Dry Wear Research Articles

The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Resistance of AlSi10Mg Alloy

In this study, the microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, and dry wear properties of the cast AlSi10Mg alloy as well as the effects of processing parameters on the oxidation behavior of this alloy were investigated. In this context, AlSi10Mg (wt%) alloy was produced by gravity die casting method, and then, air cooling, quenching, and T6 treatment were applied. The microstructure of the alloy was investigated using an optical microscope, SEM, and EDS. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the effect of processing parameters on the oxidation behavior of the samples. The friction and wear properties of the alloy were investigated using a ball-on-disk wear test device. It was founded that the as-cast AlSi10Mg alloy's microstructure contained phases of α(Al), Si, and β-Mg2Si. It has been observed that the microstructure of the cast AlSi10Mg alloy gradually turns into a spherical form when quenching and air-cooling heat treatments are applied. Also, T6 heat treatment led to further spheroidization of Si particles, formation of β-Mg2Si precipitates, and elimination of the Chinese script morphology of the β-Mg2Si phase. It was observed that the yield strength of the AlSi10Mg alloy in the as-cast state decreased negligibly compared to the air-cooled state, while there was an increase of up to 70% in the aging-treated condition. The results show that the tensile strength of the as-cast AlSi10Mg alloy increased by 115% after aging. Additionally, it was found that the AlSi10Mg alloy's wear resistance increased with the aging process.

Influence of Homogenization and Quench-Aging Heat Treatments on Dry Wear Behavior of Al-40Zn-3Cu Alloy

The influence of homogenization and quench-aging treatments on the dry sliding friction and wear behavior of Al-40Zn-3Cu bearing alloy was experimentally studied. These treatments removed dendritic structure of the alloy and caused the formation of zinc-rich precipitates distributed homogenously in the matrix of the alloy. It was observed that quench-aging treatment carried out at temperatures of 100 °C and 150 °C significantly improved both hardness and strength of the alloy as compared to homogenization treatment. However, aging at 200 °C lowered these values of the alloy but increased its elongation. Dry sliding wear test results displayed that homogenization and quench-aging treatments increased the wear performance of the alloy. However, it is found that the quench-aging treatment created more powerful effect for improving wear performance of the alloy than homogenization. Quench-aging treatment at 100 °C for 300 min resulted in a decrease in the lowest specific wear rate of the alloy by causing the highest increases in its hardness (from 119 HB to 178 HB), yield strength (from 288 MPa to 383 MPa) and tensile strength (from 319 MPa to 407 MPa) due to the age hardening mechanism. It was observed that the worn surfaces of the alloy samples were composed of adhered and smeared material and delaminated areas. This observation suggested that adhesion and delamination were the operative wear mechanisms of the alloy. The results were explained and discussed in terms of microstructural features, mechanical properties, and wear mechanisms of Al-40Zn-3Cu alloy.

Tribological Study of Fe–Cr Alloys for Mechanical Refinement in a Corn Stover Biomass Environment

The tribological behavior of three Fe–Cr alloys with Cr contents ranging from ~12 to 16 wt.% as well as low-alloy high-carbon 52100 steel were investigated using pin-on-disk wear testing. Wear tests were performed in both open atmospheric (dry) and biomass environments (wet). Delamination and abrasion were observed to be the dominant wear regimes following dry wear tests. For wet testing, adhesion and pitting corrosion were determined to be the primary wear mechanisms in the Fe–Cr alloys while adhesion and delamination/cracking were identified as the primary wear mechanisms in the 52100 steel. The 440C stainless steel and 52100 steel specimens exhibited the lowest wear volume following dry (7.58 ± 0.52 mm3 and 0.78 ± 0.05 mm3, respectively) and wet wear testing (0.11 ± 0.06 mm3 and 0.12 ± 0.09 mm3, respectively); however, these specimens exhibited the most significant corrosion damage. The 410 stainless steel specimen exhibited the best resistance to corrosion after wear testing in the deacetylated and disc-refined corn stover slurry and had measured wear volumes after dry and wet wear testing of 6.84 ± 0.88 mm3 and 0.33 ± 0.12 mm3, respectively. The worst wear resistance was observed by the 420 stainless steel specimen after both dry and wet wear testing.

