Dual Wavelength Research Articles

Chlorophyll content estimation and ripeness detection in tomato fruit based on NDVI from dual wavelength LiDAR point cloud data

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a climacteric fruit exhibiting the ripening pattern with change in colour from green to red. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from spectral-optical analysis has been previously employed in ripeness analysis of various fruits based on its strong correlation to ripening-related chlorophyll content. In this study, light detection and ranging (LiDAR) laser scanner was applied to gain 3D tomato point clouds aimed at estimating the spatially resolved chlorophyll content and ripeness class of tomato fruit. Freshly harvested tomatoes, capturing six ripeness classes (mature green, breaker, turning, pink, light red, and red) according to USDA colour standard, were analysed using a linear conveyor mounted sensor system consisting of two LiDAR units measuring position and return signal strength intensity at 660 nm and 905 nm. Fruit point clouds were pre-processed including geometric correction considering the curvature of each tomato sample, removing highest intensity areas at the specular highlighted spots, calibration of intensity values using standard black and white colour coated boards, and calibration on attenuation of the opaque samples. Particularly, for gaining the attenuation coefficient (μ), 9 opaque synthetic models with known attenuation were used. Obtained μ660 and μ905 were merged to gain NDVILiDAR. Chemically analysed chlorophyll content of tomato samples was correlated to μ660 and NDVILiDAR, whereas low correlation appeared for μ905 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.58, 0.60, and 0.06, respectively. Regression models were used to estimate the total tomato chlorophyll content and the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) was found for μ660 (RMSE = 4.97 mg (100 g dry mass)−1) followed by NDVILiDAR (RMSE = 5.22 mg (100 g dry mass)−1), and μ905 (RMSE = 53.50 mg (100 g dry mass)−1). Histograms of NDVILiDAR and μ660 were extracted from each tomato point cloud and utilized to construct PLS-DA model for tomato ripening class prediction considering the spatial chlorophyll distribution. The overall accuracies for NDVILiDAR and μ660 were 70 % and 68 %, respectively, in leave-one-out cross-validation for visually defined colour classes. The LiDAR-based approach could support selective detection of ripe fruit in robots for harvesting and postharvest handling.

<b>Treatment of lingual nerve paresthesia through photobiomodulation therapy: a case report employing an approach integrating extraoral and intraoral modalities</b>

Aims: Oral nerve injuries are the primary cause of paresthesia in the head and neck regions. To report the managing of a combined protocol involving extraoral and intraoral photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for lingual nerve paresthesia. Case report: A 38-year-old female patient underwent 25 PBM sessions using laser with dual wavelength infrared (810nm + 980 nm). The extraoral application included 6 seconds and 6J per point. per point, 1W, 4.91 cm², 1.2 J/cm. The intraoral protocol with 0.3W of power, a spot size of 0.38 cm², 15.78 J/cm² of energy density, 6J of energy per point, for 20 seconds. Results: Assessment of neurosensitivity on the dorsum of the tongue was a 75% improvement. On the lateral tongue improved to 50%. In the floor of the mouth, PBM demonstrated a 25% improvement. Conclusion: PBM is an important treatment option in the case of lingual nerve paresthesia. The use of PBM should be considered as a feasible, non-invasive treatment approach.

Dual-wavelength erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber

An erbium-doped mode-locked fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber was successfully constructed and ultrashort pulsed light was obtained. The CoPS3 nanosheets solution was prepared using the liquid-phase exfoliation technique, and then drop-coated onto a tapered fiber as a saturable absorber. The fiber laser based on CoPS3 saturable absorber could output conventional solitons at the central wavelengths of 1557.46 nm or 1532.12 nm, respectively, as well as simultaneously output conventional solitons at dual wavelengths of 1531.56 nm and 1557.32 nm, with the ability to switch between the three operational states. The achieved minimum pulse width was 1.59 ps. In addition to conventional solitons, the laser demonstrated the capability to generate bound-state solitons. This study highlights the effectiveness of CoPS3 as a reliable optical modulator for fiber lasers and illustrates its potential for applications in ultrafast optics.

