Dual-polarization Research Articles

Development of a Front End Array for Broadband Phased Array Receiver

The receiver is a signal receiving device placed at the focus of the telescope. In order to improve the observation efficiency, the concept of phased array receiver has been proposed in recent years, which places a small phased array at the focal plane of the reflector, and flexible pattern and beam scanning functions can be achieved through a beamforming network. If combined with the element multiplexing, all beams within the entire field of view can be observed simultaneously to achieve continuous sky coverage. This article focuses on the front-end array of phased array receiver at 0.7–1.8 GHz for QiTai Telescope, and designs a Vivaldi antenna array of PCB structure with dual line polarization. Each polarization antenna is designed to arrange in a rectangle manner by 11 × 10. Based on the simulation results of the focal field, 32, 18, and eight elements were selected to form one beam at 0.7, 1.25, and 1.8 GHz. An analog beamforming network was constructed, and the measured gains of axial beam under uniform weighting were 19.32, 13.72, and 15.22 dBi. Combining the beam scanning method of reflector antenna, the pattern test of different position element sets required for PAF beam scanning was carried out under independent array. The pattern optimization at 1.25 GHz was carried out by weighting method of conjugate field matching. Compared with uniform weighting, the gain, sidelobe level, and main beam direction under conjugate field matching have been improved. Although the above test and simulation results are slightly different, which is related to the passive array and laboratory testing condition, the relevant work has accumulated experience in the development of the front-end array for the phased array receiver, and has good guiding significance for future performance verification after the array is installed on the telescope.

A Four-Port Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Antenna for Ku-Band Satellite Communications

This paper presents the development of a four-port dual-band dual-polarized antenna for transmitting/receiving (Tx/Rx) applications in Ku-band satellite communications. The antenna consists of two antenna elements sharing a common radiating aperture, a low-band element formed by an L-probe proximity-fed square-ring radiator for operation at the Rx band of 10.7–12.75 GHz, and a high-band element realized by a stacked-patch radiator for operation at the Tx band of 13.75–14.5 GHz. Within a compact multilayer structure, the antenna achieves wide dual-band operation, with each band having the ability to simultaneously operate with dual polarization. An antenna prototype is fabricated and tested to verify its performance. The experimental results show that the proposed antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 9.28–12.96 GHz (13.21–15.32 GHz), an isolation value between two orthogonal polarizations of 12 dB (12.4 dB), and a peak gain of 6.63 dBi (5.42 diBi) at the low band (high band). Tx/Rx isolation of more than 14 dB is achieved in both the Rx band and Tx band.

Development of dual polarization battery model with high accuracy for a lithium-ion battery cell under dynamic driving cycle conditions

Lithium-ion batteries are a key technology for electric vehicles. They are suitable for use in electric vehicles as they provide long range and long life. However, Lithium-ion batteries need to be controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS) to operate safely and efficiently. The BMS continuously controls parameters, such as current, voltage, temperature, state of charge (SoC), and state of health (SoH), and protects the battery against overcharging and discharging, imbalances between cells, and thermal runaways. The battery models and several prediction algorithms that the BMS uses to carry out these checks are essential to the system's performance. This research assesses the Dual Polarization (DP) model's ability to mimic actual battery performance in different dynamic driving conditions. In the study, a battery model for a Lithium–Nickel–Manganese–Cobalt-Oxide (Li-NMC) cell with a nominal capacity of 2 Ah is developed. A DP model was used in the study. Modeling and parameter estimation were performed in MATLAB Simulink/Simscape. Firstly, the model parameters are estimated depending on the SoC using the current and voltage data obtained from the Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test. A further validation study of the model for low dynamic and high dynamic driving cycles is then presented. Dynamic Stress Test (DST), the US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure (SFTP) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) cycles were used for model validation. As a result of the study, the model's Root Mean Square (RMS) error values were obtained as 0.0053 V for DST, 0.0059 V for US06, and 0.008 V for WLTP. The obtained model is particularly successful for simulating a battery under dynamic current conditions and for use in control and prediction algorithms.

