Dual Forms Research Articles

Beyond family: Separation and reunification for young people negotiating transnational relationships

This paper explores perspectives on family reunification and emergent forms of separation among young migrants. These young people lived apart from and later reunited with their migrant parents who moved from the Philippines to Canada for work. I draw from 15 months of ethnographic, arts-based, and participatory research with ten participants living in Greater Vancouver. I demonstrate that while reunification literature and child rights discourse often focus on the process of a mother and child coming back together, this can obscure the relationships that young people form with others in the meantime. Cared for by grandmothers, aunts, or siblings, as well as becoming close to best friends, romantic partners, and confidantes, meant that the time these young people spent apart from mothers was utilized to cultivate vital connections to others. These connections were often quite painfully ruptured upon emigration, paradoxically turning “family reunification” into new separations. I explore how young people engaged in dual forms of relational work as they sought to foster a bond with their mothers while also maintaining—or grieving—connections with now-distanced loved ones in the Philippines. My findings, focused mainly on the emergent artistic and participatory methods, complicate family reunification discourse that stresses the importance of nuclear family bonds by calling into question who is family and who becomes family in a global economy that pulls such kindred apart. The young people I introduce speak creatively through poetry, story, and music to how familial separations are not resolved upon reunification but rather that reunification can give rise to new separations that navigated or even grieved in lesser-known ways.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF DIGITALIZATION OF DUAL FORMS OF EDUCATION IN INSTITUTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL PRE-HIGHER EDUCATION

In modern conditions of providing educational services against the background of raging pandemics, when most processes are transferred online, one of the tasks of improving the effectiveness of the educational process is undoubtedly the introduction of a dual form of education and its digitalization. So, the need to update the content of innovations, which is required by modern pedagogics in this direction, is being updated. A full-fledged partnership between educational institutions and enterprises in the conditions of using modern IT solutions is the key to the possibility of such effective interaction at the level of professional pre-higher education. The article presents a reasonable application of universal IT tools of institutions of professional pre-higher education, which allows creating a single digitalized educational space for the effective implementation of dual forms of Education. The conceptual framework for implementing the proposed IT tools is becoming an increasingly important topic for discussion both for teachers and for native businesses interested in competent modern specialists. Moreover, it is mandatory to take into account the specifics of the use of such an educational space within national institutions of professional pre-higher education, since they mostly have a limited resource base (problems not only with funding, but also with the availability of specialists who understand modern information technologies). The article analyzes the current state and challenges in the organization of distance education in institutions of professional pre-higher education and reveals that today Google services occupy a dominant position as digital tools. But, according to the authors, the proposed features of Google services reveal their potential and provide maximum results mainly for institutions that provide basic or full secondary education. The article provides a basic argument for the use of the Moodle learning management system (LMS Moodle) in institutions of professional pre-higher education, as the most universal, flexible and multifunctional for such conditions, which has a number of absolute advantages over other systems. The necessity of involving representatives of enterprises in the educational process is proved, starting with the preparation of educational programs, syllabuses and ending with the theoretical and practical blocks of a particular discipline. An important emphasis is making in the analysis of the organization of the educational process in a dual form on the practical training of educational applicants, and the peculiarity of such training should consist in moving away from typical abstract tasks and providing advantages to situational and practical work based on simulation technologies, or to solving real technological problems of the enterprise. Тhe article examines the versality of digitalization of the mechanism for monitoring the success and quality of training, created on the basis of a single educational information space in LMS Moodle, which has one of the most powerful tools for organizing student testing and a whole range of elements that can provide effective control of the level of knowledge. An important emphasis is making in the analysis of the organization of the educational process in a dual form on the practical training of educational applicants, and the peculiarity of such training should consist in moving away from typical abstract tasks and providing advantages to situational and practical work based on simulation technologies, or to solving real technological problems of the enterprise. Тhe article examines the versality of digitalization of the mechanism for monitoring the success and quality of training, created on the basis of a single educational information space in LMS Moodle, which has one of the most powerful tools for organizing student testing and a whole range of elements that can provide effective control of the level of knowledge.