Microsecond and nanosecond pulse initiator by Mo2Ga2C DSF saturable absorber (SA) with EDFL ring cavity

This paper elaborated the generation of microsecond and nanosecond pulse fiber laser using Mo2Ga2C coating onto DSF. The microsecond pulse commenced at the pump power of 39.826 mW and increased to 81.37 mW with a pulse width of 7.02 µs–5.92 µs. Meanwhile, the repetition rate showed measurements between 42.63 kHz to 64.6 kHz corresponding to the maximum pulse energy of 150.15 nJ. Besides that, the nanosecond pulse was generated with an additional length of 200 m for the SMF. The dual wavelength nanosecond pulse began at the pump power of 95.22 mW with a pulse width of 273.7 ns corresponding to the repetition rate of 961.8 kHz. Maximum pulse energy and maximum peak power were 8.75 nJ and 28.15 mW, respectively. The Mo2Ga2C coated DSF acted as the SA and was integrated into an erbium doped fiber laser cavity. The modulation depth of the Mo2Ga2C DSF SA was approximately 7.2 %.

Simultaneously Estimation of Multicomponent Containing Formulation by using UV-Spectroscopy [Aspirin-Atorvastatin

The market is currently offering a wide range of combination dose forms, and the quantity is growing daily. Due to their improved potency, various actions, speedier relief, fewer side effects, and higher patient acceptability, these multicomponent formulations are becoming more and more popular. It is therefore intended that these formulations satisfy all requirements for their efficacy, safety, and quality. This is only feasible if many analytical methods are available to determine them. When doing a simultaneous multicomponent analysis, various UV spectrophotometric techniques are applied.These techniques rely on logging and processing absorption spectra computationally. The various techniques covered in this review include the use of simultaneous equations, derivative spectrophotometry, mean centring of the ratio spectra, absorption factor method, double divisor ratio spectra derivative method, successive ratio derivative spectra, Q-absorbance ratio method, isosbestic point method, absorpitivity factor method, dual wavelength method, mean centring of the ratio spectra, and multivariate methods. A synopsis of the theories and a few uses for these techniques are given.

Various techniques for resolving overlapping ultraviolet spectra of combination pharmaceutical dosage forms containing hydroxychloroquine and paracetamol

Ten novel spectrophotometric approaches were developed for the initial examination of the Hydroxychloroquine and Paracetamol medications. These procedures are straightforward, specific, easy to use, and provide exact and accurate results. The determination was conducted through the utilization of several approaches, including zero order (dual wavelength, zero crossing, advanced absorption subtraction and spectrum subtraction), derivative (first derivative of zero crossing), ratio (ratio difference, ratio derivative) and mathematical (bivariate, simultaneous equation, and Q-absorbance) techniques. After undergoing validation in accordance with ICH criteria, it was established that each of these methods achieved acceptable levels of precision, repeatability, robustness, and accuracy. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are demonstrated, and the proposed and reported methodologies were statistically compared.Graphical

Wireless sequential dual light delivery for programmed PDT in vivo

Using photodynamic therapy (PDT) to treat deep-seated cancers is limited due to inefficient delivery of photosensitizers and low tissue penetration of light. Polymeric nanocarriers are widely used for photosensitizer delivery, while the self-quenching of the encapsulated photosensitizers would impair the PDT efficacy. Furthermore, the generated short-lived reactive oxygen spieces (ROS) can hardly diffuse out of nanocarriers, resulting in low PDT efficacy. Therefore, a smart nanocarrier system which can be degraded by light, followed by photosensitizer activation can potentially overcome these limitations and enhance the PDT efficacy. A light-sensitive polymer nanocarrier encapsulating photosensitizer (RB-M) was synthesized. An implantable wireless dual wavelength microLED device which delivers the two light wavelengths sequentially was developed to programmatically control the release and activation of the loaded photosensitizer. Two transmitter coils with matching resonant frequencies allow activation of the connected LEDs to emit different wavelengths independently. Optimal irradiation time, dose, and RB-M concentration were determined using an agent-based digital simulation method. In vitro and in vivo validation experiments in an orthotopic rat liver hepatocellular carcinoma disease model confirmed that the nanocarrier rupture and sequential low dose light irradiation strategy resulted in successful PDT at reduced photosensitizer and irradiation dose, which is a clinically significant event that enhances treatment safety.

