Dry Material Research Articles

Characterization and Isolation of Piperamides from Piper nigrum Cultivated in Costa Rica

The piperamides profile of Piper nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica was studied using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-HRMS) on enriched-piperamides extracts. A total of 31 different piperamides were identified, 24 of them with a methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, including piperine and nine other compounds with the characteristic piperidine ring, as well as guineensine, retrofractamide B, and eight other piperamides with an N-isobutyl group. In addition, piperyline and two other compounds with a pyrrolidine ring, as well as piperflaviflorine B, holding a N-2-methylbutyl chain, were characterized. In turn, pellitorine and six other piperamides exhibiting a long olefinic chain instead of the methylenedioxyphenyl group were also tentatively identified. In addition, quantification was performed using UPLC coupled with a diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), with 15 piperamides being quantified, including piperine, piperyline, piperanine, and piperloguminine with values within the range of previous reports, while results obtained for guineensine (276.5–421.0 mg/100 g dry material) and pellitorine (414.4–725.0 mg/100 g dry material) were higher than those reported in the literature. Additionally, preparative and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separations allowed to isolate, besides piperine, four other piperamides, which were identified through HRMS, 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). These included retrofractamide B, guineensine, pellitorine, and (2E,4E,12Z)-N-isobutyl-octadeca-2,4,12-trienamide, with yields of 134.0 mg/100 g dry material, 209.7 mg/100 g dry material, 361.8 mg/100 g dry material and 467.0 mg/100 g dry material, respectively, with all these values higher than those reported in previous studies in the literature. The findings constitute the first report of such a number and diversity of compounds in P. nigrum cultivated in Costa Rica.

Impact of the natural structure of cortex and pith ring on water loss and deformation in bamboo processing

The function of the pith ring and cortex in biological and fluid exchanges with the surrounding environment implies a natural intelligence. Their ingenious structure enables bamboo to thrive and impacts its processing and utilization. As drying is an essential step in bamboo product manufacturing, in this study, the effects of the pith ring and cortex on the water loss, deformation, and cracking of bamboo at the macroscopic, tissue, and cellular levels were investigated. Our study revealed a previously unknown mechanism of bamboo drying deformation. The cortex significantly affected the rate of water loss, whereas the pith ring did not significantly reduce the drying rate. Three deformation mechanisms originating from the pith ring were identified: the cell structure and orientation, self-flattening during drying, and excellent bending performance in the chord direction. These pith ring characteristics led to a larger radius of the bamboo splits during drying. These findings expand our understanding of the natural intelligence of the inner and outer layers of bamboo and provide important insights into bamboo drying, deformation, cracking, bionics, and composite material manufacturing.

Dependence of drying rate on interfacial thermal contact conductance in drum drying of thin materials

Drum dryers are widely employed in various industrial fields for their remarkable capability to efficiently dry thin porous materials such as textiles and paper. The heat transfer process in drum drying involves an interaction between the drum surface and the materials being dried. However, measuring interfacial thermal contact conductance during drum drying is very challenging, and little data has been reported in the literature. It is therefore unclear how changes in interfacial thermal contact conductance quantitatively affect drum drying in terms of drying time. We created an innovative laboratory-scale experimental setup designed to measure changes in moisture content of textiles at various contact pressures during drum drying. By combining our experiments with a simple yet effective heat transfer model, we were able to quantify the impact of interfacial thermal contact resistance on drying time. Specifically, in drying tests using thin cotton textiles, the experimental results revealed that when the contact pressure was increased from 120 Pa to 480 Pa, the thermal contact conductance increased by approximately 30% and the drying time decreased by approximately 20%. The outcomes of our study significantly advance the current understanding of drum drying processes and reveal vital insights into techniques for optimizing energy consumption.

An Eco-friendly Solution for Oil Spill Absorption

It is extremely difficult to clean up accidental oil spills in water since conventional oil sorbents absorb much more water in addition to the oil. Alternatively, cleanup techniques might lead to secondary contamination. This study examines and measures the oil absorption capacities of two hydrophobic natural fibers: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and lotus (Nelumbo nucifera). At the laboratory scale, the absorption of engine oil, vegetable oil, and diesel oils onto various dry biomass materials, including water hyacinth and lotus with different particle sizes (BSS-44, BSS-60, BSS-100, BSS-120, BSS-160, and BSS-200), was investigated. Water hyacinth shows a higher absorption efficiency for all samples as compared to the lotus.

