Dual-polarized Wideband Research Articles

A Dual-Polarized Wideband Parabolic Reflector Antenna With High Aperture Efficiency and Low Sidelobe Level for L/S-Band Satellite Communications

A Dual-Polarized Wideband Parabolic Reflector Antenna With High Aperture Efficiency and Low Sidelobe Level for L/S-Band Satellite Communications

Dual-Polarized Wideband Low-Sidelobe Slot Array Antenna for V-Band Wireless Communications

A dual-polarized wideband low sidelobe slot array antenna for wireless communication systems in the V-band is proposed in this work. Taylor distribution is applied with each radiating slot as a tapering unit in both polarizations. A compact 2 × 2 elements subarray is designed to achieve stable amplitude and phase distribution among elements with two sets of integrated compact wideband unequal power dividers for the E- and H-planes inside the subarray. Then, two layers of orthogonally polarized feeding networks with unequal E-plane T-junction power dividers are used to connect the subarrays to two standard waveguides WR-15 as input ports. The prototype of 8 × 8 elements is fabricated and measured in an anechoic chamber. The maximum measured gain is 25.3 dBi and 25.4 dBi for V- and H-polarization, respectively. The overlapped impedance bandwidth is from 57 to 66.4 GHz with reflection coefficiencies below -10 dB, and the isolation between two input ports is around 35 dB. Sidelobe levels of both polarizations are below -22 dB with good agreement with the simulations.

A Wideband Base Station Antenna Loaded with Bow-Tie-Like Parasitic Elements

A ±45° dual-polarization wideband antenna for 5G base station application is proposed using cross dipoles, bow-tie-like parasitic elements and baluns. The antenna is modeled, simulated and optimized to get an optimal size of 115mm × 115mm × 27.8mm. The antenna has a -10dB bandwidth of 2.24GHz-3.75GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 50.4% and its isolation of two orthogonal ports is exceed than 25dB over the operating frequency band. The dual-polarized antenna is fabricated and measured to get a result that it has wide bandwidth, good directional radiation patterns, and high peak gain of 8.1±1.1dBi, making it suitable for 5G base station applications.

Millimeter-Wave Wideband Dual-Polarized LTCC Antenna Array Based on Metasurfaces for Beam-Scanning Applications

This communication presents a millimeter-wave wideband dual-polarized low-temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) antenna array based on metasurfaces (MSs) for beam-scanning applications. Benefiting from the wideband and large-freedom property of MS-based structures, a novel ±45° dual-polarized wideband MS-based antenna (MSA) element with high isolation is designed. The antenna element is fed by two orthogonal striplines on different layers, through a crosslike dog-bone slot and a narrow slot, respectively, to realize the two polarizations. The feeding structure consists of slot–stripline–slot–stripline from top to bottom and is specially designed to improve the polarization isolation of the antenna element. The proposed MSA element is compactly arranged with a small distance ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$ &lt; 0.5\lambda$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) to construct a 4 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 array integrated in an LTCC package, where via walls with metal ring strips are loaded between adjacent elements to reduce the gain fluctuation. Consequently, the array can achieve a good beam-scanning capability over a wide band of 19.5% with a maximum scanning angle up to ±55° and a small gain variation of less than 3 dB. Meanwhile, the active <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$S$ </tex-math></inline-formula> parameters almost always remain below −10 dB, enabling good impedance matching when scanning at all angles. With these features, the proposed design has potential for application in 5G base-station systems.

A dual‐polarized wideband gain enhancement Fabry–Perot antenna by adopting a wedge‐shaped phase correcting structure

A dual-polarized wideband Fabry-Perot (FP) antenna based on a wedge-shaped phase correcting structure (WPCS) is proposed. The antenna adopts a wideband dual-linear polarized slot-coupled antenna as a primary antenna, and adopts a single-layer FSS structure with positive reflection phase gradient characteristics as a partially reflecting surface (PRS) of the FP resonator, to optimally excite the FP cavity resonances within a wide operating band. Moreover, a small circular metal patch array is printed on the other side of the FSS unit structure. The small circular patch array effectively increases the reflection amplitude without changing the positive reflection phase gradient characteristics of the PRS, which improves the FP antenna gain. In addition, a highly graded WPCS is loaded in the resonant cavity to properly compensate the phase between different reflection paths inside the resonant cavity, which enhances the gain of the FP antenna in a wide band. Finally, the measured peak gains of the FP antenna under the excitation of Port 1 and Port 2 are 16.0 dBi and 15.89 dBi, respectively, and the gain enhancement can reach up to 3 dBi after loading the WPCS. The measured 10-dB impedance-matching operating bandwidth of dual-polarized common coverage is 14.08 to 16.45 GHz (15.53%).