Profiling contact ridge of soft substrates with metallic thin films using a novel interference technique

HypothesisAs technology moves toward flexibility, embedded systems, and miniaturization, which often have metallic elements integrated with the functional substrates, understanding the contact deformation of such soft substrates coated with thin metallic films is crucial. However, probing nanoscale deformations optically, typically in a few hundred nanometers, poses challenges. Dual Wavelength - Reflectance Interference Contrast Microscopy (DW-RICM) holds promise in unveiling nanoscale deformations. However, when paired with conventional glass probes to measure deformation of underlying soft substrates, DW-RICM faces limitations due to light reflection at the glass-air interface, impeding accurate determination of the contact zone (e.g., contact area, contact ridge). Here we hypothesize that using alternative probes to eliminate unwanted reflections can enhance understanding of soft substrate deformation with thin metallic films (bilayer substrates). ExperimentsIn this work, we investigate the deformation profile of viscoelastic soft substrates with sputter-coated gold thin films (referred to herein as bilayer substrates) using DW-RICM. We employ millimeter-sized black ink-coated glass spheres as probes, absorbing most light under DW-RICM. We focus our laser beams associated with DW-RICM at the contact zone between the probe and the underlying soft substrates. FindingsOur new technique of using black ink-coated glass probes in contact with soft bilayer substrates enables us to accurately extract the deformation profile, particularly the contact ridge. With the increase in the gold sputter coating time, the contact area and contact ridge of gold-polymer bilayer substrates decrease. Further, long-term contact analysis of gold-coated soft substrates reveals a steady increase in the contact ridge height over time, unlike the gradual decrease observed in their bare counterparts until reaching a steady state.

Multi-color dual wavelength vat photopolymerization 3D printing via spatially controlled acidity

Dual wavelength vat photopolymerization (DW-VP) has emerged as a powerful approach to create multimaterial objects. However, only a limited range of properties have been showcased. In this work, we report the 3D printing (3DP) of multi-color objects from a single resin vat using DW-VP. This was accomplished by concurrently curing resin with visible light and modulating local resin color with 365-nm ultraviolet (UV) light. The key advance was to use a photoacid generator (PAG) in combination with pH responsive dyes in the 3DP resins. The specific color is dictated by the extent of reaction, or local acidity in our case, and controlled by the light dosage and pattern of UV light applied. Multi-color object formation was implemented in two-step processes involving first 3DP to set the object structure, followed by UV exposure, as well as single processes that leveraged DW-VP to create a broad range of vibrant colors and patterns.

Dual wavelength signal generation with four wave mixing based on directly modulated laser

Dual wavelength (DW) lasers are crucial for producing petahertz (PHz) signals, which are higher value terahertz (THz) signals. The infrared and visible light sub-bands are valuable frequency range for a number of applications, including networking, multiple access techniques, next-generation mobile networks (6G), future wireless networks, and new PHz communication systems. The importune need to the high frequency signal such as THz and PHz signal for 5 and 6 next generation wireless cellular mobile networks motivate us to design an optical system to provide these signals rather than an electronic circuits. They are also beneficial for a variety of medical testing. The wavelength spacing ranging from 14 nm to 7 nm is proposed and demonstrated a dual-wavelength generation with FWM based on DML is realized at 1554 and 1548 nm. It is essential to make use of the fiber's non-linearity characteristics to ensure synchronization for continuous wave (CW) laser and directly modulated laser (DML) signals and the creation of the four wave mixing (FWM) components. With the help of OptiSystem version 14.0, the system is designed and investigated then, the desired THz signal is created as pulse amplitude modulation. The position of the FWM components within the frequency range between the spectrums of the two lasers affects the synthesis of the required signal. At the DML frequency equal to or below the CW Laser (1520 nm), neither FWM frequency components nor dual wavelength pulses exist. On the other hand, the FWM frequency components and dual wavelength pulses can only be seen when the DML frequency is greater than 1520 nm. The CW laser frequency is the main controlling factor in the generation THz signal. If the CW laser frequency is set at or below 1520 nm, the dual wavelength and THz signal are accessible. Because these frequencies are so far from the reference fiber frequency, it is impossible to produce dual wavelength pulses at frequencies higher than those mentioned above.

Dual excitation spectral autofluorescence lifetime and reflectance imaging for fast macroscopic characterization of tissues.

Advancements in optical imaging techniques have revolutionized the field of biomedical research, allowing for the comprehensive characterization of tissues and their underlying biological processes. Yet, there is still a lack of tools to provide quantitative and objective characterization of tissues that can aid clinical assessment in vivo to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Here, we present a clinically viable fiber-based imaging system combining time-resolved spectrofluorimetry and reflectance spectroscopy to achieve fast multiparametric macroscopic characterization of tissues. An essential feature of the setup is its ability to perform dual wavelength excitation in combination with recording time-resolved fluorescence data in several spectral intervals. Initial validation of this bimodal system was carried out in freshly resected human colorectal cancer specimens, where we demonstrated the ability of the system to differentiate normal from malignant tissues based on their autofluorescence and reflectance properties. To further highlight the complementarity of autofluorescence and reflectance measurements and demonstrate viability in a clinically relevant scenario, we also collected in vivo data from the skin of a volunteer. Altogether, integration of these modalities in a single platform can offer multidimensional characterization of tissues, thus facilitating a deeper understanding of biological processes and potentially advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in various medical applications.

