Dry Sliding Research Articles

Development of a Neural Network Model and Taguchi-Based Optimization for Dry Sliding Wear Performance of Al 6065 Alloy Reinforced with Nano SiC and Graphene Nanoplatelets

The Al6065 alloy is widely used in various applications, including tubing for furniture, railway and bus structures, pylons, platforms, and pipelines. However, due to the wear experienced in these applications, it is essential to enhance the wear confrontation of this alloy. To address this issue, this research focuses on reinforcing Al6065 with nanoparticles of silicon carbide and graphene by means of the stir casting method. The wear behaviour of the alloy is studied by varying the rotational speed, load, and composition of reinforcement in the stir casting machine using Taguchi design of experiment. The rate of wear and friction coefficient are measured as responses. The obtained results are then analysed and optimized for the minimum of the output responses using S/N ratio analysis. Further, ANOVA is carried out to determine the influence of each parameter, and a model of the neural network is developed to predict the response. The findings indicate that cumulative the percentage of reinforcement enhances the wear resistance of the alloy. The optimized values of the rotational speed, load, and composition of reinforcement lead to improved wear resistance, with a corresponding decrease in the coefficient of friction. The ANOVA results reveal that the rotational speed and load significantly affect the responses, while the reinforcement composition has a moderate effect. The developed neural network model accurately predicts the response with a high degree of accuracy. The model can be used to optimize the wear behaviour of Al6065 alloy reinforced with nanoparticles of silicon carbide and graphene, as well as for prediction of the alloy's wear behaviour in various application environments. In conclusion, this research delivers a complete thoughtful of the wear behaviour of Al6065 alloy reinforced with nanoparticles of silicon carbide and graphene. The findings can be used to optimize the wear resistance and improve the routine of this alloy in various applications.

Reinforcing Cold-Sprayed Al Coatings With Boron Nitride Nanotubes and Micro-Boron Carbide and Their Effect on Surface Mechanical and Dry Sliding Behavior

Abstract This investigation explores the reinforcement effects of both boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) and micro-boron carbide (μB4C) on the tribological and mechanical properties of aluminum matrix composite (MMC) cold-sprayed coatings. The synthesis process involved high-energy ball milling (HEBM) and cold spraying with helium to create four distinct Al-MMC coatings on a magnesium (AZ31) substrate. These coatings consisted of pure aluminum, a composition containing 4 vol% B4C, a composition with 4 vol% BNNTs, and a composition with 2 vol% B4C and 2 vol% BNNTs. Successful dispersion of nanoparticles within the aluminum matrix was achieved. The hardness of the coatings exhibited significant improvements compared to the pure aluminum coating. Specifically, the Al-BNNT coating showed a hardness increase of 14.1%, the Al-B4C-BNNT coating displayed a hardness increase of 20.8%, and the Al-B4C coating demonstrated the highest increase of 33.3% over the pure aluminum coating. Furthermore, the Al-B4C coating exhibited remarkable reductions in wear volume loss and wear track depth, amounting to eight and two orders of magnitude, respectively. Adhesion testing revealed that the Al-B4C-BNNT coating failed cohesively, while the pure aluminum coating failed adhesively at approximately the same force. The Al-B4C coating experienced a combination of the two failure modes at a 31.2% increase in force compared to the pure aluminum coating. Tensile testing stress versus strain curves indicated that the load was partially supported by the cold spray coating until the coating ruptured.

Triboinformatics Modeling of Dry Sliding Wear of High Manganese Hadfield Steel alloys

Triboinformatics Modeling of Dry Sliding Wear of High Manganese Hadfield Steel alloys

The Effects of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Content on the Dry Sliding Behaviour of AA2024 Aluminium Composite

The low density, low expansion coefficient, and strong corrosion resistance at room temperature of Aluminium alloys have made them a popular choice for engineering applications. In this study, Aluminium AA2024 alloys are prepared with different weight contents of ceramic material, titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% wt.) of a particle size of 30 nm using the metal stir casting method. The hardness property and wear resistance with the effect of heat treatment are investigated using a pin-on-disc wear device for both the base alloy and the reinforced alloys. The result shows the prosperity of 5wt.% of TiO2 to attain the optimum hardness and wear resistance. Using the optimum content of TiO2 and heat treatment, the hardness and wear resistance of 5wt.% TiO2-AA2024 nanocomposite has been significantly improved after heat treatment over the unreinforced Aluminium matrix. Statistically, the hardness and wear resistance are improved by 68% and 22%, respectively. This is due to an increased number of fine precipitates besides their uniformly distributed after heat treatment. Furthermore, casting AA2024 Aluminium alloy material mainly has S (Al2CuMg) and Al3TiCu phases. The appearance of a large number of S phases causes a significant improvement in the properties of the alloy.

INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TRIBO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF SQUEEZE CASTED AL-SI PISTON ALLOY-BASED METAL MATRIX COMPOSITE USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY AND NEURAL NETWORK

The piston in the automobile engine must withstand high stress and temperatures and also have low weight. The alloy of Al-Si is the most commonly used in the piston. The reinforcement using ceramics, fibres or nanoparticles will increase the properties of the piston alloy. In this work, the piston alloy is fabricated as a metal matrix composite of Al-Si reinforced by TiC-MoS2 using the squeeze casting method. The squeeze casting effect on the matrix and the reinforcement is studied using tensile testing and microstructure analysis. The strength hardness obtained from the experimentation gives the highest tensile strength of 330 MPa and the hardness of 110HBN. The fractography and morphology are investigated using SEM (scanning electron microscope), resulting in the lowest porosity of 3.21% obtained in the composite material. The tribological behavior was also investigated at the condition of dry Sliding using pin on disc tribometer gives the lowest coefficient friction of 0.31 and the wear rate of 0.0051 mm3/m. The experiment is numerically designed and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). The obtained value is predicted and validated using a hybrid approach of deep belief network-reptile swarm algorithm (DBN-RSA). The regression of the parameters is about 99.97% showing that the model is very accurate to the experimental results. The RMSE of the proposed method implies less error and shows the accuracy level of the parameters. The result shows that the designed model is best fitted for the tribological and mechanical properties investigation of metal matrix composite.

