Dual-process Model Research Articles

Moderators of test-retest reliability in implicit and explicit attitudes.

A great deal of research in dual-process models has been devoted to highlighting differences in the structure and function of the implicit and explicit attitude constructs. However, the two forms of attitudes can also demonstrate important shared properties, and prior work suggests that one similarity may be in factors that determine measurement reliability. To better explore this issue, Study 1 analyzed the test-retest reliability in measures of both implicit and explicit attitudes within a single study session across 75 topics (N > 35,000). Explicit attitudes had greater test-retest reliability than implicit attitudes, but each showed considerable heterogeneity across topics even when measured within a single study session. Analyses also included several candidate moderator variables, such as attitude certainty or familiarity. While results were not identical, the moderators associated with greater test-retest reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes exhibited more similarities than differences. Specifically, attitudes experienced as more distinctive, more relevant to one's self-concept, more certain, and more accessible had higher test-retest reliability for both forms of evaluation. Variation in short-term reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes was replicated in Study 2, and Study 3 revealed that topics low in short-term reliability were also lower in a longitudinal sample that completed attitude measures separated by several weeks. These results advance our understanding of each attitude construct and are consistent with a more dynamic relationship between an attitude and its measure, as even attitudes measured with high levels of conscious control could show remarkable short-term instability when assessed only minutes apart. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Investigating the effect of cognitive load on the intentionality bias.

According to Rosset's dual-process model of intention attribution, our judgements of intentionality can be guided either by an automatic process leading to intentional explanations of behaviour or by a higher-level and cognitively more demanding process enabling unintentional explanations of behaviour. Based on this model, under conditions of compromised cognitive capacity, individuals should judge more behaviour to be intentional rather than unintentional. This prediction was tested in one lab-based experiment and one online experiment. Specifically, we investigated whether increased working memory load would lead to higher intentionality endorsement of ambiguous action when controlling for individual differences in working memory. Results of both experiments indicated no effect of working memory load on intentionality endorsement. The implications of these results for the dual-process model of intention attribution are discussed.

Toward a better assessment of coping with bereavement: Applicability to diverse experiences and conceptual structure of the coping with bereavement questionnaire

Coping strategies are key adjustable elements mediating the relationship between risk factors and grief outcomes. It is essential to assess coping correctly. Scales based on the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement have tended to confuse coping strategies and symptoms. The Coping with Bereavement Questionnaire was created to address such shortcomings. This article uses two datasets from Belgian studies to assess the applicability of the items as well as the factor structure of the scale. Logistic regressions revealed nine items as less applicable to a more diverse bereaved sample than people who lost their intimate partner, leading to their exclusion. Factor analyses revealed and confirmed a three-factor structure of coping strategies describing the bereaved’s efforts to (1) accept the death and look to the future, (2) avoid thoughts and feelings, and (3) maintain the bond with the deceased. Theoretical issues related to the DPM are discussed.

Grief Responses During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Study in Spain

IntroductionThe recent COVID-19 pandemic led to a rise in the number of people bereaved by the death of a loved one. There are many pandemic-related stressors that may have further complicated grief in these people. The aim of this research was to conduct an in-depth the experience of illness and death during the pandemic, as well as obstacles to and factors facilitating grief in people who had lost a loved one during this period, whether due to COVID-19 or to natural or sudden causes. MethodThe sample consisted of 42 participants who had lost loved ones to COVID-19 or other causes (both natural and sudden). An inductive approach using grounded theory with open, axial and selective coding was used to analyse the semi-structured open-ended interviews. ResultsThe resulting theory was structured around a central category: “Processes of Loss and Grief in Pandemics”. The other relevant and related categories were: disease processes during the pandemic, emotional responses to the loss, factors facilitating the grieving process and obstacles to the grieving process. The various analytical categories were then further classified with reference to the Dual Process Model. ConclusionThis study highlights the main features of grief during the pandemic, including the impact of restrictive measures on disease processes; the funeral rituals performed and subsequent coping; responses such as intense shock, anger, fear or loneliness; and the way in which factors facilitating the grief process were adapted to the circumstances.