Application of electrical resistivity tomography and geotechnical techniques for identification and characterization of collapsible soils in Bafoussam (Western, Cameroon)

Road failure catastrophes have increased in frequency in the West Cameroon area. The collapsed soil characteristics that contribute to these phenomena in Bafoussam have been investigated using the geophysical investigation combined with geotechnical tests. The result of electrical resistivity tomography shows water conditions and heterogeneity of road foundation materials: resistivity values higher than 200 Ωm indicate dry materials, values between 30 and 200 Ωm define wet materials, and values lower than 30 Ωm indicate the very wet or water-saturated materials. These water-saturated materials can therefore move, bounded by a sliding surface of high-resistivity materials. Geotechnical properties analysis shows that these materials are clayey-sensitive water (64% clay fraction; A-7-6), very plastic (liquid limit: 46–63% plasticity limit: 29–39%), compressible, with high porosity (e > 0.8), low shear strength, and high friction angle (24–37°). The quality of foundation materials associated with high slopes (> 40°) and heavy rainfall in wet seasons (July–October) means that seepage water is the main factor responsible for the mass movement observed on the road of Western Cameroon. The construction or rehabilitation of these roads should be carried out in compliance with the natural conditions of the project site.Article highlights- 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography method is able to determine the nature, subsurface structure and water conditions of road foundation soils.- Geotechnical test can be used to define the physical and mechanical properties of road foundation soils.- These two techniques complement each other to understand the mass movement observed on two sections of road failures caused by seepage water.

Printable, adhesive, and self-healing dry epidermal electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS and polyurethane diol

Printable, self-healing, stretchable, and conductive materials have tremendous potential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiopene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been the focus of extensive research due to its tunable electrical and mechanical properties. Owing to its solution-processability and self-healing ability, PEDOT:PSS is an excellent candidate for developing printable inks. In this study, we developed printable, stretchable, dry, lightly adhesive, and self-healing materials for biomedical applications. Polyurethane diol (PUD), polyethylene glycol, and sorbitol were investigated as additives for PEDOT:PSS. In this study, we identified an optimal printable mixture obtained by adding PUD to PEDOT:PSS, which improved both the mechanical and electrical properties. PUD/PEDOT:PSS free-standing films with optimized composition showed a conductivity of approximately 30 S cm−1, stretchability of 30%, and Young’s modulus of 15 MPa. A low resistance change (<20%) was achieved when the strain was increased to 30%. Excellent electrical stability under cyclic mechanical strain, biocompatibility, and 100% electrical self-healing were also observed. The potential biomedical applications of this mixture were demonstrated by fabricating a printed epidermal electrode on a stretchable silicone substrate. The PUD/PEDOT:PSS electrodes displayed a skin-electrode impedance similar to commercially available ones, and successfully captured physiological signals. This study contributes to the development of improved customization and enhanced mechanical durability of soft electronic materials.

Entrainment effect of dry and saturated path material on granular flow movement and the force of granular flow impacting on the retaining wall: A numerical study

In this study, the effects of granular flow on dry and saturated entraining materials along the flow path and the force of granular flow impacting on the retaining wall are numerically investigated. Numerical simulations of the existing granular flow entrainment experiment are conducted to evaluate the accuracy and effectiveness of the adopted discrete element method (DEM). Subsequently, the movement and entrainment process of the granular flow aimed at investigating the entrainment effect and the normal force acting on the retaining wall, is studied. Velocity of the granular flow decreases a lot due to entrainment. As a result, many particles are accumulated along the flume bottom and the peak/residual normal force acting on the rigid wall decrease significantly. Finally, DEM and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are coupled to simulate the granular flow entrainment with a saturated path material. The result shows that after adding fluid to the entrainment area, the entrainment area has a more significant deceleration effect on the quickly passing source particles due to fluid resistance. Furthermore, the interaction between the fluid and the original particles in the entrainment area makes the particles in the entrainment area being less susceptible to be entrained by the granular flow.

