Drying Research Articles

Drying Characteristics and Mitragynine Content of Kratom Leaves

Dr ying is an essential process for preserving agricultural products. Most natural biological compounds are sensitive and easily degraded under drying conditions. This study investigated the effects of drying temperature (40, 50, 60, and 70°C), air velocity (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 m/s), and feed amount (0.60, 0.80, 1.00, and 1.30 kg/m2) on the moisture ratio, drying rate, mitragynine (MG) content, and specific energy consumption (SEC) of kratom leaves. The results showed that temperature, air velocity, and the quantity of kratom leaves significantly affected the drying process. The drying kinetics of kratom leaves were best explained by the Midilli-Kucuk model. The R2, reduced χ2, SSE, and RMSE values of the Midilli-Kucuk model under hot air drying varied from 0.9965 to 0.9993, 0.000075 to 0.000358, 0.001124 to 0.007869, and 0.007692 to 0.01740, respectively, for kratom leaves dried at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. The MG content of dried kratom leaves at 40°C was the highest at 10.10 mg/g. The lowest SEC values, which corresponded to the highest amount of MG in the dried leaves, were achieved at a drying temperature of 40°C, an air velocity of 0.2 m/s, and a kratom leaves feed amount of 0.60 kg/m2.

Formation of ferrihydrite induced by low pe+pH in paddy soil reduces Cd uptake by rice: Evidence from Cd isotope fractionation

Ferrihydrite (Fh) is an important iron mineral in paddy soil and is prone to phase transition during dynamic redox condition, which affects Cd distribution and induces Cd isotope fractionation across soil to rice. Here, we conducted rice culture experiments with or not Fh application under different irrigation regimes to study the relationship between Fe species and Cd availability, as well as the isotope ratio of Cd in different Cd pools in paddy soil-rice system. Fh addition under continuous flooding (FL) with the decrease of pe + pH from 9.36 to 3.44 promoted the formation of amorphous Fe oxides as increased by 120.1% and facilitated Cd immobilization along with the increase of Fe/Mn oxides bound Cd by 25.3%, compared with continuous drying (DY) treatment. The isotopically heavy Cd were preferentially enriched from soil to extractable Cd (Δ114/110Cdextractable Cd-soil = 0.39–0.62‰) and from soil to grain (Δ114/110Cdgrain-soil = 0.40–0.66‰) particularly at low pe + pH and with Fh addition, while light Cd were enriched in Fe/Mn oxides (Δ114/110CdFe/Mn oxides bound Cd-extractable Cd = −0.65 ∼ −0.14‰). Besides, the expression of transporters involved in Cd transport in rice like OsNRAMP1, OsNRAMP1, OsHMA3, OsHMA2 and OsLCT1 were suppressed under low pe + pH condition. These findings indicated that low pe + pH facilitated Cd stabilization by the existence of more amorphous iron oxides, which induced the enrichment of heavy Cd isotope in liquid phase and light in Fe/Mn (oxy)hydroxides, respectively.

Investigating KARIBARI, the Drying Boards and their Materials Used

Investigating KARIBARI, the Drying Boards and their Materials Used

A Study on the Supply Methods of Heating Energy in Rural Regions by Using Wood Chips -Focusing on the Production Method of Wood Chips for Fuel though Natural Drying Method-

A Study on the Supply Methods of Heating Energy in Rural Regions by Using Wood Chips -Focusing on the Production Method of Wood Chips for Fuel though Natural Drying Method-

Three-Dimensional Simulation of Solar Greenhouse Dryer

This study investigates internal conditions of the solar greenhouse dryer with drying agricultural products. The operating conditions inside the solar greenhouse dryer were analysed by ANSYS Fluent software using mathematical models. Additionally, the moist air outside changed according to the climatic conditions of the day. Specifically, moist air enters the dryer through two front doors and exits through three exhaust fans installed in the back, and the flow was considered unstable and tumultuous. Agricultural products inside the solar greenhouse dryer were modelled as a porous material, and the radiation was modelled according to the radiation model. The simulation results show the distribution of temperature and humidity inside the solar drying greenhouse by the influence of heat exchange, turbulent flow, and the process of removing moisture from the drying material to the outside. The simulation results show that indoor drying temperature ranges from 303.15 K to 323.1 K at each time from 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM. The drying house reached its highest temperature at 2:00 PM. Variations of relative humidity in GHSD are between 23.70% and 79.55%. The airflow velocity inside the drying house is almost independent of time and varies based on location.