Comparative analysis of equivalent circuit battery models for electric vehicle battery management systems

Lithium-ion batteries need to be controlled by a Battery Management System (BMS) to operate safely and efficiently. BMS controls parameters, such as current, voltage, temperature, state of charge (SoC),state of health (SoH), state of power (SoP) and etc. The battery models and several prediction algorithms that the BMS uses to carry out these checks are essential to the system's performance. Therefore, the battery model is crucial to the BMS. This model is used to optimize the performance, capacity, lifetime and safety of the battery. Using the accurate battery model for BMS and electric vehicles can improve energy efficiency, extend battery life and reduce safety risks. Therefore, it is important that the model can accurately reflect the battery behavior under different load conditions. In this study, the performance of Rint, Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), Thevenin, and Dual Polarization (DP) battery models, which are widely known in the literature, to simulate static and dynamic voltage behavior is compared. A 18650 NMC battery was used for this purpose, and Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC), Dynamic Stress Test (DST), Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP), and Constant Current (CC) discharge tests were performed. The performance of the models for the four tests is compared. The maximum error values for WLTP are 2.98 % in Rint, 1.32 % in PNGV, 2.80 % in Thevenin, and 1.09 % in DP. Comparing the performances of models for all tests, it is found that the DP model is the most accurate model under both constant and dynamic current conditions.

Analysis of phase noise for DFT-spread OFDM systems in coherent optical communication

Previous studies have revealed the similarity between phase noise in the symbol domain of discrete Fourier transform spread (DFT-Spread) coherent orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) systems and that in the time domain. This paper further details this characteristic through both formulas and simulation results, while also analyzing and summarizing its formation conditions and influencing factors. Based on this, a phase noise compensation (PNC) scheme based on DFT-Spread OFDM is proposed for high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmission with large fast Fourier transform (FFT) sizes. The proposed scheme effectively suppresses inter-carrier interference (ICI) introduced by phase noise in OFDM systems, as verified through simulations of dual-polarization (DP) 64-QAM CO-OFDM transmission over 80 km single-mode fiber (SMF). This work suggests that proposed PNC scheme enhance the tolerance for laser linewidth in OFDM systems, and may offer a possible solution for short distance high-baud-rate high-order QAM coherent transmission.

Multi-Scale Dispersion Engineering on Biomass-Derived Materials for Ultra-Wideband and Wide-Angle Microwave Absorption.

Efficient electromagnetic waves (EMWs) absorbing materials play a vital role in the electronic era. In traditional research on microwave absorbing (MA) materials, the synergistic modulation of material dispersion and structural dispersion of EMWs by incorporating multi-scale effects has frequently been overlooked, resulting in an untapped absorption potential. In this study, the material dispersion customization method based on biomass carbon is determined by quantitative analysis. The study carries out thermodynamic modulation of carbon skeleton, micro-nano porous engineering, and phosphorus atom donor doping in turn. The dielectric properties are improved step by step. In terms of structural dispersion design, inspired by the theory of antenna reciprocity, a Vivaldi antenna-like absorber is innovatively proposed. With the effective combination of material dispersion and structural dispersion engineering by 3D printing technology, the ultra-wideband absorption of 36.8GHz and the angular stability of close to 60 ° under dual polarization are successfully realized. The work breaks the deadlock of mutual constraints between wave impedance and attenuation rate through the dispersion modulation methods on multiple scales, unlocking the potential for designing next-generation broadband wide-angle absorbers.