Suppressive effects of alkali metal salt modified dry water material on methane-air explosion

As an abundant and efficient energy source, methane has a wide range of applications and development prospects, but it has a high explosion risk. In order to prevent the occurrence of methane explosion accidents, a new type of dry water material (DW) was used to suppress explosion, and alkali metal salts were added to improve the suppression effect. In this work, the optimal DW with complete monomer and uniform structure can be prepared by stirring nano-silica and deionized water at a mass ratio of 1:10 at a speed of 10000 rpm for 60S. The suppression effect of dry water was analyzed by performing methane-air explosion experiments with different powder concentrations in 20L explosion vessel. The results show that under the action of alkali metal modified DW, the Pmax and the deflagration index KG of methane-air explosion were significantly reduced. The improvement effect of potassium salt-dry water (PS-DW) ranked as KCl＞ K2CO3＞ K2C2O4·H2O＞CH3COOK, and the improvement effect of sodium salt-dry water (SS-DW) ranked as Na2CO3>NaCl > NaHCO3>NaH2PO4. Moreover, the explosion suppression mechanism of alkali metal salt modified DW was analyzed from four aspects: heat insulation, cooling, dilution and interruption of chain reaction. The study confirmed the important application potential of DW in preventing natural gas leakage explosion and coal mine gas explosion accidents. The optimal selection of modified additives in alkali metal salts holds significant importance for the widespread application of novel dry water composite materials.

Evaluation of the thermal stability and transfer rate of pyrrolizidine alkaloids during the brewing of herbal infusions contaminated with Echium vulgare and Senecio vulgaris weeds

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are currently in the spotlight of food safety due to the potential health risk that their intake may entail for consumers. Among the wide variety of food products likely to be contaminated with PAs, teas and herbal teas stand out because of their cross-contamination with weeds from PA-producing plants. Accordingly, this work simulates the cross-contamination of chamomile tea samples with weeds of Senecio vulgaris and Echium vulgare to evaluate the effect of brewing on the PA content at different temperature (100 and 75 °C) and time (5 and 10 min) conditions. The results of the thermal degradation study revealed PAs are quite stable compounds under the conditions assayed, being the initial PA concentration the variable that strongly affected the thermal stability of these compounds, rather than the brewing temperature and time. On the other hand, it was confirmed that not all PAs are effectively transferred from the dry material to the infusion during the brewing process, leading to overall transfer rates between 13 ± 1 to 87 ± 10%. Also, it was observed that the extraction efficiency may be influenced by the type of matrix, since transfer rates were lower when the PA migration came from Echium vulgare than from Senecio vulgaris. Moreover, it was confirmed that the real content of PAs in a cup of tea can be overestimated in 2–7 times if their transfer rate is not considered during the brewing process, highlighting the importance of analyzing the infusion samples instead of the dry tea samples to correctly assess the risk exposure of consumers to these contaminants.

Development of a glass microbubble-based lightweight strain hardening cementitious composite (LW-SHCC): Experiment and numerical simulation

In this study, lightweight strain hardening cementitious composites (LW-SHCC) was developed through mix proportion design and experimental tests. The modified Andreasen and Andersen (A&A) model was applied for dry materials mixture proportioning and micromechanics for the fiber-reinforced composites were applied for designing the materials achieving multiple cracking and strain hardening characteristics. Four types of 3M™ glass microbubbles were considered as lightweight aggregates to achieve the lightweight of the composites. The designed SHCC mixes were tested in the lad, including tensile test and compressive test, to optimize the mixture design of the SHCC. Results showed the developed LW-SHCC exhibited tensile strain capacities of 3.05–4.07 % at the densities of 1.20–1.44 g/cm3. A numerical simulation was conducted to predict the tensile behavior of LW-SHCC based on the micromechanics model, which can simulate the initial and peak values of stress and strain of SHCC materials. Simulation results indicated that the tensile response could be reasonably predicted using the proposed numerical model and glass microbubbles acting as artificial flaws were an ideal material to develop the tensile strain hardening and multiple cracking behavior of the composites.