Effects of multilayer mechanical drying on the drying kinetics of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus

In the present paper, drying kinetics of button mushroom slices affected by three different independent parameters, including temperature (45-65 0C), air velocities (1.0-5.4 m/s), and loading densities (26-52 kg/m2) were investigated at 3 levels each. Four different dying models were applied to describe the drying kinetics of multilayer drying. Single layer drying was kept as control. The results indicated logarithmic model as the best model to characterize the drying kinetics of mushroom in both Multi and Single layer drying. The logarithimic model had the lowest root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE) and chi-square. The highest effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) of 4.92×10-06 and 5.40×10-06 m2/s was observed for multi and single layer drying respectively.

Разработка экспериментальной установки для технологии вакуумно-импульсной сушки прессованного сена

Разработка экспериментальной установки для технологии вакуумно-импульсной сушки прессованного сена

NUMERICAL STUDY OF ISOTHERMAL DRYING IN POROUS MEDIA

NUMERICAL STUDY OF ISOTHERMAL DRYING IN POROUS MEDIA

EXERGY AND ENERGY ANALYSES OF CORN DRYING PROCESS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN A LABORATORY-SCALE DRYER

EXERGY AND ENERGY ANALYSES OF CORN DRYING PROCESS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN A LABORATORY-SCALE DRYER

Portakal Kabuğunun Farklı Yöntemlerle Kurutulması ve Bazı Teknolojik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Çalışmamızda, farklı sıcaklıklarda fırın kurutma ve farklı güçlerde mikrodalga kurutma yöntemleriyle kurutulmuş portakal kabuklarının bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla örnekler 45-65ºC hava sıcaklığı aralığında, 1 m/s hava akış hızına sahip tepsili fırın kurutucuda 330 dakika süresince ve mikrodalga da kesikli olarak 400-700W güç aralığında eşit nem oranı elde edilene kadar kurutulmuşlardır. Örneklerin kuruma değerleri, renk değişimi ve rehidrasyon kapasitesi (RK) belirlenmiştir. Fırın kurutulmuş örneklerde en yüksek RK 45°C’de kurutulan örnekler için 300. dakikada elde edilirken, en kısa sürede en iyi RK değerini gösteren örnek 65oC’de kurutma ile 210. dakikada elde edilmiştir. Mikrodalga kurutmada ise en iyi RK değerinin 400W ile kurutulan örneklere ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Renk ölçümleri albedo (iç) ve flavedo (dış) tabakaları için ayrı ayrı değerlendirilmiştir. Her iki kurutma metodu ve her iki tabaka için, örneklerin L* ve b* değerlerinde önemli seviyede azalma belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda ayrıca, taze ve kurutulmuş örneklerin toplam fenolik madde miktarı (TFM) ve toplam karotenoid miktarları da (TKM) belirlenmiştir. TFM değerlerinde meydana gelen değişim için, kurutma işleminde uygulanan sıcaklık ve mikrodalga gücü etkisinin önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 45°C ve 55°C’de kurutulan portakal kabuklarının TFM değerlerinde önemli olmamakla (P>0.05) birlikte artış gözlenmiş (67.83 mg GA/100g, 62.85 mg GA/100g), kurutma sıcaklığının 65°C’ye çıkmasıyla ise TFM değeri önemli miktarda azalmıştır (P<0.05, 40.44 mg GA/100g). Kurutma işlemleri süresince TKM değerlerinde ise tüm örnekler için azalma meydana gelmiş ve en az TKM kaybı 400W güç uygulamasıyla mikrodalga kurutulan örnekler için gözlenmiştir.

