigates whether this interpretation is correct and whether the concept of ‘politicised religions’ should be considered more useful for the analysis of Islamism. It gives an overview of the concepts of political and politicised religions and of the political ideas of Islamism based on the writings of Hassan al‐Banna and Sayyid Qutb. The theses are that (1) both ‘fundamentalism’ and ‘politicised religions’ are misleading concepts for a comparison of their political theories with Western political religions; and (2) the concept of political religions is indeed applicable to Islamism, if we arrive at the understanding that not secularism but the radicalisation of the friend–foe‐distinction and the understanding of politics as a purge of evil from the world ought to be considered its central themes.