Dual Phase Research Articles

Microstructural evolution and carbides precipitation behavior and their effects on mechanical property of Nb–Ti microalloyed FB590 steel

Ferrite-bainite dual phase steels have been widely used in automobile manufacturing industry due to their high strength and excellent hole expansion performance. In this study, the effects of coiling temperature on mechanical properties and hole expansion performance of low carbon Nb–Ti micro-alloyed FB590 ferrite-bainite steel have been studied. Additionally, the microstructure evolution and carbide precipitation behavior during hot rolling and coiling processes have been investigated. The influence mechanism of microstructures and carbides on both mechanical properties and hole expansion performance has also been discussed. The results suggest that the fraction of the retained austenite and the martensite decreases gradually with increasing coiling temperatures from 450 °C to 500 °C. The main reason for the formation of martensite and retained austenite in steel CT450 coiled at 450 °C is that the coiling temperature is near the martensitic transformation temperature Ms. Increasing the coiling temperature to 500 °C which is above the Ms leads to ferritic and bainitic structure. The carbides precipitation behavior has been studied by TEM, thermodynamic and kinetics calculation. The results show that the size of the carbides increases with increasing coiling temperatures from 450 °C to 500 °C. Most of the large size carbides above 100 nm with high percent of Ti are the undissolved particles in austenite during slab heating. The medium size particles between 50 nm and 100 nm and enriched in Ti precipitate during rough rolling at higher temperature, while the particles smaller than 50 nm enriched in Nb precipitate during finish rolling and coiling processes. The strength of the steel is effectively increased by the fine carbides and martensite formed at low coiling temperature of 450 °C. With increasing coiling temperature from 450 °C to 500 °C, the steel's strength decreases from 630 MPa to 591 MPa, while the HER are improved from 76.8 % to 119.9 % due to the reduction of martensite and retained austenite. Although the strength is a little reduced due to the coarsening of carbides and reducing of the martensite, the plasticity and hole expansion performance is improved significantly with the coiling temperature of 500 °C.

High performance Ce0.8Nd0.2O2-δ-carbonate hollow fiber membrane for high-temperature CO2 separation

Ceramic-carbonate dual phase (CCDP) membrane consisting of oxygen ionic conductor and molten carbonate has potential applications in clean energy delivery as it enabling the direct CO2 separation or capture at the elevated temperatures. The performance of previous CCDP membranes is not ideal either with a low CO2 flux or with a poor operational stability. In the present work, we looked at the CeO2-based oxygen ionic conductor (neodymium doped cerium (NDC)) as the porous ceramic hollow fiber support to form NDC-carbonate hollow fiber membranes. The NDC hollow fiber was fabricated by the combined phase inversion and sintering techniques and the preparation conditions were optimized to better accommodate the carbonate phase and maintain the mechanical stability. The NDC hollow fibers possessed good bending strength, reaching 91.5 MPa upon sintering at 1500 °C. The effects of feed gas composition and sweep flow rates on the CO2 separation performance were carefully investigated. The resultant dual phase hollow fiber membranes exhibited appreciably high CO2 permeation fluxes at temperatures exceeding 800 °C, which was required to activate both conductions of oxygen and carbonate ions. The achieved maximum CO2 flux of the optimized NDC-carbonate hollow fiber membranes was up to 5.08 mL min−1 cm−2 with 50%CO2–50%N2 as the feed gas at 900 °C. At 700 °C, the membrane exhibited a relatively stable CO2 permeation behavior over 120 h and the spent membrane maintained a stable structure. The high flux and good operational stability of the developed membrane make a huge step towards practical applications.

Contrasting irradiation behavior of dual phases in Ti-6Al-4V alloy at low-temperature due to ω-phase precursors in β-phase matrix