A Dual-Polarized Wideband Ceiling-Mount Antenna With Low Gain Variations and High Isolation for 5G Sub-6 GHz Applications

A dual-polarized wideband omnidirectional ceiling antenna with low gain variations (GVs) for 2G/3G/LTE/5G sub-6 GHz indoor applications is presented. The vertical-polarized (VP) antenna element that is arranged in the center is composed of a pair of orthogonal semicircular plates and a top-loaded circular brass disk, whereas the horizontal-polarized (HP) antenna element is comprised of four printed dipoles with truncated corners, four arc-shaped parasitic patches around the dipoles, and a 1-to-4 power divider feeding network on the bottom. The feeding network with the “hook”-shaped stubs cooperates with the slot between the adjacent printed dipoles to improve the isolation between the VP and HP antenna elements. Furthermore, the top-loaded circular brass disk, the four arc-shaped parasitic patches, and two pairs of extended strips printed along the ±45° direction are used to reduce the GVs but broaden the operating bandwidths. Experimental results demonstrate that a wide overlapped frequency bandwidth of 74.9% (1.66–3.65 GHz) with an excellent port isolation (≥40 dB) is achieved for the aforesaid application scenarios.

Magnetoelectric Dipole Antennas Loaded With Meta-Lens for 5G MIMO Pattern Diversity Applications

This communication presents a unique design of a dual-polarized wideband passive beam-switching antenna at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands for multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) pattern diversity applications, which exhibits low correlation between the ports and a broad tilt bandwidth (BW). A magnetoelectric (ME) dipole fed by a printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW) as a quasi-TE source is considered as the elementary antenna in the Ka-band. To achieve beam deflection in each quadrant, a four-port MIMO prototype consisting of four ME-dipoles, positioned perpendicular to each other, is integrated with a meta-lens that consists of three layers of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$12\times12$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dual-polarized split-ring resonators (SRRs) offset from the center of each antenna. The beamforming structure is able to generate four fixed beams, one in each quadrant at an elevation angle of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 40^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with respect to the broadside direction by exciting each port sequentially, while the other ports are terminated. Moreover, the proposed orthogonal structure contributes to low correlation between the four ports, while achieving dual-polarization, which highlights the suitability of the antenna for 5G mm-wave applications. The measured results from a fabricated prototype demonstrate a −10 dB impedance BW of 40% over 24–36 GHz, tilting BW of 32.2%, and a peak gain of 13.4 dBi at 29 GHz, while an isolation better than 30 dB is achieved over the whole frequency band. Moreover, a measured radiation efficiency in excess of 85% is obtained, due to the use of the low-loss PRGW feedlines.

A Low-Loss and Dual-Polarized Wideband Quasi-Optical Comparator at Terahertz Frequencies

This letter presents a low-loss, dual-polarized, easy-manufacturing, and wideband one-dimension al (1-D) quasi-optical comparator at terahertz (THz) frequencies. A novel comparator structure is first proposed and analyzed with wideband and low loss where a 3 dB splitter is introduced for dual polarization. To verify the proposed concept, a one-dimensional quasi-optical comparator prototype is implemented and experimented at THz frequencies. The measured bandwidth above 300 GHz is 20 GHz where the power in difference ports is lower than −19.7 dB for dual-polarized incident sum signal and the minimum value is −30 dB. According to the measured power in the sum port, the insertion loss of comparator is 0.26 and 0.46 dB for the horizontal and vertical polarizations, respectively. The realized good agreements between simulations and experiments indicate that the proposed quasi-optical monopulse comparator is an excellent candidate for monopulse antenna working at THz frequencies and higher frequencies.