Determination of the construction material for phononic band gap structures by tribological performance

This study investigates the tribological performances of commonly used stainless steel alloys (303, 304, 316L, and 420) to determine their suitability as construction materials for periodic structures designed for inertial amplification induced phononic band gap vibration isolators. Stainless steel alloys are extensively employed in engineering structures due to their ability to withstand large stresses and exhibit excellent cyclic loading properties. In this study, stainless steel specimens are examined by dry and lubricated wear test conditions. 420 stainless steel showed highest wear resistant properties for dry and lubricated conditions. Two grades of lubricants are compared in terms of viscosities, and it is revealed that higher viscosity blocked the flow of the lubricant so that semi-dry friction occurred. Low viscosity lubricant enabled less material removal due to friction.

Wear and Corrosion Properties of Pure Mo Coating Layer Manufactured by Atmospheric Plasma Spray Process

A pure molybdenum (Mo) coating layer was manufactured by using the atmospheric plasma spray (APS) process and its wear and corrosion characteristics were investigated in this study. A Mo coating layer was prepared to a thickness of approximately 480 μm, and it had sound physical properties with a porosity of 2.9% and hardness of 434 Hv. Room temperature dry wear characteristics were measured through a ball-on-disk test under load conditions of 5 N, 10 N and 15 N. Based on the coefficient of friction graph at 5 N and 10 N, the oxides formed during wear functioned as a wear lubricant, thereby confirming an increase in wear resistance. However, at 15 N, wear behavior changed, and wear occurred due to splat pulling out. A potentiodynamic polarization test was conducted under an artificial seawater atmosphere, and Ecorr and Icorr measured 0.717 V and 7.2E-5 A/cm2, respectively. Corrosion mainly occurred at the splat boundary and pores that were present in the initial state. Based on the findings above, the potential application of APS Mo coating material was also discussed.

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of Mg-2Zn and Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloys

ABSTRACT In this study, the wear characteristics of Mg-2Zn and Mg2Zn-1Mn alloys in both dry and corrosive conditions, as well as their mechanical properties dependent on cooling rate, were examined. It has been determined that MgZn, Mg2Zn3 and MgZn2 phases are formed together with the α-Mg main matrix in the microstructure of the alloys. The highest tensile strength (188.6 MPa) was observed in section B of Mg-2Zn alloy. With this, section A of the Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloy showed the lowest wear value (0.00144 mm3/N.m) following dry wear. However, under corrosive wear conditions, the lowest wear rate (0.0008 mm3/N.m) was exhibited at B section in Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloy. In the SEM images of the abrasive tips used in the wear tests, it was determined that the scratches occurred along the wear direction, and as a result of the EDX analysis, alloying elements were transferred from the alloys to the abrasive tip.

Impact of thermo-oxidative aging on the dry tribological performance and wear mechanisms of UHMWPE/ZrO2 friction pairs

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is esteemed for its superior wear resistance, making it a preferred material in various applications, including artificial joints, dental materials, and mechanical components. This study elucidates the effects of thermo-oxidative aging on the dry tribological performance and wear mechanisms of UHMWPE and zirconia (ZrO2) friction pairs using dynamic friction wear tests, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Results reveal that thermo-oxidative aging significantly compromises wear resistance and alters the degradation mechanisms of UHMWPE. The unaged UHMWPE exhibits exceptional wear resistance, indicated by minimal wear and pronounced polishing effects. Post-aging at 40 °C leads to the formation of fine scratches and rougher wear marks on UHMWPE surfaces, with the predominant wear mechanism transitioning from abrasive wear to fatigue wear as the number of cycles increases. Upon aging at 70 °C, more extensive spalling and pitting damages occur on UHMWPE, indicating more severe thermo-oxidative and wear damages that primarily exhibit fatigue wear and oxidative wear patterns. Notably, aging at 40 °C results in a friction coefficient increase to ∼0.165, whereas aging at 70 °C decreases the friction coefficient to around 0.118, indicating a complex relationship between aging temperature and tribological behavior. This research provides valuable insights into predicting and improving the durability of UHMWPE components used in orthopedic applications, thereby contributing to optimizing orthopedic implant materials for enhanced patient outcomes.