High- and low-pressure fixed bed extraction behaviors to obtain phenolic compounds from barbatimão (Stryphnodendron adstringens) bark

Stryphnodendron adstringens, also known as barbatimão, is a native tree from the Brazilian Cerrado recognized for being rich in bioactive compounds and traditionally used as an antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial agent. The main phenolic compounds in barbatimão are tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The diversity of compounds present in this medicinal plant provides a range of applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, among others. This work aimed to obtain extracts from barbatimão bark by applying extraction techniques such as fixed bed percolation (PE), ultrasound-assisted percolation (UAP), percolation in cycles (PC) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE). The extracts were evaluated in terms of global yield (X0), total phenolic content (TPC), tannin content (TTC), flavonoid content (TFC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Regarding the PE, the best performance condition in TPC was 50% ethanol at 55 °C in 90 min of extraction (485 ± 10 mg TAE/g of dry raw material), obtaining a X0 equal to 51 ± 5%. In terms of TPC, ultrasound didn't show significant improvement (348 ± 36 mg TAE/g of dry raw material), while PC extracted more than four times the TPC (2057 ± 72 mg TAE/g of dry raw material). PLE was statistically equivalent to PE in terms of TPC (472 ± 15 mg TAE/g of dry raw material). The results presented in this work revealed PC and PLE as accessible, cheap, and green extraction techniques able to recover high phenolic content from barbatimão bark.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of Elaeis guineensis trunks: Lessons learned from a case study in Guatemala

The oil palm industry has been under public scrutiny during the last decades due to environmental and social issues related to its practices. Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) trunks (OPTs) are of special interest as they are left idle in the field after the replanting process which is performed every 25 years. This common practice results in harvesting challenges, phytosanitary risks, and a loss of bioenergy potential. Due to their high moisture content and fibrous nature, OPTs present a problem for traditional conversion processes that require a dry and homogeneous material. This study evaluates the feasibility of converting OPTs into a bio-crude oil and biochar to increase the sustainability of the oil palm sector. To date, research efforts have primarily focused on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of OPT without catalysts, resulting in a limited understanding of the potential of OPTs. Thus, the main novelty of this work is the evaluation of the effects of catalyst dosage (0–5 wt%) on the bio-oil yield, reaction temperature (260–300∘C), and residence time (15–60 min) using a half-fraction experimental design methodology. For this, OPTs extracted from two plantations in Guatemala were used. The maximum bio-oil yield (26.77 ± 3.60 wt%) was found at 260∘C for 15 min and 5 wt% catalyst with a high heating value (HHV) of 19.29 ± 1.33 MJ kg−1. Nonetheless, the bio-oils produced without a catalyst at 300∘C and 15 min have higher HHV (27.63 ± 1.35 MJ kg−1) and are similar to Diesel fuel based on their H/C and O/C ratio. These results indicate that there is a potential trade-off between the bio-crude oil mass yield and HHV when using the catalyst.

High-speed shear-induced micro regenerated cellulose materials preparation: A promising solution for highly efficient and low pressure drop air filtration using agricultural waste

Cellulose has attracted much attention in application of air filtration for the excellent ability of degradability and biocompatibility. However, limited by the strength of natural structure, air filters based on native cellulose usually have high pressure drop (ΔP) or thick volume. In this study, an efficient air filter was produced with low ΔP (6.8 Pa) using a low amount of dry material (9 ∼ 12 mg/cm3) through simple preparation process with high-speed shear induced. Analysis showed the chains of regenerated cellulose (RC) were stretched and arranged orderly due to the shear induced during the entire coagulation process, letting to an increasing of crystalline of RC. Furthermore, RC filter exhibited a high PM2.5 capture efficiency (over 99.65 %) with high-quality factor (0.853 Pa−1) under high PM concentration conditions. This work gave a novel sight on the potential of air filtration produced by agricultural waste bioresources furthermore, offered an interesting and simple avenue for daily respiratory protective media.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils of Medicinal Plants Grown in the Thrace Region in Türkiye, Hypericum perforatum L.