Improvement of Port-to-Port Isolation Characteristics of a Linearly Dual-Polarized Dual-Band and Wideband Multi-Ring Microstrip Antenna Fed by Two L-Probes with a Via

Improvement of Port-to-Port Isolation Characteristics of a Linearly Dual-Polarized Dual-Band and Wideband Multi-Ring Microstrip Antenna Fed by Two L-Probes with a Via

Wideband, Low-Profile, Dual-Polarized Machined-Metal Array on a Triangular Lattice

This article presents a dual-polarized frequency-scaled ultra-wide spectrum element (FUSE) array on a triangular lattice, precision-machined from an Aluminum block as a self-supporting structure, similar to all-metal Vivaldi arrays reported by the authors in past work. Whereas dual-polarized FUSE arrays normally consist of offset radiator pairs conforming to the ubiquitous square-lattice egg-crate configuration and capacitively coupled at the ends to achieve ultra-wideband operational frequency ranges, this work is novel in that it uses conventional manufacturing to directly machine the dual-polarized FUSE array on a triangular lattice instead. Triangular lattices for dual-polarized wideband arrays are uncommon in the literature and have the benefit of 15.5% reduction in element counts over a square lattice aperture of the same footprint and upper frequency of operation, making this a useful development for applications requiring minimum element counts, i.e., reduced cost/weight. In this article, embedded element performance predictions for the dual-polarized triangular-lattice FUSE array are presented and validated with measurements of a hardware prototype. Results show similar overall grating-lobe-free performance to a square lattice FUSE array of the same footprint and operational frequencies reported in earlier work. The asymmetries of the triangular lattice result in relative performance degradation versus square lattice FUSE arrays as a trade-off to the benefit of reduced element counts for apertures of similar size.

Mutual Decoupling for Massive MIMO Antenna Arrays by Using Triple-Layer Meta-Surface

The high isolation massive antenna arrays are the key devices in the base station of the future wireless communication systems. The challenge for the array application is how to reduce the coupling among the array elements. This paper introduces a new decoupling method for massive MIMO arrays with an innerelement distance of around half wavelength by using a triple-layer metasurface (TMS). The TMS comprises three identical surfaces. The waves reflected from the bottom metasurface (MS) and top two-layer MS have the same amplitudes and the opposite phases, which are canceled with each other. An example of 4×4 dualpolarized wideband microstrip array with a TMS is proposed to verify the decoupling method. The simulation and measurement show that the TMS can help reduce the coupling among the array elements to less than -24 dB in both the co-polarization and cross-polarization directions within 4.23-4.82 GHz. In the meanwhile, the radiation characteristics of the arrays with and without TMS are almost unchanged.

Compact Dual-Polarized Wideband Antenna With Dual-/Single-Band Shifting for Microbase Station Applications

A gain-enhanced wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with dual polarization and high isolation is proposed for microbase station application. It includes two mutually orthogonal bowtie dipole radiators, four bowtie parasitic elements with the switch function of ON-/OFF-state, four vertical stubs, and a cavity, which are fed by a pair of 50 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula> coaxial cables. Shifting between the dual-band and single-band is realized by the switch. Four resonant frequencies are generated by cooperative operation of the radiators and cavity, and thus two wide bands are formed. C-shaped slots on radiators and switch slots on parasitic elements are analyzed for estimating the impact on resonant frequency and bandwidth, and the vertical stubs improve the impedance matching. The proposed wideband antenna achieves enhanced diversity performance in the MIMO antenna system. As a proof of concept, a prototype of the expanded four-element MIMO antenna is fabricated. Measured results match well with simulated data. When the switch is ON-state, it operates in 1.58–2.77 and 4.71–6.18 GHz with gains of 9.4–11.2 and 9.1–10.9 dBi, and radiation efficiencies of ≥87.5% and ≥87%, respectively. When the switch is OFF-state, it operates in 1.56–2.76 GHz with a gain of 8.9–10.1 dBi and radiation efficiency of ≥88%. Element isolation is ≥35.3 dB, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is ≤0.002. The experiment of the established <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ </tex-math></inline-formula> MIMO system demonstrates that it can operate with a lower bit error rate (BER), and the design shows enormous potential to be applied as massive MIMO microbase station antennas.

Improved dual-polarized wideband multifunctional switchable absorber/reflector based on active frequency selective surfaces.