Mechanically tailored surface of titanium based alloy (Ti6Al4V) by laser surface treatment

In this study, laser surface treatment (LST) of Ti6Al4V carried out by melting within a narrow regime of optimum process parameters for the formation of a surface with improved wear and tribo-corrosion resistance is presented. The effect of applied power and shrouding gas on the microstructure, phase, surface hardness, residual stress, dry wear (against tungsten carbide, WC) and tribocorrosion resistance (against ZrO2 in Hank's solution) is established. LST in argon atmosphere leads to the formation of a composite structure consisting of acicular α’ martensite and α. LST in nitrogen atmosphere causes the formation of titanium nitride (TiN and Ti2N) dispersed in α matrix. Due to LST, there is an increase in surface microhardness both under argon (435–630 VHN) and nitrogen atmosphere (839–1327 VHN) when compared to untreated Ti6Al4V (278 VHN). There is a marginal decrease in wear rate (against WC ball) due to laser surface melting (5.17–5.81 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) under argon and a substantial decrease in wear rate when melting was conducted under nitrogen atmosphere (1.91–4.94 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) as compared to Ti6Al4V (5.93 × 10−3 mm3/Nm). The mechanism of wear is established. On the other hand, the tribo-corrosion rate is found to decrease for laser surface melting (3.5–4.8 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) and nitriding (1.3–3.2 × 10−3 mm3/Nm) as compared to Ti6Al4V (5.7 × 10−3 mm3/Nm). Bioactivity in terms of calcium phosphate deposition followed by dipping in Hank's solution was found to increase due to both melting and nitriding, though nitriding offered a marginally higher bioactivity than only melting.

Dry friction thermal behavior and wear mechanism of polyurethane elastomer for main drive seal of TBM

A polytetramethylene ether glycol system polyurethane elastomer that meets the TBM main drive sealing requirements was prepared. Based on the working condition of the TBM main drive seal lacking oil lubrication, the wear morphology, wear chemical changes and failure mechanism of the elastomer under different dry friction conditions are mainly explained. The results show that the hydrogen bond content and molecular structure of soft and hard segments of polyurethane elastomer will change when the friction temperature increases, leading to a decrease in mechanical properties and wear failure. With the increase of rotation speed and load, there are different temperature rise trends, wear morphologies and mechanisms, and there is an obvious sudden temperature rise before wear failure, which can be used as an important criterion for seal failure monitoring.

Microstructure and properties of aluminium matrix hybrid nanocomposite

ABSTRACT Aluminium metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) reinforced with particulate have been in the limelight recently due to their improved tribological and mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength, impact resistance, wear resistance, etc. It is well known that carbon nanotube and silicon carbide nanomaterials are widely used as reinforcements in various types of metal or alloy matrix materials. However, hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with more than one type nanomaterials are rarely reported in the literature. In this work, a novel aluminium matrix hybrid nanocomposite with carbon nanotube and nano SiC has been fabricated. Properties of hybrid nanocomposites are compared with nanocomposites reinforced with individual reinforcements. Vicker’s micro-hardness property of specimens was tested at 100 gmf load applied at 10 s dwell time. The hardness and compressive strength have increased 111% and 58%, respectively with the reinforcement of nanoparticles in the metal matrix. Dry wear property of specimens was carried out at 35, 40 and 45 N load with variable speeds viz. 500, 550 and 600 rpm. Wear resistance increases as the carbon reinforcement increases in the metal matrix. The wear mechanism of nanocomposite materials has been evaluated by using scanning electron microscopic analysis.

Synergistic effects of heat-assisted ultrasonic rolling textures and self-lubricating coatings on the friction and wear properties of AISI 52100 steel

Wear is an important factor in limiting the service life of AISI 52100 steel components. In order to improve the tribological properties of AISI 52100 steel, we investigated the synergy between polyphenylene sulfide-silicon dioxide/polytetrafluoroethylene (PPS-SiO2/PTFE) self-lubricating coatings and surface textures fabricated by heat-assisted ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP). The influences of different heat-assisted temperatures (20, 80, 140, and 200 ℃) on the surface characteristics of the textures such as morphology, hardness, and residual stress were investigated. The synergistic effects of self-lubricating coatings and textures at different heat-assisted temperatures were investigated by dry friction and wear tests. The results showed that the synergistic effect of the coating with the texture at 200 °C had a performance improvement than the individual effect, but the synergistic effects with textures at other heat-assisted temperatures had a negative influence. The heat-assisted temperature influenced the synergistic effect by affecting the texture shape and strengthening effect, and the influence of texture shape was stronger. The texture with an appropriate shape not only had a strengthening effect to increase the load-bearing capacity of the coating-substrate system, but also stored the coating material to improve the wear resistance.