Памятник хантыйской письменности Л. П. Вологодского «Matveĭ elta jemyń aĭkol-jastypsa» (1868): именная морфология

The missionary stage of the Khanty script has not been considered in Khanty linguistics. Of particular interest is the dialect belonging to the Khanty script monument of the Vologodski priest “The Evangel of Matthew” (“Matveĭ elta jemyń aĭkol-jastypsa”, London, 1868). The Obdorsky dialect is marked on the title page of this publication, but researchers note that “Obdorsky dialect of Vologodski” is a mixed idiom with birch features. This paper considers the grammatical indicators of the noun and the paradigm of personal pronouns compared with materials on western dialects of the Khanty language and the monument of the Khanty script “Sacred history” (Tobolsk, 1900). The analysis of grammatical indicators of the noun has not found any anomalous deviations in the category of number: the text contains both dual and plural forms; the case system has the nominative, illative, and locative; the values of the illative and locative coincide with the data of published works. However, additional values not identified in previous works were found: temporary semantics for the illative and translative, onomasiative for the locative. Also, the locative has a static and dynamic value, which is typical for the Priuralsky (obdorsky) dialect, and the comitative, marked in the monument, is inherent in the Sredneobsky dialect. The personal pronoun declension system has forms corresponding to the markers of the Priuralsky, Shuryshkarsky, and middle Ob dialects. Thus, the monument concerned was found to have formal indicators typical for the Sherkal Sredneobsky and Nizyamsky dialects and some features inherent in the Priuralsky (obdorsky) dialect.

Representation of a Crisp Set as a Pair of Dual Fuzzy Sets

Expert knowledge representations often fail to determine compatibility levels on all objects, and these levels are represented for a certain sampling of universe. The samplings for the fuzzy terms of the linguistic variable, whose compatibility functions are aggregated according to a certain problem, may also be different. In such a case, neither L.A. Zadeh’s analysis of fuzzy sets and even the dual forms of developing today R.R. Yager’s q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets cannot provide the necessary aggregations. This fact, as a given, can be considered as a source of new types of information, in order to obtain different levels of compatibility according to Zadeh, presented throughout the universe. This source of information can be represented as a pair ⟨A, fA⟩, where there is some crisp subset of the universe A that determines the sampling of objects from the universe, and a function fA determines the compatibility levels of the elements of that sampling. It is a notion of split fuzzy set, constructed in this article, that allows for the semantic representation and aggregation of such information. This notion is again and again based on the notion of Zadeh fuzzy set. In particular, the operation of splitting a crisp subset into dual fuzzy sets is introduced. Definitions of set operations on split dual fuzzy-sets are presented in the paper. The proofs are also presented that follow naturally from definitions and previous results. An example of MADM is presented for illustration of the application of splitting operation.

Symbolic Miracles of the Qur’an (A Study on “Fenomenologi Alquran” by Luqman Abdul Qahar Sumabrata) | الإعجاز الرمزي للقرآن الكريم (دراسة في كتاب "Fenomenologi Alquran" عند الأستاذ لقمان عبد القهار سومابراتا)

This research deals with the symbolic miracles of the Qur’an in term of symbolic meaning contained in the Qur’an, from letters, numbers, names of surah and juz according to Luqman Abdul Qahar Sumabrata in his book “Fenomenologi Alquran”. The research aims to know some symbols in the Qur’an and tries to reveals the philosophy and meaning for each of the symbols. Discovering the philosophy and meanings of the Qur’an’s symbols can help to expand the fields of Qur’anic sciences and to show more aspects of the miraculous of the Qur’an. This research uses the inductive-analytical method, a library method and personal interview and dialogue with Lukman’s students. Among the results of this research are; that each of the elements in the Qur’an has a philosophy and a specific meaning related to the universe and humans, letters are the key to understanding the Qur'an, while numbers are the linking form of every elements which have dual forms and broad meanings. The research also reveals that names of surah and the arrangement of juz are depictions of cosmic and human psyche.

Duals of Feynman integrals. Part I. Differential equations

We elucidate the vector space (twisted relative cohomology) that is Poincaré dual to the vector space of Feynman integrals (twisted cohomology) in general spacetime dimension. The pairing between these spaces — an algebraic invariant called the intersection number — extracts integral coefficients for a minimal basis, bypassing the generation of integration-by-parts identities. Dual forms turn out to be much simpler than their Feynman counterparts: they are supported on maximal cuts of various sub-topologies (boundaries). Thus, they provide a systematic approach to generalized unitarity, the reconstruction of amplitudes from on-shell data. In this paper, we introduce the idea of dual forms and study their mathematical structures. As an application, we derive compact differential equations satisfied by arbitrary one-loop integrals in non-integer spacetime dimension. A second paper of this series will detail intersection pairings and their use to extract integral coefficients.