Aiming to simulate the radiation damage effect on a dual α+β phase Ti-6Al-4V alloy utilized as high-intensity accelerator beam window material, a series of irradiation experiments were conducted with a 2.8 MeV-Fe2+ ion beam in several dpa regions at room temperature. The nano-indentation hardness increased steeply at 1 dpa and unchanged up to 10 dpa, due to the saturation of defect clusters and tangled dislocations in the dominant α-phase matrix with a size of 2–3 nm and a density of about 1×1023 m−3. In contrast in the intergranular β-phase, larger loops of 20–30 nm diameter were observed with much less density of about 5×1020 m−3. The diffraction pattern showed rectilinear diffuse streaks between the β-phase reflections, corresponding to the ω-phase precursor, without dose dependency in its intensity. FFT/I-FFT analysis of the HREM revealed a sub-nanometer-sized lattice disorder with local fluctuations, not discrete but continuous, and homogeneously distributed within the matrix β-phase stably against the irradiation. The significantly low dislocation density and the absence of phase transformation in the β-phase matrix could be attributed either to the strong sink effect expected for this distinctive sub-nanometer-sized homogeneous lattice disorder or to the anomalous point defect recombination induced by the high mobility of vacancies, both of which are originated from the metastable ω-phase precursors specifically formed in the β(BCC) phase of group-4 transition metals.

Narrow interval dual phase 18F-FDG PET/CT: A practical approach for distinguishing tumor recurrence from radiation necrosis in brain metastasis.

Purpose of our research is to demonstrate efficacy of narrow interval dual phase [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) imaging in distinguishing tumor recurrence (TR) from radiation necrosis (RN) in patients treated for brain metastases. 35 consecutive patients (22 female, 13 male) with various cancer subtypes, lesion size > 1.0 cm3, and suspected recurrence on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) underwent narrow interval dual phase FDG-PET/CT (30 and 90 min after tracer injection). Clinical outcome was determined via sequential MRIs or pathology reports. Maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) of lesion (L), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) was measured on early (1) and delayed (2) imaging. Analyzed variables include % change, late phase, and early phase for L uptake, L/GM uptake, and L/WM uptake. Statistical analysis (P < .01), receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve and area under curve (AUC) cutoff values were obtained. Change in L/GM ratio of > -2% was 95% sensitive, 91% specific, and 93% accurate (P < .001, AUC = 0.99) in distinguishing TR from RN. Change in SUVmax of lesion alone was the second-best indicator (P < .001, AUC = 0.94) with an ROC cutoff > 30.5% yielding 86% sensitivity, 83% specificity, and 84% accuracy. Other variables (L alone or L/GM ratios in early or late phase, all L/WM ratios) were significantly less accurate. Utilizing narrow interval dual phase FDG-PET/CT in patients with brain metastasis treated with radiation therapy provides a practical approach to distinguish TR from RN. Narrow time interval allows for better patient comfort, greater efficiency of PET/CT scanner, and lower disruption of workflow.

Characterization of an advanced bone graft material with a nanocrystalline hydroxycarbanoapatite surface and dual phase composition.

The bone formation response of ceramic bone graft materials can be improved by modifying the material's surface and composition. A unique dual-phase ceramic bone graft material with a nanocrystalline, hydroxycarbanoapatite (HCA) surface and a calcium carbonate core (TrelCor®-Biogennix, Irvine, CA) was characterized through a variety of analytical methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the TrelCor surface (magnification 100-100,000X) clearly demonstrated a nanosized crystalline structure covering the entire surface. The surface morphology showed a hierarchical structure that included micron-sized spherulites fully covered by plate-like nanocrystals (<60 nm in thickness). Chemical and physical characterization of the material using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) showed a surface composed of HCA. Analysis of fractured samples confirmed the dual-phase composition with the presence of a calcium carbonate core and HCA surface. An in vitro bioactivity study was conducted to evaluate whether TrelCor would form a bioactive layer when immersed in simulated body fluid. This response was compared to a known bioactive material (45S5 bioactive glass - Bioglass). Following 14-days of immersion, surface and cross-sectional analysis via SEM-EDX showed that the TrelCor material elicited a bioactive response with the formation of a bioactive layer that was qualitatively thicker than the layer that formed on Bioglass. An in vivo sheep muscle pouch model was also conducted to evaluate the ability of the material to stimulate an ectopic, cellular bone formation response. Results were compared against Bioglass and a first-generation calcium phosphate ceramic that lacked a nanocrystalline surface. Histology and histomorphometric analysis (HMA) confirmed that the TrelCor nanocrystalline HCA surface stimulated a bone formation response in muscle (avg. 11% bone area) that was significantly greater than Bioglass (3%) and the smooth surface calcium phosphate ceramic (0%).

A Clinical Comparison of Dental impression accuracy between One-step and Two-step Dual phase impression technique by using Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Material.