Deformations during drying of wooden corner elements of I-beams

Deformations during drying of wooden corner elements of I-beams

Potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão guandu sob embalagens, condições de secagem e armazenamento

Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão guandu submetidas a diferentes condições de secagem durante o armazenamento em diferentes embalagens. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial de 3x4x5 (três condições de secagem: secagem em estufa, secagem em secador experimental e secagem meia sombra; quatro tipos de embalagem: garrafa Pet, caixa Tetrapak, saco de Nylon e galão Pet de 5 L com vela e cinco períodos de armazenamento: 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). O potencial fisiológico das sementes foi avaliado pelo teste padrão de germinação, teor de água, condutividade elétrica, emergência e envelhecimento acelerado. O tipo de embalagem influencia o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão guandu durante o armazenamento. O acondicionamento de sementes de feijão guandu em garrafa Pet permite maior conservação da germinação e vigor durante os 120 dias de armazenamento. A condição de secagem em meia sombra garante maior potencial fisiológico das sementes de feijão guandu durante os 120 dias de armazenamento.

Resistência triaxial e ao cisalhamento de misturas de compostos orgânicos e de solo para camadas de cobertura oxidativa de aterro sanitário

A busca por materiais adequados para camadas de cobertura funcional em aterros sanitários é um grande desafio, principalmente para cidades situadas em regiões áridas. O uso de camadas de cobertura convencionais em regiões áridas é quase impossível, devido ao ressecamento do solo e abertura de fissuras que permitem a infiltração de agentes externos nocivos ao aterro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a resistência da mistura de um solo argiloso utilizado em aterros sanitários com composto orgânico para aplicação em camadas de cobertura. Os ensaios de resistência ao cisalhamento triaxial e direto foram realizados de acordo com as normas ASTM D4767 e D3080, respectivamente, para determinar a resistência mecânica das misturas. Os testes foram realizados em solo de argila pura e misturas com proporções de 2: 1 e 1: 1 (solo: composto) para comparação. Os resultados dos testes mostraram que a adição de composto orgânico não reduz expressivamente a resistência mecânica do solo, garantindo seu uso sem prejuízo da estabilidade e segurança geotécnica do local.

Modeling and optimization of energy consumption and performance characteristics of a solar assisted fluidized bed dryer

The major problem regarding conventional rice mills is the use of fixed-bed drying systems, which is accompanied by high energy consumption. In this study, a novel solar-assisted fluidized-bed system for drying paddy grains was used. The system included a solar water heater, an infrared lamp powered by photovoltaic panels, along with a gas water heater, which were used together to provide the required thermal energy. The working factors were drying air temperature (35, 45, and 55 °C), drying air velocity (7, 8, and 9 m/s), and the angle of the desiccant wheel regeneration gate (0, 45, and 90 degrees). The performance characteristics of the drying system were measured in terms of drying rate, total energy consumption, solar fraction and energy efficiency. Several mathematical models were also applied to fit the moisture ratio curves. In order to analyze the results and obtain the optimized working conditions of the drying system, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken technique was used. In all of the evaluated conditions, the model entitled “Approximation of diffusion” had the best results for fitting the moisture ratio curves with a correlation coefficient value of at least 0.9729. The selected optimum point included drying air velocity of 7 m/s, drying air temperature of 52.77 oC and regeneration gate angle of 0. Under the mentioned working conditions, the drying time of 75.99 min, the total energy consumption of 0.297 kWh, solar energy fraction of 0.540 and energy efficiency of 47.67% could be obtained with a desirability value of 0.970.

Effects of Sunsik Following Steaming and Drying Nine Times on Antioxidative Activity in Obese Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Effects of Sunsik Following Steaming and Drying Nine Times on Antioxidative Activity in Obese Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

Effect on Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max L.) following Steaming and Drying Nine Times

Effect on Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activities of Soybean (Glycine max L.) following Steaming and Drying Nine Times

Fruit Leather: Preparation, packaging and its effect on sensorial and physico-chemical properties: A review