Opportunities for Non-Formal Education for People With Special Educational Needs

The article deals with non-formal education as an environment for expanding the potential of the individual (intellectual, competence, creative, social) and the prospects of obtaining such education by people with special educational needs. The purpose of the article is to reveal the possibilities of non-formal education for people with special educational needs on the basis of the analysis of scientific literature. Methods. To achieve the research goal, the author used such methods as analysis of scientific literature, observation; system analysis, comparative analysis, method of classification, methods of systematization, generalization, logical analysis, analogy, analysis of personal teaching experience in pedagogical higher education establishment, comparison and interpretation of results. The results. Based on the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, it was found that there are a number of basic documents that define equal access to education and guarantee the provision of quality educational services to categories of people with special educational needs. Such documents regulate the issues of providing non-formal education as well. Typical forms of non-formal education are defined as various courses, interest groups and public associations. Today, the forms of non-formal education have also diversified: from traditional lectures and workshops to open educational platforms, dual forms of work (combination of training and professional activities), simulators, volunteer and educational work. Webinars are especially popular as options for free communication with specialists in certain fields, who provide available theoretical material and highlight their practical experience. Conclusions. The article notes that people with special educational needs prefer creative forms of work, because they allow them to reveal individual abilities, but today the boundaries of social realization through non-formal education have significantly expanded. The benefit of the study is that the author stated that non-formal education has unlimited opportunities in this area, which realizes the needs of individuals in acquiring knowledge in a way convenient for them. The most common forms of non-formal education are defined as various courses, webinars, online conferences and seminars, interest groups, public associations, which allows people with special educational needs to join the development of civil society and exercise their rights and freedoms.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DUAL FORM OF TRAINING OF HIGHER EDUCATION GRADUATORS ON THE BASIS OF THE ALL-UKRAINIAN SCIENTIFIC AND EDUCATIONAL CONSORTIUM

The current state of the higher education system in Ukraine is studied on the example of higher education institutions (HEIs). It is established that the effectiveness of the educational process is manifested in the level of training of a highly qualified specialist, who is competitive in the labor market. The dynamics of the number of applicants for higher education in Ukraine and the unemployment rate is analyzed; the relationship between these indicators is established. The main reasons for the mismatch of the level of educational services of educational institutions to the needs of employers are determined, which are due to inadequate funding of the education system, and, as a consequence, the low level of knowledge of graduates, which does not meet the real needs of today. It is established that the main reason for underfunding of the education system is the dominance of local budgets in expenditures for the needs of educators and lack of funds for implementation of educational programs, as well as non-fulfillment in full of state obligations in this area as a whole. The essence and features of the dual form of education are revealed, the substantive difference between traditional and dual forms of education is reflected, which consists in the fact that they have completely different planes of common interests. The relevance of the latter is substantiated taking into account current trends in the labor market and the adaptation of the domestic education system to the requirements of the European Union. The expediency of introducing dual education in the Free Economic Zone as a form of cooperation between educational and scientific institutions, production and business, and also an integral part of the formation of a highly qualified specialist, is substantiated. The main mutual benefits of the participants of the dual form of education and the forms of their participation in the educational process are listed. The effectiveness of the dual form of higher education has been proved on the example of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, which is a co-founder of the All-Ukrainian Scientific-Educational Consortium. The importance of the principle of student-centeredness as a key factor in the effectiveness of the education system as a whole is substantiated.

Maximising female leader development through simultaneous individual and group coaching

ABSTRACT Female leadership development has become a key issue in organisations' strategy to ensure equal representation of male and female leaders throughout organisations, including top management. This article investigates the deployment of a combined programme of executive and group coaching to support female leader development in a multinational. Drawing on the experiences of key stakeholders: clients, coaches and the programme team using a case study approach, it offers a rich depiction of this novel use of dual forms of coaching. The findings and discussion identify the personal value of individual executive coaching, the collective value of group coaching and the synergies achieved from the interplay of the simultaneous use of both forms of coaching within the organisation, and beyond. These findings have theoretical and practical implications for our understanding of coaching as a social process, the effect of combining coaching approaches, and female leader development, emphasising the need for further research on coaching as a social process as part of leadership development.