C-band wavelength tunable mode locked noise-like pulse source using an asymmetrically reflecting Fabry-Perot filter

We report a widely wavelength tunable mode locked noise-like pulse (NLP) source from an erbium doped fiber ring laser. By making use of the reflection of an asymmetric Fabry- Perot interferometer (FPI), continuous tunability of the central wavelength over the entire C-band (1530 nm to 1565 nm), with an independent control over bandwidth (3.5 nm to 17 nm) is demonstrated. Using a single control parameter, i.e. the length of the FPI, it is thus possible to select from a range of output spectral bandwidths and desired central wavelengths. Using the same control on the length of the FPI and intracavity polarization settings, generation of dual wavelength NLPs, temporally shifted noise-like pulse pairs, harmonic mode locked NLPs and loosely bound NLP doublets and NLP triplets are reported. Owing to the simplicity of the tuning mechanism and the adaptable output spectrum, we believe, such a laser will be useful for various applications like sensing, spectroscopy and imaging. The novel combination of a reflecting FPI-based filter, and the complex nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) based mode locking mechanism, also offers the opportunity to further explore the rich physics of NLPs.

Enhancing quality evaluation in traditional Chinese medicine: Utilizing dual wavelength fusion fingerprint, electrochemical fingerprint, and DSC fingerprint

Developing a reliable and effective quality evaluation system for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is both challenging and crucial for its advancement. This study employs fingerprinting techniques to establish precise and comprehensive quality control for TCM, taking Xuezhikang capsules as an example and aiming to facilitate the internationalization of TCM. The “double wavelength absorption coefficient ratio fingerprint” and “Reliability theory” are developed to determine the fingerprint peak purity and fingerprint reliability respectively. Subsequently, the dual-wavelength fusion fingerprint was obtained to avoid the limitations of a single wavelength. In addition, an electrochemical fingerprint (ECFP) was obtained to assess the similarity of electroactive components in the sample, and the Differential Scanning Calorimetry quantized fingerprint (DSC QFP) was introduced for thermal analysis. Fingerprint-efficacy correlations between PL-EC* and dual-wavelength fusion fingerprint (DWFFP) provided valuable insights that there are 76.6 % of the fingerprint compounds exhibited electroactivity. Finally, samples were classified into grades 1∼3 by combining DWFFP, ECFP and DSC QFP through the mean method, meeting the evaluation standard (SL−M > 0.9, PL−M between 80 % and 120 %). This study provides valuable information for ensuring the quality of TCM products, which represents a significant step forward in enhancing the reliability and authenticity of TCM products.

Smart green versatile spectrophotometric and HPTLC techniques for the investigation of ambroxol, doxycycline, in presence of ambroxol precursor and impurity: Appraisal and comparison with various green metrics

Recently, Countless people have become affected as a result of the Covid-19 crisis. Even after recovery, COVID-19 can lead to respiratory difficulties and lung impairment consequently; bacterial infections have a good possibility of infiltrating our respiratory system due to reduction in respiratory immunity. Therefore, the importance of the chosen mixture of doxycycline and ambroxol becomes clear here curing bacterial illnesses invade respiratory tract. The ternary blend of (DOX) doxycycline hyclate, (AMB) ambroxol hydrochloride, (IMP) chemical ambroxol precursor, and pharmacopeial impurity was quantified using four contemporary, selective, and straightforward methods. Method (I) was area under the curve spectrophotometric method (AUC), where zero order absorption spectra were used for calculating the area under the curve of AMB, IMP, and DOX in ranges of 205–219, 222–245, and 264–290 nm, respectively. Each component's absorptivity values (a) at the chosen area were computed. Method (II) was differential dual wavelength (DDW), where upon collecting the first derivative spectra of AMB, IMP, and DOX, amplitudes at 252–263.4, 236–246.6, and 388.8–420 nm were subtracted, consecutively. Method (III) the mean centering of ratio spectra spectrophotometric method (MCR), peak to peak amplitudes on these resulted spectra were measured at (258.2 and 258.4 nm) for AMB, (264.4 and 264.6 nm) for IMP, and at (230.4 and 230.6 nm) for DOX. In addition, method (IV) HPTLC using a stationary phase made of silica gel HPTLC plates that had been pre-treated with 0.27 M di-sodium-EDTA (pH 9 with 21 % sodium hydroxide). The platform is developed using the eluent of ethyl acetate, acetone, distilled water, and acetic acid (9:2:0.7:0.55, by volume) and scanning by employing ultraviolet light regarding AMB and IMP at 254 nm while DOX at 380 nm. For validating the developed procedures, ICH principles were adhered to. The proposed methods were successful in studying dosage form containing investigated substances. The developed techniques' greenness features were assessed using a variety of greenness parameters, and an environmental evaluation comparison between the current methods and the reported one was done. Obtained methods' statistical analyses were also performed.