High-crosstalk polarization filter based on double-D photonic crystal fiber with amethyst and gold

Polarization filters based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) have undergone rapid development in recent years. In this work, a dual D-type PCF polarization filter based on SPR is designed and analyzed. The filter improves the limiting loss of the core mode by gilding the semi-circular split ring and inlaying amethyst. The influence of the structural parameters of the filter on the filtering characteristics is analyzed by the finite element method. The results show that the core mode losses of the x and y polarized light are 32[Formula: see text]dB/cm and 910.56[Formula: see text]dB/cm at 1.55[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, respectively. For a fiber length of 1000[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, the crosstalk and bandwidth are 763.11[Formula: see text]dB and 700[Formula: see text]nm, respectively. In addition, the impact of manufacturing errors in the structural parameters on the filter performance is discussed. The filter has excellent filtering characteristics and large potential in optical communication and optical sensing.

Delta-sigma modulation supporting the 4194304QAM dual polarization signal at the W-band transmission over a 4.6 km wireless distance.

In this Letter, we propose a dual-polarized coherent millimeter-wave system based on differential delta-sigma modulation (D-DSM) intended for long-distance wireless transmission in the W-band. The proposed system can transmit polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) D-DSM signals with modulation orders up to 4194304QAM over a wireless channel for 4.6 km at a signal baud rate of 20 G. After 4.6 km of wireless transmission, we successfully achieve a bit error rate (BER) lower than the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) of 3.8 × 10-3 for 34.51 Gbit/s PDM-524288QAM and a BER lower than the soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) of 4.2 × 10-2 for 32.23 Gbit/s PDM-4194304QAM.

Inverse design of a silicon-based ultra-compact four-channel mode splitter with dual polarizations

We adopt the inverse-designed method and demonstrate an ultra-compact four-channel mode splitter with dual polarizations, which enables mode division multiplexing and polarization division multiplexing simultaneously without changing the mode orders and suitable for fabrication and integration based on silicon-on-insulator platform. The four TE0, TM0, TE1 and TM1 modes at the central wavelength of 1550 nm can be efficiently split with low insertion loss (<1.9 dB), low channel crosstalk (<−17 dB), low reflection loss (<−18 dB). Moreover, the proposed mode splitter has the potential of incorporating the wavelength division multiplexing for mass data transmission and high computing parallelism.

Novel Small Molecule Matrix Screening for Simultaneous MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Multiple Lipids and Phytohormones.

Most of the traditional matrices cannot simultaneously image multiple lipids and phytohormones, so screening and discovery of novel matrices stand as essential approaches for broadening the application scope of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). In this work, 12 organic small molecule compounds were comprehensively screened and investigated as potential MALDI matrices for simultaneous imaging analysis of various lipids and phytohormones. In the positive ionization mode, p-nitroaniline, m-nitroaniline, and 2-aminoterephthalic acid displayed good performance for the highly sensitive detection of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and triacylglycerols (TGs). Furthermore, p-nitroaniline possessed excellent characteristics of strong ultraviolet absorption and homogeneous cocrystallization, making it a desirable matrix for MALDI-MSI analysis of eight plant hormones. Compared with conventional matrices (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), and 9-aminoacridine (9-AA), the use of p-nitroaniline resulted in higher ionization efficiency, superior sensitivity, and clearer imaging images in dual polarity mode. Our research offers valuable guidance and new ideas for future endeavors in matrix screening.

A Multiband and Multifunctional Metasurface for Linear and Circular Polarization Conversion in Reflection Modes