Deposition of NiAl/Al3Ni2(CrB2) Coatings from Ni, Al and CrB2 Powders Using Mechanical Synthesis in Planetary Ball Mill.

Interest in composite thick coatings with an intermetallic matrix stimulates the development of new deposition techniques like the co-milling of pre-alloyed NiAl powder with platelet-shaped substrates. Obtained coatings were up to several micrometers thick as cold-welding of intermetallic particles was effective only at the start of this process, while later, chipping prevailed over added material. The present experiment covered the co-milling in the planetary ball mill of Ni and Al elemental powders (1:1 molar ratio) with AISI 304 steel platelets for 32 h at 300 rpm. Next, this process was repeated with an admixture of 15 wt.% of CrB2 powder. In both cases, their milling succeeded in producing up to a 200 μm coating after 4 h. The use of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (LM/SEM/TEM) helped to establish that the coatings had gradient microstructures with more refined crystallites of NiAl, Al3Ni2 and CrB2 closer to the surface. With the addition of a ceramic phase, the coatings presented higher hardness and lower friction during dry wear tests both at RT and at 500 °C.

Mechanical property analysis and dry sand three-body abrasive wear behaviour of AZ31/ZrO2 composites produced by stir casting

An experimental study of three body abrasive wear behaviour of AZ31/15 vol.% Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) reinforced composites prepared by stir casting has been carried out. Microstructural analysis of the developed composites was carried out and found out that the microstructure of the composites revealed a uniform distribution of ZrO2 particles with refinement in the grain size of the matrix from 70 to 20 µm. The alterations in the microstructure led to an enhancement in both hardness (68–104 HV) and tensile strength (156–236 MPa) due to Orowan strengthening, quench hardening effect and better bonding. Response surface methodology was applied to formulate the three-body abrasive wear test characteristics such as load, speed, and time. Three body abrasive test results were utilized to generate surface graphs for different combinations of wear test parameters revealed an increase in specific wear rate. The specific wear rate was observed to increase with increase in speed up to a certain level and then started to decrease. The lowest possible specific wear rate was obtained for an optimized load of 20 N and a speed of 190 ms−1. Scanning electron microscopic examination of wear-tested samples showed higher specific wear rate at higher loads with predominantly abrasion type material removal. In conclusion, this study makes a substantial contribution to the field by elucidating the complex relationships among microstructure, mechanical properties, and the three-body abrasive wear behavior of AZ31/ZrO2 composites. The determination of optimal wear conditions and the insights gained into wear mechanisms provide valuable information for designing materials, implementing engineering solutions, and advancing the creation of wear-resistant components across a range of industries.

Enhancing wear performance: A comparative study of traditional vs. additive manufacturing techniques for 17–4pH SS

This study investigates the microstructural, mechanical, and tribological characteristics of 17–4 PH stainless steel specimens produced through Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, namely Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), in comparison to conventionally wrought steel (W). The wear test carried out on the samples were pin-on-disk, ball-on-plate and lubricated pin-on-disk. The counter part was an alumina ball with a diameter of 3 mm. The wear scar was less pronounced on lubrication test than in dry conditions for all samples. The coefficients of friction (COFs) were higher in dry conditions (in the order of 10−1) than in lubrication conditions (in the order of 10−2). Moreover, the wear rate had a significant reduction under lubrication conditions (in dry tests are in the order of 10−7, while lubrication conditions led to results in the order of 10−9). Additionally, FFF and SLM exhibited remarkably low wear rates in comparison to the wrought sample showing a superior dry and lubricated wear behaviour. AM allows for comparable or improved properties, despite slightly lower hardness due to retained austenite/delta ferrite and reduced precipitates. That significant improvement enhances the appeal of AM for high-performance components, particularly for small production runs and complex geometries being a promising and efficient technology for diverse industries.