An improved dual-polarized multifunctional switchable absorber/reflector with both wideband absorbing and wideband reflecting characteristics is presented in this paper. The proposed structure consists of three parts including a top-layer active frequency selective surface (AFSS) structure, a bottom-layer metal sheet and an air spacer in between. The polarization stability is satisfied by deploying the super-element topology, which contains four similar unitary elements arranged in a 2 × 2 matrix form. The PIN diode is employed as a RF switch in the AFSS structure for the purpose of switching. The bias networks responsible for different polarizations are intentionally separated through via holes. Multifunctional properties with four different operating states can be attained by controlling horizontally- and vertically-loaded PIN diodes independently. In addition, the biggest advantage of the proposed structure lies in its wideband features at both absorbing and reflecting states for different polarizations and incident angles. Finally, a prototype of the design is fabricated and measured to verify the simulation, and a good agreement between the simulated and observational results can be achieved under normal incidence as well as oblique incidence.

A Dual-Polarized Wideband Frequency-Selective Rasorber With Low in-Band Insertion Loss and High Oblique Incidence Stability

A novel design of a dual-polarized rasorber with an interabsorption transmission band is proposed. The design consists of a lossy frequency-selective surface (FSS) at the top and a lossless bandpass FSS at the bottom. The two FSS layers are separated by an air spacer. The lossy FSS consists of lumped resistor loaded cross dipole elements connected to an outer ring resonator with a slotted circular patch inside. The lossless FSS consists of a square slot. The series resonance of the lossy FSS contributes to absorption, whereas the parallel resonance of the lossy FSS and the parallel resonance of the lossless FSS together contribute to transmission. The proposed design provides a bandwidth with the reflection coefficient below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 10 dB from 2.89 to 8.85 GHz, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 101.5%. It has a thickness of 0.096 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{L}$</tex-math></inline-formula> ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda _{L}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the wavelength corresponding to the lowest cutoff frequency of the bandwidth with the reflection coefficient below <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 10 dB). The rasorber also shows a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$-$</tex-math></inline-formula> 1-dB transmission band from 6.1 to 7.19 GHz (FBW 16.4%) with a minimum insertion loss of 0.44 dB at 6.6 GHz. It exhibits quite stable absorption and transmission characteristics up to 45 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^\circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> angle of incidence. The operating principle of the rasorber is discussed using an equivalent circuit model. Experimental validation of the rasorber performance is also done. Good agreement between the measured and the full-wave simulation results is observed.

Dual-Polarized Wideband Plate Array Antenna With High Polarization Isolation and Low Cross Polarization for D-Band High-Capacity Wireless Application

This letter presents a dual-polarized wideband plate array antenna in D-band for future fixed high-capacity wireless communication. To achieve the high polarization isolation and wideband operation at the same time, a two-stage multimode cavity is introduced, consisting of a polarization isolation cavity and a cascaded dividing cavity. They are combined to optimize and improve the bandwidth of the dual-polarized antenna array. The TE210 and TE120 degenerate modes are selected to resonate in the cavity. They can be used to generate two orthogonal linear polarization modes with the extremely low cross polarization after cascading four integrated horns with a proper placement. To validate the design, an 8 × 8 element array is fabricated by the diffusion bonding of laminated thin copper plates technology. The gain is more than 24.5 dBi from 130 to 149 GHz. The isolation between two channels is higher than 50 dB and the cross polarization level is below −45 dB over the whole band.

Dual-Polarization Wideband Sub-6 GHz Suspended Patch Antenna for 5G Base Station

This letter presents a simple, compact, low-cost, low-profile, dual-polarization, suspended patch antenna design to operate in 3.3-3.8 GHz band for 5G base stations. The proposed antenna comprises a main radiating patch, a secondary parasitic patch, modified L-probe feeds, and a vertical metal wall. The main patch is capacitively driven by two feeds for dual (±45° slant) polarization. The vertical metal wall is used to increase the port isolation. The parasitic patch also helps further improvement of input impedance matching (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |, |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> |) and port isolation (|S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> |). The prototyped antenna has |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |, |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> | <; -10 dB and |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |, |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">22</sub> | <; -15 dB impedance bandwidth of 45% and 36%, respectively. Port isolation is |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> | <; -30 dB in the desired operating band. Stable and symmetric radiation patterns with half-power beamwidths of 56°-65° are obtained in E-/-H-planes. The gain of the antenna is 8.95 ± 0.25 dBi. Numerical calculations and experimental results are reported and discussed.