Multifunctional integrated meta-devices are the demand of modern communication systems and are given a lot of attention nowadays. Most of the research has focused on either cross-polarization conversion (CPC) or linear-to-circular (LP–CP) conversion. However, simultaneously realizing multiple bands with good conversion efficiency remains crucial. This paper proposes a multiband and multifunctional dual reflective polarization converter surface capable of converting a linearly polarized (LP) wave into a circularly polarized (CP) wave, in frequency bands of 12.29–12.63 GHz, 16.08–24.16 GHz, 27.82–32.21 GHz, 33.75–38.74 GHz, and 39.70–39.79 GHz, with 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths of 2.7%, 40.15%, 14.6%, 13.76%, and 0.2%, respectively. Moreover, the converter is capable of achieving CPC with a polarization conversion ratio (PCR) that exceeds 95%, within the frequency ranges of 13.10–14.72 GHz, 25.43–26.00, 32.46–32.56 GHz, and 39.14–39.59 GHz. In addition, to identify the fundamental cause of the CPC and LP–CP conversion, a comprehensive theoretical investigation is provided. Furthermore, the surface current distribution patterns at different frequencies are investigated to analyze the conversion phenomena. A sample prototype consisting of 20 × 20 unit cells was fabricated and measured, verifying our design and the simulated results. The proposed structure has potential applications in satellite communications, radar, stealth technologies, and reflector antennas.

Multilayer printed antennas and arrays for 5G applications

ABSTRACT In this paper we describe a class of printed patch antennas that involve 3 metal layers completely integrated within a single dielectric, which are of very high efficiency and significant gain. The antennas presented have dual linear polarization and sufficient impedance matching bandwidth to be suited for sub-6 5G applications, producing advantageous antenna arrays monolithically integrated into a single planar PCB that are thin and lightweight. The feeding mechanism of the antennas is through an intermediate dedicated metal layer designed appropriately as a coupler, coupling the input power at the feeding ports of the structure to the antenna without a direct metal contact to the radiating patch. The multilayer design allows monolithic integration of multi-element combiners and phase shifters within the PCB of antenna arrays and results in compact monolithic scanning arrays. Theoretical full-wave simulations and measurements of fabricated prototypes are in very good agreement and validate the proposed designs.

A Compact RF Front-End SiP With Improved Harmonic Suppression for Dual Polarization Phased Array Radar

A Compact RF Front-End SiP With Improved Harmonic Suppression for Dual Polarization Phased Array Radar

A novel dual polarization multiplexing RoF system integrating optical fiber and FSO channel with AMI downlink signals

Using dual polarization multiplexing alternate mark inversion (AMI) downlink signals, a novel radio over fiber (RoF) system integrating optical fiber and FSO channel is designed to adapt to applications in mountainous areas and other complex terrain areas. Optical heterodyne technology and self-mixing homodyne detection method are used to realize high sensitivity detection of the received signals after 25.1 km channel (including 1 km single-mode fiber and 100 m free space link) transmission. Moreover, polarization multiplexing technology is introduced to exponentially increase the transmission capacity of downlink signals. This scheme not only can be compatible with traditional optical fiber transmission systems, but also support the wireless optical access application of millimeter wave signals in RoF systems.

Isolation enhancement of distinct element dual polarized compact MIMO antenna for 5G/WLAN application

AbstractA novel‐shaped dual‐polarized low‐profile multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is proposed for 5G/WLAN application. An 8‐element MIMO antenna design comprises two unique planar radiators (chamfer, circular). Each radiator has dual feed and dual polarization characteristics. The prototype is fabricated with an FR‐4 dielectric substrate. A decoupling structure maintains desirable isolation for self‐isolated elements (−12 dB) using substrate integrated waveguide stubs between inter‐ports and high isolation among the adjacent radiating elements (−15 dB). The simulation was performed by using CST microwave studio. The simulated results of the proposed MIMO antenna are compared with the measurement results. Furthermore, ECC and DG are investigated.