Wear‐resistant layers containing graphene derivatives

AbstractThe effect of carbon filler wt% ratios on the microstructural and tribological properties of the ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (PE)/graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), PE/graphene oxide (GO), and PE/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and PE/GNP‐GO hybrid composite layers was studied to determine the best tribological performance after the dry wear test. The layers had a semi‐crystalline structure like PE, but the shifts in the peaks showed the presence of interactions between the fillers and PE matrix, according to x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. FTIR analysis results indicated that GO‐containing layers caused interactions and new bonds. The lowest values for the friction coefficient were found in layers containing GNP and GO, which had a lubricating effect. The friction coefficient decreased by 83.24% in the PE/0.7GO composite layer compared to PE. Wear resistance of the PE/3GNP and PE/1GO layers were the highest compared to PE and other layers. The PE/3GNP and PE/1GO layers improved the wear resistance of PE by 12% and 11%, respectively. Abrasive wear and fatigue wear tracks on the worn surface of the PE/3GNP and PE/1GO composite layer were significantly reduced compared to PE and other layers. This study suggests that layers that will provide the highest molecular interaction with PE and improve its wear resistance will be produced with GO and nano‐sized GNP.Highlights The interaction of graphene‐derived fillers with PE and its effect on friction and wear properties were investigated. GNP and GO are the best filler materials among the graphene derivatives for increasing wear resistance. High wear resistant of layers achieved at 3 wt% GNP loadings. Layers containing GO had the lowest friction coefficient values among the other layers.

Wear Properties of Metal Material in Dredging Equipment

In dredging engineering, the parts of dredging and conveying system which contact with dredging mixture often suffer from serious wear and short service life. In order to improve the durability of materials, new materials and generation processes are constantly proposed. It is always a difficult work to analyze the wear properties and mechanism of materials.In this paper, dry friction and abrasive wear tests were carried out on Cr15, Cr26, Fedur®40, medium manganese steel and XGG with Q235 carbon steel as the comparison material. The wear mechanism of materials was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation on the wear surface of materials. Under the test conditions, the dry friction wear rates of the five materials were 6.98×10−6 mm3/Nm,5.71×10−6 mm3/Nm,20.2×10−6 mm3/Nm,21.9×10−6 mm3/Nm and 5.39×10−6 mm3/Nm respectively.The wear rates of abrasive wear tests were 58.3×10−6 mm3/Nm,25.2×10−6 mm3/Nm,83.4×10−6 mm3/Nm,30.9×10−6 mm3/Nm and 32.1×10−6 mm3/Nm respectively. The results show that the metal surface is covered with coarse and deep cutting and chipping marks under abrasive wear, while the metal surface only has fine furrowing and a little fatigue spalling under dry friction wear. The wear rate of abrasive wear of five wear-resistant materials is much higher than that of dry friction wear. Cr26 and XGG showed better wear performance than other materials under the two test conditions.

Tribological behavior of SiC reinforced AZ91D composites manufactured by semisolid injection molding

Semisolid injection molding is a novel and ideal process for manufacturing particle reinforced magnesium composites. The main purpose of this article is to reveal the wear mechanism of SiC/AZ91D composite prepared by this method. AZ91D Mg alloy and its composites reinforced with 1 % and 2.5 % SiC particles were manufactured by the semisolid injection molding method and their microstructure and wear behavior were investigated. The composites are composed of a Mg matrix, consisting of unmelted AZ91D particles distributed in a resolidified Mg base, and uniformly-dispersed SiC particles. The dry wear tests showed that adding SiC reinforcement increases the friction coefficient, enhances the wear resistance at the low loads of 5 N and 10 N, but reduces the wear resistance at the high load of 20 N. The dominant wear mechanism is abrasive wear, accompanied by small contributions from adhesive and oxidative wear.