Design of Wideband Absorber Based on Dual-Resistor-Loaded Metallic Strips

A method for designing a dual-polarized wideband absorber with low profile by using dual-resistor-loaded metallic strips is proposed in this paper. Each unit cell consists of a resistive sheet with dual-resistor-loaded metallic strips and an underlying conducting plate. Two-dimensional arrays of two unequal metallic strips are printed on the dielectric substrate, and two resistors are embedded in the metallic strips. By properly designing the resonant frequencies of these metallic strips, a wide absorption band with three resonances is obtained. An equivalent circuit model is introduced, and the current distributions are examined to understand the physical mechanism of the proposed absorber. An example of the absorber is fabricated and measured to verify our designed concept. The measured results show that the wideband absorption performance with a fractional bandwidth of 129% under the normal incidence and the stable angular response are achieved. In addition, the proposed absorber has a low profile with 0.08λL, where λL is the wavelength at the lowest operating frequency.

Dual-Polarized Ka-Band Vivaldi Antenna Array

This article presents a high-performance fully metallic dual-polarized wideband Vivaldi array for the $Ka$ -band (26–40 GHz), which is going to be used, for example, in 5G millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication networks. Antenna-array elements are fed straight from a single printed circuit board (PCB) that allows integrating active components in the immediate proximity of antenna elements. A whole array can be placed on a PCB as a through-hole or surface-mount technology component. The antenna is simulated in a unit cell with periodic boundary conditions and in an $8\times8$ array configuration. The simulations show that the active reflection coefficient is below −10 dB across the entire $Ka$ -band and throughout most of the beam-steering angles up to ±60°. Lower than 3 dB scan loss is achieved in approximately ±60° range in the elementary planes and ±50° in the diagonal planes. The reflection coefficient and gain of each of the four elements in different parts of the manufactured dual-polarized $8\,\,\times8$ array were measured and simulated with the remaining elements terminated with a $50~\Omega $ load. The measured results follow closely the full-wave finite array simulation results; the reflection coefficient is low and the element pattern is wide over the entire frequency range.

Design, fabrication, and test of a novel broadband dual-polarized microstrip antenna for WLAN applications

AbstractA dual-polarized dual-layer wideband microstrip antenna is presented. Dual orthogonal linear polarization and enhanced isolation between two ports are achieved by employing two radiating patches perpendicular to each other and printed on two separate substrates. Broadband behavior of the antenna is realized by using two wideband double-sided printed strip dipole and angular ring as radiating patches along with wideband baluns as feeding system. The patches are connected to baluns with two separate twin-lead transmission lines. Moreover, to improve the impedance bandwidth of the strip dipole significantly, a diamond-shape parasitic patch is artily incorporated into the top side of the upper layer of the antenna. The proposed antenna can easily be employed in large-scale arrays thanks to the feeding system of the patches. A prototype is fabricated to verify the simulation results where the measurement results show the −10 dB impedance bandwidths of 40% (4.3–6.5 GHz) and 43% (4.2–6.5 GHz) at port #1 and port #2, respectively. Besides, the isolation between two ports and the radiation gain are obtained around 35 dB and 9 dBi, respectively, which are useful for WLAN applications.

Design of a Dual-Polarized Wideband Conformal Loop Antenna for Capsule Endoscopy Systems

This paper presents a dual-polarized conformal loop antenna for capsule endoscopy systems. The antenna is designed on the capsule shell, with two orthogonal counterparts to generate dual-polarized radiation. This design exhibits broad impedance bandwidths of 271 and 247 MHz for each port, covering the entire Medical Device Radiocommunications Service band as well as the 433.05–434.79 MHz Industrial Scientific Medical band. Due to the highly orthogonal current distributions of the proposed structure, an isolation of higher than 33 dB is achieved among the operating frequency bands in measurement. The dual-polarized antenna also shows an omnidirectional radiation property and a low cross-polarization level of around −40 dB, which helps to enhance communication quality, regardless of position and orientation. Whether other electronics and biocompatible coatings are included or an electromagnetic interference shielding is considered, the antenna still presents a robust performance. The cubic tissue phantom model is utilized for the initial design and optimization of the antenna structure. Moreover, the CST voxel human model is applied to study the conformal antenna in a realistic environment. Measurements are implemented using a solid tissue-mimicking phantom, and performances consistent with theoretical predictions are achieved. Finally, the wireless biotelemetry property is evaluated via the calculation of the communication link budget with an external antenna.