Fruits are the most important part of the diet. They are rich in vitamins, proteins, minerals, phyto-compounds and other essential components which play a major role in developing immunity. Although India being known as the second ranked country in the fruit production but results in the 15-20% of post harvest losses. And so processing and value addition of the fruits is much more necessary to prevent this loss. Fruits are processed to juices, jellies, jams, nectar, wine, leather etc and other such value added products. Leather is one of the best product which is liked by the people of all age kinds. Leathers were made either by single fruit or by blending of different fruits. Different fruits like Apple, Pineapple, Papaya, Mango, Sapota, Grapes, Strawberry, Pomegranate etc. are used in processing of leather. The leathers were dried under different drying methods which results in variations in the quality of the leather. Studies were made by different researchers on the best proportion in blending of different fruits in the processing of mixed leather as well as effects of different methods of drying and temperatures of drying on the organo leptic as well as physio chemical attributes of the leather and also the effects of different packaging materials and storage were reviewed in this work.

Secagem de fibras de sisal em leito fixo: uma análise preditiva usando modelos concentrados

Fibras de sisal tem despertado o interesse da academia e indústria, devido as suas excelentes características para uso em diversas aplicações. Essas fibras, ao serem extraídas da planta, estão úmidas e, são submetidas a secagem para redução do teor de umidade. O controle do processo de secagem é de grande importância para garantir a qualidade das fibras em termos de resistência mecânica e coloração. Nesse sentido, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar teoricamente a secagem de fibras de sisal em estufa com circulação forçada de ar. Foram propostos modelos matemáticos para predizer o comportamento transiente do teor de umidade médio e temperatura superficial, e do teor de umidade de equilíbrio das fibras, em função da temperatura do ar de secagem e concentração de vapor de água no leito de fibras. Resultados preditos das cinéticas de secagem e aquecimento, e do teor de umidade de equilíbrio higroscópico das fibras são apresentados e comparados com os dados experimentais, em diferentes condições operacionais. Verificou-se que um bom ajuste foi obtido, com coeficiente de correlação maior que 0,99, para todos os modelos analisados.

EVALUATION OF MASS TRANSFER DURING OSMO-CONVECTIVE DRYING OF BENINCASA HISPIDA CUBES IN SALT SOLUTION USING REGRESSIONAL-DESIRABILITY METHOD

Regressional-desirability approach in Box-Behnken response surface design was employed in this study to examine and optimize the osmotic dehydration process of Benincasa hispida cubes by impregnating in salt solution as an osmotic agent. The effect of independent parameters such as, concentration of solution (1-5%), sample to solution ratio (1:5-1:15 g/ml), temperature of osmotic solution (30-50℃) and time of immersion (30-180 min) on the weight reduction (WR), solid gain (SG), water loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RR) and shrinkage (SH) were studied. Second order polynomial mathematical models were developed for the responses and all the independent process variables have considerable consequence on the responses. The optimal dehydration process condition was found by regressional-desirability method and were: osmotic solution concentration of 2.73%, sample to solution ratio of 1:14 g/ml, osmotic solution temperature of 50℃ and osmotic dehydration time of 179 minutes with the mass transfer and quality properties such as weight reduction of 24.59%, solid gain of 7.69%, water loss of 32.28%, rehydration ratio 11.43%, shrinkage 8.58% and overall acceptability 8.19. The optimized samples were subjected to convective drying in cabinet tray dryer at different drying air temperatures (40, 50 and 60℃). The results indicated that the osmotic pre-treatment of the samples using salt solution was better in terms of water removal and reduction in the processing time when combined with convective drying process. Also, the quality of the final product was found to be good for the osmo-convective dried product using salt solution.

Effect of the water regime, crop rotation and fertilizers in biogenic matters leaching into ground water and surface water

The purpose of our work was to establish features of formation of filtration processes and to define prevention measures towards the nutrients leaching from drainage soils into the ground waters. Our researches were carried out on typical drained floodplain soils of Panfil Research Station, Institute of Agriculture of National Academy of Agrarian Science (floodplain of Supiy River, Yahotyn district, Kiev region, Ukraine) in 2016-2018. The arable layer of peatlands had high level of decomposition (50-60%) with gross nitrogen contamination of 1.9%, phosphorus