Crystal morphology of spherical viruses

The article discusses modern views on the structure of spherical virus capsids, which have the shape of icosahedrons (icosahedral viruses). Each face of icosahedron is composed of a single-layer closest packing of protein globules, which can have different orientation relative to the edges of icosahedron. If the lines of globules are parallel to the edges of icosahedron, then the capsid has a point symmetry group Ih (with symmetry planes), if they are not parallel – the symmetry group I (without planes). From a mathematical point of view, in both symmetry groups there are series that unite equally (up to similarity) arranged capsids. They are connected pairwise by transitions to dual forms (homologous series). A hypothesis is formulated that the largest spherical viruses can have even more diverse and complex capsid structures. Along with icosahedron, their basic forms can be any simple shapes, allowed in Ih and I symmetry groups (8 in total). A suggestion is made that transitions within similarity series and between homologous series have a phylogenetic significance. There are known spherical viruses of both symmetry groups. For example, the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has a symmetry group Ih and belongs to a well-known series. The crystallographic approach allows to construct a strict morphological classification of spherical viruses. This is important for their early recognition and separate examination. The article demonstrates practical application of crystal morphology in the study of viral systems – an urgent problem of geoecology and life protection.

The Deficit in the Gaussian Log-Sobolev Inequality and Inverse Santaló Inequalities

Abstract We establish dual equivalent forms involving relative entropy, Fisher information, and optimal transport costs of inverse Santaló inequalities. We show in particular that the Mahler conjecture is equivalent to some dimensional lower bound on the deficit in the Gaussian logarithmic Sobolev inequality. We also derive from existing results on inverse Santaló inequalities some sharp lower bounds on the deficit in the Gaussian logarithmic Sobolev inequality. Our proofs rely on duality relations between convex functionals (introduced in [ 16] and [ 62]) related to the notion of moment measure.

Molecular systematic investigation of Philippine puddle frogs (Anura: Dicroglossidae: Occidozyga Kuhl and Van Hasselt, 1822) reveals new candidate species and a novel pattern of species dyads

Focusing on the phylogenetic relationships of puddle frog populations spanning the biogeographic interface between Sundaland (Borneo) and the Philippines, we demonstrate, for the first time, a widespread geographic pattern involving the existence of multiple divergent and co-distributed (sympatric) evolutionary lineages, most of which are not each other’s closest relatives, and all of which we interpret as probable distinct species. This pattern of co-occurrence in the form of pairs of ecologically distinct puddle frog forms (dyads), prevails throughout northern Borneo, Palawan, Tawi-Tawi, the Sulu Archipelago, and western Mindanao (Zamboanga). Previously obscured by outdated taxonomy and logistical, legal, and security obstacles to field-based natural history studies, this pattern has remained hidden from biogeographers and amphibian biologists by an uncontested proposal that Philippine Occidozyga laevis is a single, “widespread,” and “highly variable” species. In this paper we use an integrative synthesis of new genetic data, organismal phenotypic data, historical literature reports, and ecological observations to elucidate an interesting and potentially widespread pattern of puddle frog species coexistence at the Sundaland–Philippine biogeographic interface. Calling attention to this pattern opens promising possibilities for future research aimed at understanding the scope of this dyads pattern, and whether it extends to the more northern reaches of the Philippines. On either side of Huxley’s and Wallace’s lines, data suggest that the majority of puddle frog dyads at a given locality are not each other’s closest relatives (are more distantly related, or non-monophyletic) and, thus, assembled ecologically, likely coexisting now as a result of their ecological tendencies toward distinct microhabitats (warmer stagnant pools in open areas, versus cool, flowing streams enclosed in forest). If these pairs of species types are determined to be the geographic norm among the more isolated, central, and northern, Philippine faunas, an obvious question will be whether they have evolved into dual ecological forms, possibly in response to ecological opportunity and/or reduced competition. KEYWORDS: biogeography, taxonomy, microhabitat, cryptic species

Optical soliton perturbation with dual forms of simple equation approach: A transparent comparison

This paper studies dual forms of integrability to reveal a spectrum of optical soliton solutions of a governing model. These are modified simple equation method and extended simple equation scheme. The model also incorporates perturbation terms that are of Hamiltonian type. Four forms of nonlinear refractive index structures are studied.