Background There are many active substances in the composition of the Hypericum perforatum L. plant that have different and complex structures and show different pharmacological effects. It was accepted as a medicinal plant by the World Health Organization in 2002, and it is given a detailed place in the monographs under the name Hyperici herba. In these monographs, the anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-depressant, protein kinase-C inhibitor, and wound-healing effects of the plant were described. Objectives The aim of this study is to determine the essential oil components in the samples of the H. perforatum L. plant, which is widely grown in the Thrace region in Türkiye. Materials and Methods H. perforatum L. plant growing naturally in the provinces of the Thrace region was collected, and the essential oils of the plant were obtained by using the hydro distillation method after the collected herbs were dried. Chemical content analyses were performed on a gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Results The main components of the essential oil of the plant are sesquiterpenes (ß-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, β-selinene, α-selinene, β-farnesene, α-amorphene, spathulenol), alcohols (1-tetradecanol, 1-tridecanol, phytol, and alpha cadinol), and fatty acids (pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, and 9, 12 octadecadienoic acid). Conclusion This is the first study to determine the chemical composition of essential oil in H. perforatum L. samples collected from the Thrace region in Türkiye. The essential oil content of the plant can be affected by factors such as the developmental stages of the plant (preblooming, flowering stage, and fruiting time), use of fresh or dry plant material, extraction method, genetic parameters, and climate.

Physicochemical test of leucaena leucocephala pellets using various types of adhesives

Forage availability is a problem in developing sustainable livestock farming for ruminants in Indonesia. The availability of forage is influenced by several factors, one of which is the availability of land for fodder crop cultivation. The study aimed to test the physicochemistry of Leucaena leucocephala pellets using various types of adhesives originating from local raw materials in the form of tapioca flour, corn flour, sago flour, and commercial adhesives which were carried out for 1 month, namely August 2022 at the Animal Feed Analysis Unit Laboratory, Unit Laboratory Feed Manufacturing, and Transportation Engineering System Laboratory, Halu Oleo University. The results of the study showed that the use of various types of adhesives on the physical and chemical qualities of Leucaena leucocephala forage pellets had a significant effect on the value of pellet durability index, specific gravity, crude protein, dry matter, and organic matter. In contrast, the density value did not show a significant effect. The best results were found using a 3% sago flour adhesive with a Pellet durability index value of 86.71% and a specific gravity of 1.27 g/ml. The adhesive that can improve the chemical quality of Leucaena leucocephala pellets uses 3% corn flour adhesive, which produces a crude protein content of 24.92%. The highest dry material and organic ingredients values are obtained using 3% Tapioca flour adhesive with values of 95.73% and 88.04%.

БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОРТОВ, ФОРМ И КЛОНОВ ВИНОГРАДА СЕЛЕКЦИИ ФГБНУ СКФНЦСВВ

The current area of research is a comprehensive study of varieties, forms and clones of local breeding for a reasonable selection of modern varieties. The aim of the study was to study the biochemical and technological characteristics of varieties, forms and clones of grapes bred by NCFSCHVW in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Kuban. The objects of research were varieties, forms, clones of the NCFSCHVW breeding (9 white-berry, 11 dark-berry and 4 control varieties), as well as fresh grape must and dry wine materials obtained from them. Wine materials were prepared according to classical technologies for low-oxidized white wines and red wines with a «floating cap». The mass concentrations of sugars and titratable acids were determined in the must. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics, indicators, composition of aroma-forming components and individual organic acids were determined in wine materials. A complex of phenolic substances, vitamins and vitamin-like substances was studied in red wine materials. It was established that the must of the studied samples had moderate mass concentrations of sugars and titratable acids: white berry 19.1-22.5 g/100 cm3 and 7.6-8.3 g/dm3 , respectively; dark berries 20.2-24.4 g/100 cm3 and 6.8-8.0 g/dm3 , respectively. It was noted that the group of Tana forms was distinguished by a higher volume fraction of ethyl alcohol of 11.8-12.5 % vol. In a sample of dry wine material Tana 95, a higher content of esters (89.8 mg/dm3 ) was noted, among red ones – in wine materials Tana 33 (116.8 mg/dm3 ), Kurchanskiy (100.1 mg/dm3 ) and Cabernet Kuban (105.2 mg/dm3 ). The mass concentration of higher alcohols in dry wine materials from the white berry forms of Tana (295.9-349.8 mg/dm3 ) exceeded the classic varieties and proto-clones from the Chardonnay and Riesling lines (192.6-264.4 mg/dm3 ). Vladimir stood out by the amount of phenolic substances (3603 mg/dm3 ), Tana 85 distinguished according to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Kurchanskiy, Vladimir and Tana 85 were isolated according to the amount of vitamins and vitamin-like substances.