Cultural appreciation and appropriation in the crafting of the new Peruvian cuisine

Elite craftspeople, as specialist producers with privileged access and resources, can elevate the perceived status of craft elements such as materials, traditions, and techniques regarded as lowbrow due to their association with marginalized groups. While they strive to emphasize cultural appreciation, they often face accusations of cultural appropriation, which, if unaddressed, can undermine the perceptions of authenticity crucial for achieving higher cultural status. However, this tension between appreciation and appropriation overlooks the complex interplay of authenticity types that can structure the actions of elite craftspeople. Drawing on a qualitative study of new Peruvian cuisine, we examine how local elite chefs elevate marginalized craft elements through authenticity claims and develop a dual process model of cultural appreciation and appropriation. In doing so we identify how the elevation of marginalized craft elements involves, and even necessitates, aspects of appreciation and appropriation, especially when power dynamics are at play. We provide insights into the interplay between authenticity as connection and conformity, the agency in neo-craftwork, and claims of craftwashing.

Do Heuristic Cues Affect Misinformation Sharing? Evidence From a Meta-Analysis

Information overload in online environments leads individuals to be more likely to rely on heuristic cues to make decisions about (mis)information sharing. Drawing on dual-process models of information processing, namely the heuristic–systematic model and the elaboration likelihood model, we conducted a meta-analysis of 31 individual studies to examine the combined effects of five major heuristic cues on misinformation sharing. The results revealed that the affective heuristic of anxiety exerted the strongest impact on misinformation sharing ( r = .343), followed by three cognitive heuristics: the self-confirmation heuristic ( r = .249), endorsement heuristic ( r = .125), and fact-checking heuristic ( r = -.115)—but not the authority heuristic. The endorsement misinformation receives, consistency between misinformation and individuals’ prior attitudes or beliefs, anxiety people feel, and absence of fact-checking labels all make people more likely to share misinformation. Moderation analyses also highlight the importance of considering contextual and cultural factors in future research.

Examining motor evidence for the pause-then-cancel model of action-stopping: insights from motor system physiology.

Stopping initiated actions is fundamental to adaptive behavior. Longstanding, single-process accounts of action-stopping have been challenged by recent, two-process, "pause-then-cancel" models. These models propose that action-stopping involves two inhibitory processes: 1) a fast Pause process, which broadly suppresses the motor system as the result of detecting any salient event, and 2) a slower Cancel process, which involves motor suppression specific to the cancelled action. A purported signature of the Pause process is global suppression, or the reduced corticospinal excitability (CSE) of task-unrelated effectors early on in action-stopping. However, unlike the Pause process, few (if any) motor system signatures of a Cancel process have been identified. Here, we used single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) methods to comprehensively measure the local physiological excitation and inhibition of both responding and task-unrelated motor effector systems during action-stopping. Specifically, we measured CSE, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and the duration of the cortical silent period (CSP). Consistent with key predictions from the pause-then-cancel model, CSE measurements at the responding effector indicated that additional suppression was necessary to counteract Go-related increases in CSE during action-stopping, particularly at later timepoints. Increases in SICI on Stop-signal trials did not differ across task-related and task-unrelated effectors, or across timepoints. This suggests SICI as a potential source of global suppression. Increases in CSP duration on Stop-signal trials were more prominent at later timepoints and were related to individual differences in CSE. Our study provides further evidence from motor system physiology that multiple inhibitory processes influence action-stopping.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Current debate surrounds whether single- or dual-process models better account for human action-stopping ability. We show that motor suppression of a successfully stopped muscle follows a distinct time course compared with when that same muscle is unrelated to the stopping task. Our results further suggest that distinct local inhibitory neuron populations contribute to these unique sources of suppression. Our study provides evidence from motor system physiology that multiple inhibitory processes influence action-stopping.