Objective:: The objective was to assess the number of visible defects within impression made by two different techniques.  Methodology: This was comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2019 to December 2019 at out patient department of Institue of dentistry, LUMHS Jamshoro. Two impressions were made from 53 crown preparation by using one step and two step dual phase impression techniques. Totaling to 106 impressions. Polyvinyl Siloxane impression material was used with each technique. Evaluation of impressions were made for tears, voids and bubbles and impression were compute as acceptable (A or B) and unacceptable (C or D). Result: There was no significant difference seen in proportion of overall evaluation of two impression technique, as compared by using “Chi-square test”. Conclusion: Insignificant difference was seen b/w one step and two step dual phase impression techniques.   Keywords: One step impression technique, two step dual phase impression technique, dimensional accuracy.  

Dependence of mechanical properties on the phase composition of intercritically annealed medium-Mn steel as the main competitor of high-strength DP steels

Depending on the alloy composition, intercritical annealing may provide different phases in the microstructure. For low-alloyed dual-phase (DP) steels it is usually ferrite and martensite, while for medium-Mn steels retained austenite is also formed. In a present study, a wide intercritical temperature range was applied to a 5% Mn steel to investigate possible microstructure combinations: ranging from fully ferritic, through ferritic-austenitic, multiphase, to fully martensitic, which were next investigated in terms of mechanical properties to clarify the behavior of this type of material. The obtained results together with technological issues and economic indicators were next compared to mechanical properties of typical DP steels in order to assess the possibility of replacing this material in car production. The mechanical properties were evaluated using static tensile and hardness tests. The phase composition was determined qualitatively and quantitatively using dilatometry, X-ray diffraction measurements, and electron backscatter diffraction analysis. The results suggest that both initial austenite and martensite fractions have a decisive influence on the yielding and elongation of steel; however, the tensile strength depends mainly on the sum of martensite initially present in the microstructure and the strain-induced martensite formed from the plastically deformed austenite regardless of the initial retained austenite—martensite ratio. The results indicate superior total elongation of medium-Mn steels reaching 30% compared to DP steels with a similar strength level in the range between 900 and 1400 MPa. However, medium-Mn steels could be a significant competitor to dual phase steels only if some technological problems like discontinuous yielding and serrations are significantly reduced.

Insight into the Hot Corrosion Behavior of FeMnCrSi/TiC Coatings at 900 °C

This study explores the deposition of an Fe-MnCrSi/TiC coating on 45 steel surfaces using high-velocity arc spraying technology, examining the microstructure and hot corrosion behavior of the resultant layer. The microstructure of the FeMnCrSi/TiC coating primarily consists of an α-Fe (BCC) solid solution, composed of Fe, Mn, Cr, Si, C, and other elements, with a minor presence of β-Fe (FCC) solid-solution phase and unmelted TiC particles. Following 100 h of cyclic 900 °C hot corrosion, Mn on the coating surface preferentially oxidizes, forming a manganese-rich oxide layer. This process reduces the oxygen partial pressure (O2) within the coating, prompting the formation of a dense Cr2O3 layer on the inner side of the oxide layer. Concurrently, the rapid diffusion of Mn and Cr elements triggers the generation of Mn- and Cr-deficient regions at the metal/oxide layer interface, inducing the transformation of the coated metal primary matrix from an FCC + BCC dual phase to an α-Fe (BCC) single phase. After the reaction, the hot corrosion weight gain of the coating reached 12.43 mg/cm2, approximately one-fourteenth of the weight gain of the 45 steel substrates. This weight gain adheres to the parabolic law, suggesting that the FeMnCrSi/TiC coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance under the given conditions.