ХИМИКО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ СУСЛА И ВИНА ИЗ НОВЫХ ГИБРИДОВ И СОРТОВ ВИНОГРАДА СЕЛЕКЦИИ АЗОСВиВ

The influence of the characteristics of new varieties and hybrids based on Krasnostop Anapskiy variety on the quality of grapes and chemical and technological parameters, and taste characteristics of wine products was studied in the experiment. The author in the article presents research materials on must and dry wine materials from hybrid varieties and forms of crossed pairs of grapes (F/U ‘Dzhemete’ x Krasnostop Anapskiy) bred at the Anapa Zonal Experimental Station of Viticulture and Wine-making. All new varieties and hybrid forms of a technical direction, average term of maturing. Productivity is high, they are tolerant to phylloxera. The must and wine material from the Krasnostop Anapskiy variety was used as a control. Place of laying the experiment is Anapa, Krasnodar region, Anapa ampelographic collection. Pruning of vineyards is «Spiral cordon AZOS-1». The feeding area is 3.5 x 2.0 m. As a result of the analysis of fresh grapes from the studied varieties and hybrids, it was revealed that all the studied varieties and hybrids, with the exception of the 59-60 form, accumulated a fairly high amount of sugars – 19.9-22.9 g/100 cm3 . The must of Krasnostop AZOS and Kubanets varieties and 59-24 form had a concentration of phenolic compounds significantly higher than the control. The most optimal in terms of glucoacidometric index was the mustof the control variety Krasnostop Anapskiy and 59-49 and 59-24 forms. The wine materials of most of the studied varieties and hybrids were not inferior to the control in terms of alcohol concentration. The highest concentration of substances of the polyphenol group was found in wines from the hybrid 59-24 and from the Krasnostop AZOS and Kubanets varieties. Coloring anthocyanin substances in the highest concentration were found in the studied wine materials from hybrid grapes 59-24 and 59-60, as well as from the Krasnostop AZOS variety. The tasting analysis showed that the wines from the studied hybrids and varieties are not inferior or superior in organoleptic parameters to the control variety Krasnostop Anapskiy.

A New Essential Oil from the Native Andean Species Nectandra laurel Klotzsch ex Nees of Southern Ecuador: Chemical and Enantioselective Analyses.

The leaves of Nectandra laurel Klotzsch ex Nees, belonging to the family, Lauraceae, were collected in the province of Loja (Ecuador), dried, and analytically steam-distilled. An unprecedented essential oil was obtained, with a 0.03% yield by weight of dry plant material. The volatile fraction was submitted to qualitative (GC-MS) and quantitative (GC-FID) chemical analysis, on two orthogonal stationary phases. Seventy-eight compounds were detected and quantified on at least one column. The essential oil was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (53.0-53.8% on the non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively), followed by oxygenated sesquiterpenoids (18.9-19.0%). A third group was constituted by metabolites of other origins, mainly aliphatic compounds, apparently derived from the acetate pathway (11.7-8.5%). The major components of the EO (≥3.0% with at least one column) were δ-selinene (30.5-28.8%), δ-cadinene (5.4-6.4%), epi-α-cadinol (4.9-5.2%), an undetermined compound with a molecular weight of 204 (3.4-4.2%), α-pinene (3.3-2.9%), and α-cadinol (2.9-3.0%). Finally, the essential oil was submitted to enantioselective analysis, on two β-cyclodextrin-based chiral selectors, determining the enantiomeric distribution of seven chiral terpenes. Among them, (1R,5R)-(+)-α-pinene, (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene, and (R)-(-)-α-phellandrene were enantiomerically pure, whereas camphene, borneol, α-copaene, and α-terpineol were present as scalemic mixtures.