Modernized Hippies and Extreme Eco-Warriors

This study is the first qualitative examination of the prototype willingness model (PWM), which includes both rational and socially reactive decision-making processes, in the context of eco-friendly behaviour. In total, 33 individual face-to-face interviews were conducted with Flemish young adults between 18 and 25 years to explore how the constructs of this dual-process model manifest and interconnect in the young adults’ lives in the context of eco-friendly behaviours, and which aspects should be leveraged when encouraging eco-friendly behaviour. Three prominent patterns were identified during data analysis: (1) The rational roadblocks, (2) the social stepping stone, and (3) the distant ‘darker’ green. Implications for (social) marketers are, among other things, to defy context-dependent attitudes of resistance (e.g. highlight applicable self-interest motives), to use social – and in particular socially reactive – levers, and to represent more diverse eco-friendly people that reflect the diversity within target audiences in behaviour change interventions and communications strategies.

Simulation study on collaborative shopping formation from the perspective of group structure and two-dimensional opinion

Group communication and collaborative shopping models are favoured by consumers, so research on group opinion has attracted the attention of businesspeople. Based on the dual-process model (DW model), interaction rules for developing consumer opinions are constructed, and the influence of factors such as group structure, sponsor characteristics, and sub-opinions on collaborative shopping is investigated via numerical simulations. The results show that the group structure of consumers is closely related to the success of the joint purchase. The sponsor influences the development of the sub-options of the group, which can split the original convergent and consistent opinions, and the sub-options of the group can split within a specific range. The conclusions can provide theoretical support for businesspeople to successfully carry out collaborative shopping and promote the vigorous development of social commerce.

Influence Of Grief Counselling On Psychological Wellbeing Among Widows At Africa Inland Church, Nairobi Area Church Council, Kenya

The death of a spouse can be extremely unbearable and even psychologically incapacitating. Widows face challenges that deeply affect their psychological wellbeing. The church has remained the best place for most widows in seeking consolation. This study investigated the influence of grief counselling on psychological wellbeing among widows at the Africa Inland Church, Nairobi Area Church Council, Kenya. Materials and Methods: The study was informed by the Cognitive Behavioral Theory and the Dual Process Model of Coping with Bereavement. The study used a causal research design, and census sampling technique was adopted. The sample size of the study was 114 widows. The Brief Grief Questionnaire (BGQ), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Psychological Well-being Scale (PWB) were used for data collection. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The findings showed that most (n = 66, 64.1%) of the widows were at high grief reaction, 22.4% (n = 31) of the widows had moderate grief reaction, while 13.5% (n = 15) were at low grief reaction. Also, 62.2% (n = 50) of the participants scored a high level of psychological wellbeing, 24.3% (n = 34) were at moderate level of psychological wellbeing, while 13. % (n = 28) of the participants were at low level of psychological wellbeing. Conclusion: The study established that grief counseling influenced the psychological wellbeing among widows (F- value (1, 5013.255) = .208, p = .030 ≤ 0.05). The study recommended that the leadership of the Africa Inland Church could work in collaboration with psychologists to formulate programs to reach out to the widows for psycho-education and possible coping strategies with regards to grief reaction

A continuous aggregated accumulation model of recognition judgments.