Increasing the hole energy by the p-type dual polarization for high internal quantum efficiency of 237 nm-band deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

Increasing the hole energy by the p-type dual polarization for high internal quantum efficiency of 237 nm-band deep ultraviolet light-emitting diodes

Mole Fraction-Based Approach for Sensitivity Analysis of Dual Material Control Gate Polarity Controlled Tunnel Field Effect Transistor for Applications in Biomedical Engineering

The fabrication complexity and cost associated with nanoscale devices are major concerns. Therefore, to address these challenges, we have introduced a mole fraction-based approach for the sensitivity analysis of a dual material control gate cavity on a source electrically doped polarity-controlled tunnel field effect transistor (DMCG-CS-ED-PC-TFET)-based biosensor for label-free detection of biomolecule species. For this purpose, a polarity bias (electrically doped) of PG-[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V and PG-[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]V is applied for the formation of n+ drain and p+ source regions, respectively, over the thin silicon body. The proposed device structure overcomes the random dopant fluctuation issues, thereby avoiding thermal budget and fabrication complexity as compared to the conventional TFET. Moreover, the nanogap cavity is created by etching the appropriate portion at the source side oxide layer. Furthermore, we have applied a dual metal work function (M1 and M2) at the gate electrode along with hetero material [Formula: see text] at the source side region to improve the sensitivity of the device by varying the mole fraction value (X). The performance of the proposed device has been evaluated in terms of variations in carrier concentration profile, electric field variation, energy band diagram, transfer ([Formula: see text]) characteristics and the sensitivity in terms of drain current (I[Formula: see text]), ON-state current (I[Formula: see text]) and switching ratio (I[Formula: see text]/I[Formula: see text]). Furthermore, the sensitivity of the proposed device biosensor has been investigated by considering nanocavity dimensions, practical challenges such as various fill factors, and various step profiles generated from steric hindrance. For this purpose, different neutral biomolecules such as Biotin ([Formula: see text]), APTES ([Formula: see text]), Keratin ([Formula: see text]), Ferrocytochrome C ([Formula: see text]) and Gelatin ([Formula: see text]) have been considered in the etched nanocavity region. Additionally, charged biomolecules with positive (negative) charge densities at the oxide semiconductor interface below the nanocavity region have been incorporated to assess the performance of the proposed device using the Silvaco ATLAS device simulator. In this analysis, the proposed biosensor achieves a drain current sensitivity of [Formula: see text] for neutral biomolecules ([Formula: see text]), [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] = [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] = [Formula: see text] cm[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Finally, the performance of the proposed biosensor, DMCG-CS-ED-PC-TFET, exhibits higher sensitivity compared to various existing TFET-based biosensors. Hence, the proposed biosensor exhibits the potential candidate for the development of future sensing bio-equipment.

Mutual coupling effects in 2×2 antenna array for ground penetrating radar on multilayered soil

&lt;span&gt;Caral stands as the Americas’ oldest city, boasting a heritage spanning 5,000 years. Over time, various natural forces have woven a complex geological stratum. To gain a deeper understanding of the Caral civilization, non-intrusive exploration methodologies like ground penetrating radar (GPR) are beginning to be used. This method safeguards the integrity of ancient subterranean remains. A GPR system is in development, tailored to the &lt;br /&gt; [200-500] MHz range, employing a 2×2 antenna array with dual polarization. These features enhance resolution without compromising penetration depth. However, using multiple antennas within complex, multi-layered environments introduce impedance band constraints and exacerbates antenna coupling issues. This study assesses the coupling of two antenna candidates: the Vivaldi with defected ground structures (DGS) and the log periodic dipole array (LPDA). The scattering parameters show that the LPDA antenna performed better considering measured and simulated data. Cross-polarization exhibited a broader bandwidth in the LPDA antenna, evident in both simulated and measured data. Additionally, a comprehensive comparison of GPR simulations for each antenna type within an 11-level multilayer medium, with different electromagnetic properties, further highlights LPDA. This antenna boasts a 209 MHz bandwidth and a coupling better than -23 dB for the cross-polarization configuration, firmly showing its best performance.&lt;/span&gt;

On Folded Transmitarray With Dual Polarization

On Folded Transmitarray With Dual Polarization

Independently Switchable Rasorber With Wide Transmission and Low-Reflection Bands Under Dual Polarization

Independently Switchable Rasorber With Wide Transmission and Low-Reflection Bands Under Dual Polarization