Assessment of the variation in nutritional composition and safety of dried recovered food from United States households and prospects for use in chicken feed

IntroductionNew poultry feed valorization pathways for recovered household food could be enabled by commercially available household devices that dry uneaten food material, arrest spoilage, and preserve nutrient content. However, the nutrient composition, safety, and feed incorporation potential of dried recovered household food (DRHF) is presently unknown.MethodsThirty-eight households spanning 31 states participated in a 4-to-6-week survey to generate and collect food residues that were dried using an in-home device. The DRHF samples were evaluated for chemical composition, digestibility of energy and amino acids, and safety to determine their potential for inclusion in chicken feed.Results and discussionThe DRHF had average levels of 15.9% crude protein, 13.3% crude fat, and 22.6% neutral detergent fiber, and 3.18 kcal/g of nitrogen-adjusted true metabolizable energy (by dry weight). The Windows User-Friendly Feed Formulation 2.1 modeler was used to perform linear programming and develop chicken feed rations for broilers and layers that incorporated DRHF alongside conventional feed ingredients, including corn, soybean meal, dicalcium phosphate, limestone, synthetic amino acids, salt, vitamin premix, and mineral premix. The feed formulation results showed that, on average, DRHF incorporation rates of up to 33 and 37% (by weight) are predicted to avoid any nutrient deficiencies or electrolyte imbalances in the broiler and layer rations, respectively. In the broiler ration, DRHF displaced corn, soybean meal, and limestone to varying degrees, while corn, soybean meal, animal fat, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone were substantially displaced in the layer rations. Addition of vitamin premix was predicted as necessary to facilitate DRHF inclusion in the layer rations. Furthermore, foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins, and heavy metals were either absent or below United States regulatory threshold levels. Measured levels of biogenic amines and fat/oil oxidation were consistent with prior research showing compatibility with chickens. These results can inform future in vivo feeding trials to validate the use of DRHF with varying properties in poultry feed.

Solvent extraction of Cannabis sativa under cryogenic conditions

Extraction of natural products using safe, selective and green solvents is of major importance for their use as ingredients in foods, beverages, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. In the particular case of cannabis, ethanol at ambient conditions has been found to be very effective in the extraction of cannabinoids, terpenoids, and other valuable metabolites; however, it also extracts chlorophyll, vegetable oils and waxes. Alternatively, the selectivity towards cannabinoids could be increased by operating at lower temperatures. In this regard, this work focused on the cryogenic extraction of leaves and flowers of Cannabis sativa L. with ethanol. Extractions were carried out in a rotary tumbler under batch operation at different temperatures (−80 °C to 20 °C) and solvent:solid ratios (4:1 to 25:1 mL/g). The content of cannabinoids in samples was measured via U-HPLC under isocratic elution using a mixture of a 0.1% wt. formic acid aqueous solution and pure acetonitrile, using a diode array detector at 280 nm, and with an external standard method. Terpenes were quantified by GC using headspace injection, FID detection, and using external standards for calibration. The yields with respect to dry biomass were in-between 0.43% and 4.22% wt. The corresponding cannabinoids content with respect to dry material ranged from 0.25% to 2.67% wt., and these mainly corresponded to cannabidiol and cannabinol. The content of terpenoids was in between 0.01 and 1% wt., and the major fraction corresponded to monoterpenes d-Limonene, β-Myrcene, α-Terpinene, Terpinolene, and p-Cymene. Cryogenic extracts were characterized by a translucent aspect with minor content of coloring compounds and other impurities. Preferred operating conditions corresponded to −20 °C and a solvent:solid ratio of 16:1 mL/g; under these conditions and with respect to dry biomass, the extraction yield was 3.47% wt., the cannabinoids content was 0.67% wt., and the CBD content was 0.59% wt.