In recognition, remember-responses are understood to be based on recollection, and know-responses are understood to be based on familiarity. Two kinds of models have been proposed for the process by which recognition decisions are made. In single-process models, familiarity and recollection are integrated, and there is a single criterion for recognition. In dual-process models, familiarity and recollection are segregated, and there are separate criteria for remember and know-judgments. Recent process models can account for the distribution of remember and know-responses (under a range of different assumptions) but do not address the time course of the recognition process. Paradoxical findings, indicating that familiarity is available faster than recollection but remember-responses are on average faster than know-responses, cannot be convincingly explained by any existing dual-process model. We propose a new model that resolves this paradox by analyzing in detail the time course of recollection and familiarity. Know-responses based on the high familiarity of the test item are faster than remember-responses based on recollection. However, low-familiarity, low-recollection responses are slow and are also categorized by participants as know-responses. Hence, the average know-response time is slower than average remember-response time because know-responses include both fast high-familiarity responses and slow low-familiarity, low-recollection responses. A 12-parameter quantitative model that describes the relationship among the effects of confidence, accuracy, and remember and know categorization on accuracy and reaction time provided the best fit between expected reaction time and observed reaction time among the models tested. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Physical symptoms in prolonged grief disorder: a case report.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) was added as a new disorder to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) in 2022. PGD is defined as an intense yearning or longing for the deceased and preoccupation with thoughts or memories of the deceased. The official diagnostic criteria for PGD do not include physical symptoms, but it is sometimes associated with somatic symptoms. We present the case of a patient suffering from facsimile illness who lost her husband due to the deterioration of a brain tumor. She suffers from similar physical symptoms (severe headache reminiscent of a brain tumor, and hypertension) as her deceased husband. We focused on the dual process model in which grief exposure and behavioral activation began, ensuring an oscillation between loss-oriented grief (e.g., crying, feeling a continuing bond) and restoration-oriented grief (e.g., attending to life changes, new roles/identities/relationships). Outpatient psychotherapy based on the dual-process model of grief improved her physical symptoms. This case report highlights the physical symptoms experienced by those bereaved by a deceased loved one. Exposure therapy and behavioral activation approaches based on the dual-process model of grief response were effective in reducing the physical symptoms of facsimile illness. Physical symptoms in deceased family members triggered by bereavement are often overlooked and need to be recognized.

Looking inside the black box of gender differences in creativity: A dual-process model and meta-analysis.

Although prior work has characterized creativity as a primarily agentic endeavor, we diverge from this perspective and argue for agentic and communal pathways to creativity that offer unique advantages to each gender. We draw from social role theory to predict that risk-taking and empathic tendencies-as agentic and communal mechanisms, respectively-help explain how gender influences creativity. We also identify contextual moderators that can strengthen the communal pathway-predicting a more positive relationship between empathic tendency and creativity as well as a stronger indirect effect via empathic tendency when the tasks demand perspective-taking and when usefulness is explicitly incorporated in creativity assessment. With a meta-analysis of 753 independent samples (265,762 individuals), we find support for a communal pathway (i.e., women are creative via empathic tendency) and for an agentic pathway (i.e., men are creative via risk-taking tendency). We also find that the communal pathway is stronger when usefulness is explicitly incorporated in creativity assessment. Task demands for perspective-taking did not show a moderating effect. Taken together, our findings provide a more balanced account of the gender-creativity relationship, demonstrate why men and women differ in creativity and when women can leverage the communal mechanism to enhance creativity, and inform theory and practice towards a more gender-equitable workplace. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Disentangling autonomy-supportive and psychologically controlling parenting: A meta-analysis of self-determination theory's dual process model across cultures.

Self-determination theory's (SDT) dual process model claims that parental autonomy support relates positively to child well-being, while psychologically controlling parenting is linked positively to child ill-being. We tested these claims using a combination of one-stage and univariate meta-analytic structural equation modeling with moderation (k = 238; n = 1,040, N = 126,423). In the univariate models, parental autonomy support was linked positively with child well-being, r = 0.30, 95% CI [0.26, 0.33], whereas parental psychological control was positively linked with child ill-being, r = 0.26, 95% CI [0.23, 0.28]. Consistent with SDT's dual process model, the one-stage model that controlled for the intercorrelations between predictors showed that parental autonomy support and psychological control had distinct links to child wellness outcomes. Parental autonomy support was linked positively with child well-being, even when accounting for psychological control, r = 0.26, 95% CI [0.20, 0.31], and parental psychological control was positively linked to child ill-being, controlling for autonomy support, r = 0.20, 95% CI [0.17, 0.23]. Crucially, the beneficial effects of parental autonomy support and the costs of psychological control applied across regions, degrees of national individualism and cultural hierarchy, as well as child developmental periods and sexes. These results help move the field beyond debates about whether autonomy is beneficial toward questions about manifestations of autonomy across groups and variations in its optimal support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Applying process dissociation to self-sacrificial moral dilemmas: Extending the dual-process model