Novel UV Spectrophotometric approaches for the concurrent determination of Teneligliptin and Metformin in Tablet Formulation

In the study simultaneous assessment of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride in tablets were developed and validated by four new UV spectroscopic approaches. The ratio difference approach was used to measure the variation in two selected amplitudes of ratio spectra, and the regression equation was employed to determine the amounts of pharmaceuticals. The second approach, known as the first derivative of ratio spectra approach, the UV spectra were transformed into their ratio spectra and corresponding first derivatives, and the first-derivative signal was gauged at 275 and 226.2 nm for metformin hydrochloride and teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate, sequentially, making use of 2 nm as the wavelength interval (Δλ) and a factor of 1 as a scaling factor, respectively. Whereas absorbance subtraction method works with the principle of finding isosbestic point and calculating absorption factor. The fourth approach, known as the dual wavelength method, relies on computing the absorbance difference at two different wavelengths where the other drug has same absorbance. Linearity and range, specificity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and quantification were among the criteria evaluated during validation of the new methods in agreement with ICH recommendations and found to be within the permitted limits. For both the medicines, a linear response was observed in all four methods over the concentration sequence of 2-12 µg/ml. Therefore, the proposed methodologies may be successfully used for the concurrent evaluation of teneligliptin hydrobromide hydrate and metformin hydrochloride in tablet form.

Non-invasive glucose prediction and classification using NIR technology with machine learning

In this paper, a dual wavelength short near-infrared system is described for the detection of glucose levels. The system aims to improve the accuracy of blood glucose detection in a cost-effective and non-invasive way. The accuracy of the method is evaluated using real-time samples collected with the reference finger prick glucose device. A feed forward neural network (FFNN) regression method is employed to predict glucose levels based on the input data obtained from NIR technology. The system calculates glucose evaluation metrics and performs Surveillance error grid (SEG) analysis. The coefficient of determination R2 and mean absolute error are observed 0.99 and 2.49 mg/dl, respectively. Additionally, the system determines the root mean square error (RMSE) as 3.02 mg/dl. It also shows that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 1.94% and mean squared error (MSE) is 9.16 (mg/dl)2 for FFNN. The SEG analysis shows that the glucose values measured by the system fall within the clinically acceptable range when compared to the reference method. Finally, the system uses the multi-class classification method of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and K-nearest neighbors (KNN) classifier to classify glucose levels with an accuracy of 99%.

Chiral metasurface absorber with near-infrared excitation-induced dual circular dichroism

Microscopic components in metasurfaces allow precise control of electromagnetic waves, enabling chiral metasurface absorbers to adapt to different frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves, providing higher controllability. In this paper, we present a near-infrared chiral absorber utilizing a Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) structure, achieving selective absorption in the dual wavelength ranges of 1500–1750 nm and 2250–2750 nm. The absorber's structural layout adopts a pseudo-π configuration, featuring a unique design that establishes distinct resonance cavities between structural periods. This results in disparate responses to left-handed circularly polarized (LCP) light and right-handed circularly polarized (RCP) light, thereby attaining dual-band selectivity and adjustability. To illustrate the physical mechanism, we explore the electric and magnetic field distributions within this structure, offering deeper insights into the fundamental mechanism of selective absorption. This analysis illustrates that the charge distribution in different wavelength bands can vary with the polarization direction, forming orthogonal electric dipoles. Under the incidence of LCP and RCP, we achieved circular dichroism (CD) of 0.75 and 0.7, respectively. By adjusting parameters within individual resonance cavities, we achieve independent control over each resonance wavelength. This near-infrared chiral absorber provides unparalleled design flexibility, with implications for advancements in applications such as molecular detection and optical switching.