Medium-carbon dual-phase steels with spheroidized ferrite matrix

This study presents processing and properties of dual-phase (DP) steels, which contain islands of martensite among ferrite grains effectively reinforced by abundant carbide particles. To this end, a medium-carbon, low-alloyed steel plate with an initial ferrite-pearlite microstructure underwent cold rolling for 80% thickness reduction. Specimens obtained from the cold rolled strip were then heated in a neutralized salt bath at various temperatures ranging from 600 to 730 °C for 10 ks, followed by water quenching. The resulting microstructures and mechanical properties were analyzed. Preceding the formation of austenite during intercritical annealing, recrystallization led to the formation of a spheroidized ferrite microstructure with a high number of carbide particles dispersed mainly within the recrystallized ferrite grains. Initially, austenite grains formed on the carbides located at the boundaries between ferrite grains, followed by the formation of austenite on the carbides still present within the ferrite grains. Quenching from 715 °C resulted in a DP microstructure with intergranular martensite while increasing the annealing temperature to 725 °C led to the creation of intragranular martensite additionally. The study also focused on the distribution of alloying elements in the DP microstructure, revealing an enrichment of carbides with Mn, Cr, and Mo. Furthermore, an enrichment of martensite islands with manganese atoms was identified, but no comparable enrichment with carbon atoms was observed. The specimens annealed at 715–725 °C, which consisted of a martensite volume fraction ranging from 0.15 to 0.45, exhibited a superior balance of strength and ductility, as well as an outstanding work hardening exponent.

Evaluation of the equivalent thermal dose and power requirement for pulsed hyperthermia

Subject to various conditions, the temperature may not reach the preset value during heat therapy. In order to ensure the medical quality of the actual treatment and improve its medical effectiveness, a comparable equivalent thermal dose should be determined. The concept of thermal isoefficient dose has been widely applied to assess the safety of that expose patients to heat. It was also reported pulsed heating causes greater cell damage than continuous heating on hyperthermia. This paper considers non-Fourier effect during pulsed hyperthermia and employs the dual phase model to simulate thermal behavior in tissue. The CEM43 model and the modified one were used to calculate thermal isoefficient dose. The amount of heating required in the therapy process was estimated for the thermal dose 305 CEM43. The present results show the model of thermal isoefficient dose significantly affects the estimation of power requirement. Shortening the heating time and increasing the power intensity can create energy saving and reduce thermal impact on the tissue surrounding the heated target while the power intensity required for pulse heating increases exponentially with the reduction of pulse width. The required power intensity reduces with the increase of τq value, and increases with the value of τT increases.

Improving the performance of machine learning model predicting phase and crystal structure of high entropy alloys by the synthetic minority oversampling technique

It is critical to select the suitable integration of elements that has an influence on phase formation when selecting the proper High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) with desired qualities. Machine Learning (ML) models were used to predict the phase and crystal structure of HEAs in this study. Trained on extensive experimental datasets, the set of input characteristics includes Atomic size difference, Mixing Enthalpy, Mixing Entropy, Valence Electron concentration, Electronegativity difference, Ω and Average Melting Temperature. The phase is divided into three categories: Solid solution (S), Dual phase (D), and Intermetallic (Im). Crystal structure classifications include BCC, FCC, and FCC+BCC. For phase and crystal structure prediction, five ML algorithms were used: Decision Tree (DT), K Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XG Boosting), The classification of the HEAs phase has been predicted with great accuracy using an XG Boosting (80 %) and Random Forest exhibits the highest accuracy (94 %) for crystal structure prediction when model is trained on an experimental dataset. Even though the ML model predicts the classes with a better degree of accuracy (>80 %), the F1 value of each class varies more dramatically. This issue has arisen as a result of an imbalance in the dataset's class distribution. To boost performance, this work uses an ML model in conjunction with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). According to this approach, XG boosting identified the crystal structure with 93 % accuracy and predicted the phase of HEAs with 84 % accuracy. Additionally, it has been noted that each class's F1 score improved and the difference between them was reduced after using the SMOTE technique. It is evident that the SMOTE approach has improved the ML model's ability to differentiate between the various classes.

A novel approach to modeling and experimenting a solar-fed H6 configuration for battery swapping stations in rural and commercial areas using a dual phase CLLC DC–DC resonant converter

In order to further the use of clean energy, the transition from internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs) was initiated globally. In the coming days, there will be a need for more EV charging stations in rural and commercial areas. The installation of new charging infrastructure for different vehicles with different voltage specifications in order to charge batteries are expensive with limited availability. Also fast charging is not possible in rural areas. To overcome this issue, the battery swapping station is a good option. In this paper, a new solar-powered dual-phase CLLC DC–DC resonant converter is proposed to test battery swapping. An equivalent circuit has been derived analytically, and the optimal design of the magnetic components for the proposed converter has been derived. Simulation has been carried out for the proposed system. The proposed system was tested with a prototype set-up of a 100 W lithium-ion battery bank of equal and unequal voltage levels in an open-loop condition using Analog Discovery-2. Introducing the H6 concept in the proposed converter has the features of low stress across switches, use of higher dc grid voltage, low switching losses due to the dual phase resonant compensation network, and a multi-port isolated output system. Apart from battery swapping applications it can be utilized for Energy Storage Solution [ESS].