Sparse tensor product high dimensional finite elements for two-scale mixed problems

We develop the essentially optimal sparse tensor product finite element method for solving two-scale mixed problems in both the primal and dual forms. We study the two-scale homogenized mixed problems which are obtained in the limit where the microscopic scale tends to zero. These limiting problems are posed in a high dimensional tensorized product domain. Using sparse tensor product finite elements, we solve these problems with essentially optimal complexity to obtain an approximation for the solution within a prescribed accuracy. This is achieved when the solutions of the high dimensional two-scale homogenized mixed problems possess sufficient regularity with respect to both the slow and the fast variable at the same time. We show that this regularity requirement holds when the two-scale coefficient and the forcing satisfy mild smoothness conditions. From the finite element solutions for the two-scale homogenized mixed problems, we construct numerical correctors for the solutions of the original two-scale mixed problems. We prove an error estimate for these correctors in terms of both the homogenization error and the finite element error. Numerical examples confirm the theoretical results.

The Origin of the Latin Fifth Declension

The goal of the article is to review Dariusz R. Piwowarczyk’s recent works (2016; 2017; 2017 [bis]; 2019) on the origin of the Latin fifth declension, as well as to demonstrate the correctness of the dual explanation (Witczak 2015) not discussed or even mentioned by Piwowarczyk. The author is convinced that Latin, like other Indo-European languages, once had a separate dual number which disappeared in the pre-literary period. The loss of the dual number disturbed the declension system existing at the time and caused the need for the creation of a new declension class (the fifth declension). The laryngeal phoneme *h1 formed the basic dual ending in the Indo-European languages. Proto-Indo-European animate nouns of consonant stems created a strong form in the dual number, demonstrating the ending *-eh1 (hence IE. *-ē and Latin *-ē-), whereas inanimate nouns had a weak form (PIE. *-ih1, hence Lat. -ī in vīgintī ‘twenty’ and the oblique stem *-iē-, attested in Lat. aciēs, māteriēs etc.). Proto-Latin dual forms ending in *-ē (< PIE. *-eh1) referring to animate nouns, as well as dual forms ending in *-ī (< PIE. *-ih1) referring to inanimate nouns, underwent the process of collectivization and singularization: most of them gained the status of typical singularia tantum and then formed a separate class of nouns which had -ē- as the common feature. It is finally suggested that a large group of originally dual nouns (especially the so- called dualia tantum) formed the Latin fifth declension.

발터 그로피우스 ｢형태 교육(Formlehre)｣ 이론의 조형적 속성을 적용한 현대 패션디자인 분석 : 1920년대부터 1960년대까지를 중심으로

This study aims to analyze the formative features of Walter Gropius’s Formlehre theory as manifested in fashion design from the 1920s to the 1960s. The questions driving the research are as follows. First, what are the concepts underlying Walter Gropius’s Formlehre theory, and what forms the core of Formlehre theory, the Bauhaus masters’ extension of Gropius’s theory? Second, how do the formative features of the Formlehre theory manifest themselves? Third, which formative features of Formlehre theory are displayed in fashion design from the 1920s through to the 1960s? The research methods used are literature review and content analysis. The research examines the essential features of the Formlehre theory to address its research questions by analyzing books on Bauhaus, the Bauhaus declarations containing its aim and direction, and magazine columns. Additionally, the paper identifies articles on Paris, Rome, New York, and London collections and designer boutiques that Vogue published in New York from the 1920s to the 1960s. It then analyzes 646 pieces from the articles featuring the dual forms of modularity and geometric shapes. The analysis of the Bauhaus masters’ theory reveals that the Formlehre theory has the following formative features: defined abstractness, simplicity, balance, transcendence, inevitability, motility, synesthesia, fusion, dynamics, objectivity, relativity, and harmony. Moreover, many of these seminal features of the Formlehre theory exhibited in fashion designs from the 1920s to the 1960s. Fashion design in the 1920s showed formative simplicity, abstract flat structures, and modular decoration, while the 1930s introduced playful color contrasts, the continuity of geometric modules, and fluid voluminous shapes. Fashion in the 1940s presented moderate forms and decorations, unity in shapes and colors, and concisely prescribed volume. 1950s fashion experimented with flat and 3D modules, structural dynamics, and relative balance, whereas the 1960s displayed planar three-dimensionality, playful motility, and fused synesthesia attributes.