Fiber-interferometric second harmonic generator with dual-color standard quantum-limited noise performance.

We present a novel fiber-interferometric device that achieves dual functionality: simultaneous amplification of the pulsed input signal and generation of its second harmonic while effectively suppressing the intensity noise in both modes, reaching the standard quantum-limit. The underlaying mechanism is based on phase-biased nonlinear polarization rotation coupled with type-I phase-matched second harmonic generation, a concept that is both theoretically investigated and experimentally verified. In the experiment, a fiber-optic system is constructed capable of generating 42 MHz ultra-low noise sub-150 fs output pulse trains simultaneously at 1030 nm and 515 nm, with average powers of 165 mW and 50 mW, respectively. Systematic frequency-resolved intensity noise measurements confirm dual wavelength, quantum-limited noise suppression beyond 100 kHz offset-frequency, with suppression levels up to 14 dB, showing correlation with local maxima in average power in both fundamental and second harmonic mode.

Two green and sensitive spectrofluorimetric approaches for determination of Ambroxol and guaifenesin in their single and combined pharmaceutical formulations.

Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMX) and guaifenesin (GFN) are approved drugs utilized to treat coughs through their potent mucolytic and expectorant properties. Due to their massive, combined administration in many illnesses, there is a persistent need for their concurrent estimation in different pharmaceutical formulations. Two sensitive, environmentally friendly spectrofluorimetric methods were developed. AMX was determined using the first method (I) without interference from GFN. This method depends on the quenching of Erythrosine B (EB) native fluorescence at 552 nm after excitation at 527 nm due to the formation of a non-fluorescent AMX-EB ion-pair complex in Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB) solution pH (3.5). The concentration plot is linear over the 0.25-5.0μg/mL range, with a mean percent found value of 99.74%. Method (II) depends on measuring the native fluorescence of aqueous GFN solution at two analytical wavelengths, either 300 or 600 nm, after excitation at 274 nm. Relative fluorescence intensity (RFI)-concentration plots are linear over the ranges of 0.02-0.5 and 0.1-2.0μg/ml, with mean percent found at 99.96% and 99.91% at dual wavelengths, respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied to assay both drugs in raw materials and different single and combined pharmaceutical formulations. These methods have been thoroughly validated following International Committee on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. National Environmental Methods Index, Analytical Eco-Scale, and Green Analytical Procedure Index were used to prove greenness, thereby enhancing their applicability. The proposed techniques provide straightforward, precise, and cost-effective solutions for routine formulation analysis in quality control laboratories.

Different Eco-Friendly Spectrophotometric Approaches Including Direct and Manipulations of Zero and Ratio Spectra for Simultaneous Determination of Novel Nasal Spray Combination Used in Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis.

The presentation of rhinitis has drawn increasing attention in recent years due to the possibility of overlap or confusion between allergic rhinitis symptoms and those of COVID-19. Azelastine hydrochloride (AZH) and mometasone furoate (MOF) are two of the most efficient combinations for enhancing the symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis. This work concerns applying and validating different accurate and simple spectrophotometric approaches for simultaneous quantification of the binary mixture of AZH and MOF in raw material, laboratory-prepared mixtures, and pharmaceutical preparation. Moreover, assessment of the environmental impact of the applied approaches on the environment was also a key goal of this study. AZH was determined using the direct spectrophotometric (D0) method, while four reliable spectrophotometric approaches namely, induced dual wavelength (IDW), ratio subtraction (RS), ratio difference (RD), and ratio derivative (1DD) were used for MOF determination. The methods were validated in line with the International Conference of Harmonization standards. In the AZH range of (5-56 µg/mL) and MOF range of (2-20 µg/mL), the linearity of the proposed approaches was investigated with high accuracy findings. There were no significant differences between the obtained results and those of the reported method when compared statistically. Furthermore, the applied spectrophotometric methods were deemed to be eco-friendly according to Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) assessment metrics. The applied spectrophotometric methods are simpler, more eco-friendly, and take a shorter time to precisely estimate many measurements compared to the only reported chromatographic analysis. Neither publications of novel spectrophotometric methods nor reported green ones have been available for simultaneous determination of the binary mixture of AZH and MOF, so this work has a great significance and novelty in the area of pharmaceutical analysis.