Interphase Precipitation in Cold‐Rolled Dual‐Phase Steel Strip: Design and Challenges

In microalloyed steels, interphase precipitation involves the formation of precipitates at the ferrite/austenite interface during their transformation. The study on interphase precipitation has been ongoing since the 1970s and remains highly relevant today. While this metallurgical approach has been applied in various products of advanced steels, its application to cold‐rolled steels is still absent. This study presents a development of cold‐rolled dual‐phase (DP) steels strengthened by interphase‐precipitated carbides. A CALPHAD‐based approach is established to facilitate austenite to ferrite transformation coupled with interphase precipitation during simulated annealing for cold‐rolled DP steels. Further experimental investigations on the effects of V and Mo optimize the alloy composition, and the corresponding nano/microstructures are validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography. Besides, this work further addresses the impacts of interfacial segregation and microsegregation bands on the capability of interphase precipitation in the studied steels. In summary, this work charts a new pathway for the development of cold‐rolled DP steels strengthened by interphase‐precipitated carbides, advancing the realm of high‐strength steels.

Activating TiO2 through the Phase Transition-Mediated Hydrogen Spillover to Outperform Pt for Electrocatalytic pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution.

Endowing conventional materials with specific functions that are hardly available is invariably of significant importance but greatly challenging. TiO2 is proven to be highly active for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution while intrinsically inert for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its poor electrical conductivity and unfavorable hydrogen adsorption/desorption behavior. Herein, the first activation of inert TiO2 for electrocatalytic HER is demonstrated by synergistically modulating the positions of d-band center and triggering hydrogen spillover through the dual doping-induced partial phase transition. The N, F co-doping-induced partial phase transition from anatase to rutile phase in TiO2 (AR-TiO2|(N,F)) exhibits extraordinary HER performance with overpotentials of 74, 80, and 142 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1.0 M KOH, 0.5 M H2SO4, and 1.0 M phosphate-buffered saline electrolytes, respectively, which are substantially better than pure TiO2, and even superior to the benchmark Pt/C catalysts. These findings may open a new avenue for the development of low-cost alternative to noble metal catalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogen production.

Fabrication of 3YSZ with single tetragonal phase by ultrafast high-temperature sintering

3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) has been widely used as structural ceramics because of the high toughness of the tetragonal phase. However, since the conventional 3YSZ is sintered in the temperature range of the tetragonal-cubic phase coexistence region for several hours, Y3+ distributed inhomogeneously, and Y3+-rich regions undergo phase transformation into thermodynamically stable cubic phase. As a result, these 3YSZ usually exhibit tetragonal and cubic dual phases. Thus, suppressing the Y3+ redistribution during sintering is a key to prevent the phase transformation. Here, a fully dense 3YSZ with single tetragonal phase was successfully sintered by shorting sintering time using the ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS) method. The crystal structure, microstructure, and Y3+ distribution were investigated by XRD, SEM and STEM-EDS. We show that compared with the conventionally sintered 3YSZ, UHS effectively suppress Y3+ redistribution. The present results indicate UHS will be powerful to sinter ceramics in a non-equilibrium state.

Development of TiNbMoMnFe multi-principal element alloy coating using mechanical alloying and HVOF thermal spray

Multi-Principal Element Alloys (MPEA) were designed to possess good strength, ductility, wear and corrosion resistance, and biomedical compatibility. There are many applications where failure is associated with surface-related degradation, and suitable coatings can mitigate them. This study focuses on the development of MPEA coatings using the HVOF thermal spray process and explores their mechanical and tribological responses. In the present study, the transitional and refractory elements-based feedstocks were prepared by a mechanical alloying process using a high-energy ball mill for 5 h, 10 h, and 15 h milling time. The molar ratio of the developed coating was TiNbMoMnFeOX (1:1:1:1:1:X, where X = 0.48 to 0.62). Thus, prepared feedstock powders and coatings were characterized to record their metallurgical, mechanical, and tribological responses wherever it is applicable. The used scientific tools include X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), universal tribometer, and nanoindenter set-up. The results showed that mechanical alloying led to the formation of MPEA, and the 15 h milled MPEA powder coating expressed superior performance. Furthermore, the process exhibited significant microstructural changes in the alloy system, and dual (TiNb and TiMo) and ternary (TiNbMo) BCC phases were developed during the process. These BCC phases were responsible for the coating's improved mechanical and tribological responses. The solid solution hardening of the ternary phase (TiNbMo) was the most dominant mechanism for improving the mechanical and tribological properties.