The dual form of education is an embodied reality

The organizational principles and results of the implementation of the pilot project of dual form of education for applicants for the second (master's) level of higher education in the specialty 151 "Automation and computer-integrated technologies" are considered. A brief retrospective look at the history of dual education is given. A comparative analysis of the institutional, individual and dual forms of education according to the most popular professional competencies in the modern labor market is given.
 Recommendations of the Working Group of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine on the organization of dual education, the procedure for enrollment of students in dual education, the peculiarities of the implementation of this form of education. The enterprises that took part in the pilot project on the basis of the memorandum of cooperation are identified. The results of a pilot project on the organization and implementation of the dual form of education at the Kharkiv National University of Construction and Architecture are presented.
 For the practical implementation of the dual form of education, an integrated model was chosen – a model of a divided week, which provides for training two days a week in an educational institution, three days – in the workplace at the enterprise.
 The step-by-step algorithm of introduction of dual education is offered, practically worked out during realization of the pilot project, components of efficiency of such form of receiving education are defined.
 The connection of the pilot project with the Licensing conditions for the educational activities of educational institutions in terms of recognition of the qualifications of research and teaching staff in the relevant specialty is shown. It is proposed to use the experience of the pilot project for other technical specialties.

Single-valued integration and double copy

Abstract In this paper, we study a single-valued integration pairing between differential forms and dual differential forms which subsumes some classical constructions in mathematics and physics. It can be interpreted as a p-adic period pairing at the infinite prime. The single-valued integration pairing is defined by transporting the action of complex conjugation from singular to de Rham cohomology via the comparison isomorphism. We show how quite general families of period integrals admit canonical single-valued versions and prove some general formulae for them. This implies an elementary “double copy” formula expressing certain singular volume integrals over the complex points of a smooth projective variety as a quadratic expression in ordinary period integrals of half the dimension. We provide several examples, including non-holomorphic modular forms, archimedean Néron–Tate heights on curves, single-valued multiple zeta values and polylogarithms. The results of the present paper are used in [F. Brown and C. Dupont, Single-valued integration and superstring amplitudes in genus zero, preprint 2019, https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.01107] to prove a recent conjecture of Stieberger which relates the coefficients in a Laurent expansion of two different kinds of periods of twisted cohomology on the moduli spaces of curves ℳ 0 , n {\mathcal{M}_{0,n}} of genus zero with n marked points. We also study a morphism between certain rings of “motivic” periods, called the de Rham projection, which provides a bridge between complex periods and single-valued periods in many situations of interest.

Numerical treatment of singular integral equation in unbounded domain

ABSTRACT In literature, numerical solutions for the singular integral equation in unbounded domain are rarely investigated. The main motivation of this study is to propose a practical matrix method based on Laguerre functions to approximate the solution of this integral equation. Laguerre functions which are obtained from the Laguerre polynomials are used to avoid fluctuations for large values. The main characteristic of the scheme is good accuracy with two basis functions and less computational cost which are the consequences of Laguerre functions properties and its dual operational matrix. This matrix is equal to the identity matrix which simplify the approximation procedure and reduce the computational error of the scheme. In this technique, dual operational matrix, matrix forms and collocation method are employed to convert singular integral equation into a matrix equation. Convergence analysis and the stability of the proposed method is presented. Some numerical examples with comparison illustrate the efficiency of the scheme.

Dual regulatory effects of PI(4,5)P2 on TREK-2 K+ channel through antagonizing interaction between the alkaline residues (K330 and R355-357) in the cytosolic C-terminal helix.

TWIK-related two-pore domain K+ channel-2 (TREK-2) has voltage-independent activity and shows additional activation by acidic intracellular pH (pHi) via neutralizing the E332 in the cytoplasmic C terminal (Ct). We reported opposite regulations of TREK-2 by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) via the alkaline K330 and triple Arg residues (R355-357); inhibition and activation, respectively. The G334 between them appeared critical because its mutation (G334A) endowed hTREK-2 with tonic activity, similar to the mutation of the inhibitory K330 (K330A). To further elucidate the role of putative bent conformation at G334, we compared the dual mutation forms, K330A/G334A and G334A/R355-7A, showing higher and lower basal activity, respectively. The results suggested that the tonic activity of G334A owes to a dominant influence from R355-7. Since there are additional triple Arg residues (R377-9) distal to R355-7, we also examined the triple mutant (G334A/R355-7A/R377-9A) that showed tonic inhibition same with G334A/R355-7A. Despite the state of tonic inhibition, the activation by acidic pHi was preserved in both G334A/R355-7A and G334A/R355-7A/R377-9A, similar to the R355-7A. Also, the inhibitory effect of ATP could be commonly demonstrated under the activation by acidic pHi in R355-7A, G334A/R355-7A, and G334A/R355-7A/R377-9A. These results suggest that the putative bent conformation at G334 is important to set the tug-of-war between K330 and R355-7 in the PIP2-dependent regulation of TREK-2.