Redesign of a Disc-on-Disc Computer Numerical Control Tribometer for a Wide-Range and Shudder-Resistant Operation

The paper presents a redesign of the custom disc-on-disc-type tribometer intended for the experimental characterization of the friction and wear of automotive dry clutch friction lining. The redesign is aimed at expanding the operating range at which the machine is not sensitive to shudder vibrations. This is achieved through a set of hardware and software upgrade measures. First, the natural frequency of the normal load-generation linear axis of the machine is increased by enlarging its bending stiffness and reducing the suspended mass. The former is realized by replacing the single, two-axial force/torque piezoelectric sensor with a set of three three-axial piezoelectric force sensors, adding a set of stiff linear guides, and reducing the lengths of the cantilevers of lateral forces acting on the linear axis guide system. The latter is accomplished by reducing the overall dimensions of the cooling disc and redesigning the thermal insulation components. The shudder sensitivity resistance is further reduced through individual normal force-readings-based adjustment of parallelism between friction contact surfaces and the increase in the stiffness of eccentrically positioned water-cooling pipes. Finally, the stability of the coefficient of friction and, consequently, the wear process are boosted by adjusting the control routines to minimize the circumferential and/or radial temperature gradients. These adjustments include the introduction of a clutch lock-up interval at the end of the clutch closing cycle, a minimum cooling delay inserted between two closing cycles, and maximum normal force demand of the clutch torque controller. The performance gain of the upgraded tribometer is demonstrated through a study of the dry clutch friction plate static wear experimental characterization for a wide range of operating conditions.

Microstructural changes and dry sliding wear behavior of Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.5Co alloy during deformation and aging treatment

The microstructural evolution and dry friction wear performance of the Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.5Co alloy during deformation and aging treatment were studied using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and three-dimensional surface profilometry. The results show that the peak hardness of the Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.5Co alloy initially increases and then decreases with increasing cold deformation, reaching a maximum hardness of 440 HV at 70 % cold deformation. During the aging process at 400 ℃, the phase transformation sequence of the Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.5Co alloy with 70 % cold deformation is as follows: modulated structure - D022 ordered phase - γ-D03 phase. The rapid formation of the D022 ordered phase, which is coherently dispersed within the matrix, is the main reason for the significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the alloy. However, the rapid nucleation and growth of the discontinuous precipitation structure are responsible for the reduced mechanical performance and limited resistance to over-aging in the alloy. Additionally, it also causes decreased friction and wear resistance in the alloy with 70 % cold deformation. At a load of 20 N, the primary wear mechanism of the peak-aged Cu-15Ni-8Sn-0.5Co alloy with 70 % cold deformation is abrasive wear. As the load increased to 120 N, the wear mechanism shifted to a combination of abrasive wear and fatigue spalling wear in the alloy.

Influence of Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing Parameters on Dry Friction and Wear Properties of Al-Mg-Si Alloy's Built Surfaces Fabricated by Sheet Lamination

Abstract In this article, friction-stir additive manufacturing, a solid-state process for rapid fabrication of large components, is employed to investigate laminated Al-Mg-Si alloy blocks. The study delves into microstructural changes, hardness distribution, and wear behavior on two distinct surfaces using various parameters such as rotational speed (800 and 1200 rpm), traverse speed (41 and 82 mm/min), and a 50% pin overlap for block fabrication. Macrographs demonstrate the influence of adjacent toolpath overlap on layer integrity through interfacial mixing and consolidation of plastically deformed material. Within the overall stirred zone, re-stirring effects lead to refined grain formation and the dissolution of Mg2Si precipitates, resulting in an uneven micro-hardness distribution due to varying thermal cycles. Notably, specimens with a traverse speed of 41 mm/min exhibit reduced wear loss, attributed to microstructural changes that enhance resistance to plastic deformation during sliding, thereby improving tribolayer stability. This enhancement is attributed to increased hardness arising from refined grains and the strain hardening effect. Interestingly, the study finds that the horizontal surface of the fabricated blocks displays superior wear resistance compared to the vertical surface, due to the more homogeneous microstructure in individual layers. Further analysis using FESEM and EDS unveils the presence of glaze layers, oxide films, galling surfaces, grooving, trimming impacts, ploughing marks, and the accumulation of wear debris within wide pits and on worn-out pin surfaces. Scar morphology reveals that both abrasive and adhesive wear mechanisms contribute to volumetric losses in the specimens.