A comparative study on resistance spot and laser beam spot welding of ultra-high strength steel for automotive applications

In this study, the effect of resistance spot welding (RSW) and laser beam spot welding (LBSW) processes on evolution of microstructure, load endurance capabilities, heat affected zone (HAZ) softening, and corrosion resistance of ultra-high-strength (UHSS) steel joints welded in lap joint design is investigated. The UHSS sheets of dual phase 1000 grade (UHSDP1000) having 1.20 mm thickness were joined using the RSW and LBSW parameters optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The microstructural features of welding regions of RSW and LBSW joints were studied using optical microscopy (OM). The load endurance capabilities of RSW and LBSW joints were assessed using the tensile shear failure load (TSFL) and cross-tensile failure load (CTFL) tests. The ruptured surfaces of TSFL and CTFL tested samples were examined utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The microhardness distribution of divergent regions of RSW and LBSW joints was evaluated and imputed to the TSFL and CTFL failure of joints. The corrosion resistance of RSW and LBSW joints was analyzed using potentiodynamic corrosion and immersion corrosion tests. The RSW joints showed 183% and 62.79% greater TSFL and CTFL endurance capabilities than LBSW joints. The TSFL and CTFL endurance capabilities of LBSW joints are inferior to RSW joints due to the smaller load bearing area. It causes the stress concentration in FZ and HAZ of LBSW joints. The RSW joints and LBSW joints disclosed TSFL and CTFL failure in button pull out rupture mode with tearing of HAZ. The failure of RSW and LBSW joints in HAZ is due to the softening caused by martensitic tempering and coarsening of grains. The LBSW joints disclosed inferior resistance to corrosion than RSW joints due to the higher martensite content which contributes to greater fraction of favorable pitting sites and decreased corrosion resistance.

Microstructure development of plasma sprayed dual-phase high entropy ceramic coating derived from spray dried and induction plasma spheroidized powder

Microstructure development of plasma sprayed dual-phase high entropy ceramic coating derived from spray dried and induction plasma spheroidized powder

Valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches into activated carbon: A mini-review

This paper aimed to comprehensively review the potential valorization of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFBs) into activated carbon and its potential application. Activated carbon is carbon processed through dual phases, including carbonization and activation. Firstly, this process converts biomass into carbon thermally with zero to little oxygen conditions. Next, the carbon needs to be activated to stimulate the formation of pores and reduce impurities. The activated carbon’s quality is influenced by the activation process, which can be done physically, chemically, or physiochemically. Activated carbon has an amorphous structure and abundant internal pore structure, thus increasing the surface area. In Indonesia, the quality of active carbon is regulated by Indonesian National Standards or SNI 06-370-1995. The factors influencing the activation step include activator agent type, activator agent concentration, activation ratio and time, etc. . Generally, activated carbon can be widely applied to various sectors, such as agriculture (i.e., slow-released fertilizer, fertilizer, etc.), waste treatment (i.e., adsorbent, activator in anaerobic digestion/AD, bioremediation, etc.), gas purification, ceramic membrane, etc. However, further in-depth investigation is required to determine potential scaling-up and commercialization.

CDPNet: Cross-Modal Dual Phases Network for Point Cloud Completion

Point cloud completion aims at completing shapes from their partial. Most existing methods utilized shape’s priors information for point cloud completion, such as inputting the partial and getting the complete one through an encoder-decoder deep learning structure. However, it is very often to easily cause the loss of information in the generation process because of the invisibility of missing areas. Unlike most existing methods directly inferring the missing points using shape priors, we address it as a cross-modality task. We propose a new Cross-modal Dual Phases Network (CDPNet) for shape completion. Our key idea is that the global information of the shape is obtained from the extra single-view image, and the partial point clouds provide the geometric information. After that, the multi-modal features jointly guide the specific structural information. To learn the geometric details of the shape, we chose to use patches to preserve the local geometric feature. In this way, we can generate shapes with enough geometric details. Experimental results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on point cloud completion.