There is considerable evidence linking cognitive reflection with utilitarian judgments in dilemmas that involve sacrificing someone else for the greater good. However, the evidence is mixed on the question of whether cognitive reflection is associated with utilitarian judgments in self-sacrificial dilemmas. We employed process dissociation to extract a self-sacrificial utilitarian (SU) parameter, an altruism (A) parameter, an other-sacrificial (OU) utilitarian parameter, and a deontology (D) parameter. In Study 1, the cognitive reflection test (CRT) positively correlated with both SU and OU (replicated in Studies 2 and 4, pre-registered). In Study 2, we found that instructing participants to rely on reason increased SU and OU (replicated in Study 4, pre-registered). In Study 3, we found that SU and OU positively correlated with giving in the single-game version of the public goods game (replicated in Study 4, pre-registered), which provides behavioral validation that they are genuine moral tendencies. Together, these studies constitute strong cumulative evidence that SU and OU are both valid measures that are associated with reliance on cognitive reflection.

Constraining current neuroanatomical models of reading: the view from Arabic.

There is a growing interest in imaging understudied orthographies to unravel their neuronal correlates and their implications for existing computational and neuroanatomical models. Here, we review current brain mapping literature about Arabic words. We first offer a succinct description of some unique linguistic features of Arabic that challenge current cognitive models of reading. We then appraise the existing functional neuroimaging studies that investigated written Arabic word processing. Our review revealed that (1) Arabic is still understudied, (2) the most investigated features concerned the effects of vowelling and diglossia in Arabic reading, (3) findings were not always discussed in the light of existing reading models such as the dual route cascaded, the triangle, and the connectionist dual process models, and (4) current evidence is unreliable when it comes to the exact neuronal pathways that sustain Arabic word processing. Overall, despite the fact that Arabic has some unique linguistic features that challenge and ultimately enrich current reading models, the existing functional neuroimaging literature falls short of offering a reliable evidence about brain networks of Arabic reading. We conclude by highlighting the need for more systematic studies of the linguistic features of Arabic to build theoretical and neuroanatomical models that are concurrently specific and general.

Ideological attitudes predicting online hate speech: the differential effects of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation

IntroductionWhile research on online hate speech (OHS) has expanded in recent years, only few studies adopt a theoretical framework to understand how ideological attitudes differentially motivate individuals to engage with OHS. Drawing on the dual-process motivational model of ideology and on previous political psychological research on OHS, this study examines how individual levels of social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) predict the likelihood of producing OHS for online platforms users.MethodsWe used logistic regressions to analyze the survey data from a representative German sample of social media platform users (N = 7,349).ResultsThe analyses indicate that SDO is related with higher odds of producing OHS, while RWA is related with lower odds. After adjusting for socio-economic factors and controlling for alternative predictors, the odd ratios remain significant, indicating that these two ideological attitudes predict online hate speech in different directions.DiscussionThe results show that high-RWA individuals are less likely to engage with OHS, which is explained through their conservative motivation to conform to social norms and maintain social stability. High-SDO individuals are more likely to produce OHS and may use it following their competitive motivation to increase hierarchical relations and improve their social status within society. The findings are discussed taking into consideration the specificities of the German social context, and corroborate and expand previous research. From these subtle but crucial differential effects, relevant implications are drawn for the platform as well as for social and political levels.

Everyday amnesia: Residual memory for high confidence misses and implications for decision models of recognition.

Despite studying a list of items only minutes earlier, when reencountered in a recognition memory test, undergraduate participants often say with total confidence that they have not studied some of the items before. Such high confidence miss (HCM) responses have been taken as evidence of rapid and complete forgetting and of everyday amnesia (Roediger & Tekin, 2020). We investigated (a) if memory for HCMs is completely lost or whether a residual memory effect exists and (b) whether dominant decision models predict the effect. Participants studied faces (Experiments 1a, 2, and 3) or words (Experiment 1b), then completed a single-item recognition memory task, followed by either (a) a two-alternative forced-choice recognition task, in which the studied and nonstudied alternatives on each trial were matched for their previous old/new decision and confidence rating (Experiments 1 and 2) or (b) a second single-item recognition task in which the targets and foils were HCMs and high confidence correct rejections, respectively (Experiment 3). In each experiment, participants reliably distinguished HCMs from high-confidence correct rejections. The unequal variance signal detection and dual-process signal detection models were fit to the single-item recognition data, and the parameter estimates were used to predict the memory effect for HCMs. The dual-process signal detection model predicted the residual memory effect (as did another popular model, the mixture signal detection theory model). However, the unequal variance signal detection model incorrectly predicted a negative, or no, effect, invalidating this model. The residual memory effect for HCMs demonstrates that everyday amnesia is not associated with complete memory loss and distinguishes between decision models. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The isolation between part-set cues and social collaboration in episodic memory is dependent: Insight from ongoing and post-collaboration.

It has been demonstrated that both part-set cues and social interaction can produce detrimental effects on memory. Specifically, part-set cues lead to part-set cueing impairment, while social interaction can result in collaborative inhibition. However, there is less evidence on whether these factors have isolated or comparable impacts on memory. Additionally, it is still unknown whether the effects behave similarly on item memory and source memory, whether the effects are comparable between ongoing and post-social collaboration, and whether stimulus features influence their respective roles. To address these issues, we conducted the current experiment where participants were exposed to gender stereotype-consistent or -inconsistent words, categorized as positive, neutral, or negative. The words were read out by either a male or a female. Two recall sessions were conducted: Recall 1 was carried out either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was always collaborative. Some participants performed Recall 1 under the part-set cued condition while others were under the no-cued condition. Both item memory and source memory were assessed in both recall sessions. The results have three implications. First, during the ongoing collaborative session, two effects were observed on item memory: part-set cueing impairment and collaborative inhibition. Further, the contributions elicited by part-set cues and social collaboration are isolated. The part-set cueing impairment was influenced by both emotional valence and stereotypical consistency. Second, post-collaboration analysis indicated that both the utilization of part-set cues and collaboration itself enhanced item memory, resulting in the part-set cueing enhancement and post-collaborative memory benefit. Additionally, there was evidence indicating that the mechanisms prompted by these two factors intertwined when emotional valence and stereotypical consistency were considered. Third, in both ongoing and post-collaboration scenarios, the detrimental and beneficial effects on item memory and source memory exhibited different patterns, thereby supporting the dual-process models. These findings enhance our comprehension of the insolation and the interplay between part-set cues and collaboration in memory.

Review and Critique of the Quantitative Literature Regarding Attitudes toward Consensual Non-Monogamy (CNM)

This paper is a review of the recent literature on attitudes toward consensual non-monogamy (CNM). These attitudes are constrained to evaluations of people who practice CNM, CNM relationships, and CNM concepts; willingness to engage in or personal interest in practicing CNM is not included in this review. Relevant published research was located through database searches, as well as by perusing references and citations. Based on over two dozen investigations, it is concluded that average attitudes toward CNM are around neutral, with some slightly negative and some slightly positive. Studies taking a comparative perspective—whereby monogamous couples are pitted against CNM couples—overwhelmingly find more favorable attitudes toward monogamy. This literature supports assertions of the prevalence of monocentrism/compulsory monogamy. Further, some researchers investigated sociodemographic and psychological variables as predictors of CNM attitudes. Considering demographic characteristics, those who identify as monogamous and heterosexual tend to be more negative toward CNM relative to their counterparts, and most of the research suggests there are no gender differences in CNM attitudes. In terms of psychological variables, those reflecting authoritarian ideological values tended to predict CNM attitudes the best. The psychological variables are interpreted within the broader dual-process motivational model of prejudice with attention to authoritarianism and social dominance. To conclude, measurement issues are discussed, existing instruments are critiqued, and recommendations are made for which instruments are appropriate for different research goals. Specifically, the Attitudes towards Polyamory scale is a concise, unidimensional instrument with sound psychometric properties, making it a good general assessment of polyamory or CNM. Created using excellent test construction techniques, the Multidimensional Measurement of Attitudes toward Consensual Non-Monogamy (MACS) is a very promising belief-based CNM attitudes scale with three factors. Finally, directions for future research are discussed with an emphasis on differentiating between beliefs and attitudes as suggested by attitude theory, with most CNM attitude scales conflating the former with the latter.