Wear Mechanisms of Cold-Sprayed Stellite-6 During Reciprocated Dry Sliding Under Different Sliding Speeds

Cobalt–chromium alloys are often employed in those environments that require reliable wear and friction properties. Cold Gas Dynamic Spray offers the opportunity to obtain good quality deposits of Stellite-6, that can be successfully used in harsh environments, where good surface performance, in terms of wear resistance, is required. It is also well-known that Stellite-6 is subjected to several physical changes at the interface during dry sliding, that are often related to the loading conditions. As a consequence, wear behavior of this alloy can undergo some variations that linear models are not able to capture, since micro-structural modifications occur during operation. To better understand the wear mechanisms of cold-sprayed Stellite-6 coatings together with the occurring physical phenomena, a systematic experimental study was performed, in fact, to date, no such in-depth tribological studies have been performed. Tests were conducted under combinations of two sliding speeds (0.1 and 0.5 m/s) and four contact pressure in the range of 2-5 MPa. In low-speed tests, abrasive wear is evident, where detachment and pull-out phenomena mainly affect the worn surface of coatings. On the other hand, subsurface cracking was observed in high-speed tests, as well as evidence of plastic deformation on the wear surface. These results suggest that observed wear mechanisms are more likely a consequence of adhesive wear. Unique to this study, the cross-sectional nano-indentation tests showed how the stiffness of the coating, near to wear interface, increases significantly in the case of the lowest value of sliding speed (i.e., v = 0.1 m/s), whereas tends to decrease at high speeds, i.e., v = 0.5 m/s, as a consequence of the formation of subsurface cracks into the coating.

The Effects of Electrochemical Hydrogen Charging on Charpy Impact Toughness and Dry Sliding Tribological Behavior of AISI 316H Stainless Steel

In this work, solution-annealed AISI 316H grade austenitic stainless steel was studied in terms of investigating the electrolytic hydrogen charging effects on the resulting Charpy impact toughness and dry sliding tribological behavior. Conventional Charpy impact bending tests were employed to study the mechanical response of the investigated material to dynamic loading conditions, whereas dry linear sliding tribological tests were used to study material friction and wear behavior. The obtained mechanical and tribological properties were correlated with corresponding fracture and tribological mechanisms, which were determined from morphological observations of fracture surfaces and tribological tracks. The applied testing procedures were individually carried out for the non-hydrogenated, hydrogen-charged, and dehydrogenated material conditions. The observed changes in individual properties due to applied hydrogen charging were rather small, which indicated the good resistance of solution-annealed AISI 316H steel against material degradation in currently used electrolytic hydrogenation conditions.

PLASTICITY INDEX A MEASURE OF DRY SLIDING WEAR FOR Ni-BASED COATING

Ni-based coatings are extensively used in industry for the surface properties enhancement and improving the system performance under different operating conditions. The resistance to wear and corrosion of the components is found to be improved when the substrate is coated with the coating powder. However, determining the wear rate and wear mechanism is very important and time-consuming process. The coating and counter material properties play important role in the wear rate and wear mechanism. The plasticity index in the dry sliding condition may be used as wear measuring indicator which is governed by the hardness of the coating, asperity radius and the reduced elasticity modulus. In this paper, the plasticity index for different combinations of tribopair (Coating and counter materials) is compared with the dry sliding wear rate obtained for respective pairs. The outcomes show that the specific wear rate obtained for the dry sliding wear can be directly related to the plasticity index.

Characterization and Modeling of Wear Behavior of AISI D3 Tool Steel under Dry Sliding Conditions

Characterization and Modeling of Wear Behavior of AISI D3 Tool Steel under Dry Sliding Conditions

Dry Sliding Wear Properties of Annealed Carbon Steels Matrix Composites by Nanosized TiC‐TiB2 Particles

Herein, nanoparticle‐reinforced carbon steels are innovatively prepared through the use of TiC‐TiB2/Al master alloys. The effects of nanoparticles on the microstructure and wear performance of carbon steels are investigated. It is found that the addition of nanoparticles inhibits the Widmanstatten structure. Also, the nanoparticles promote the formation of pearlite with finer lamellar structure and reduce the grain size. During the liquid–solid and solid–solid phase transformations, the nanoparticles act as heterogeneous cores to improve the nucleation rate. For wear tests, the presence of nanoparticles enhances the wear resistance of carbon steels. Carbon steels with 0.02 wt% nanoparticles show the lowest wear volume loss rate under each test condition. The excellent wear performance is related to the high hardness of substrates, inhibiting dislocation movement due to the refined microstructure and nanoparticles, and withstanding the external loads by nanoparticles. The findings obtained in this work can provide a new approach to fabricate high‐wear‐resistant carbon steels.

Investigation of Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of CFRP Composite Used in New Generation Aircraft Wings

In this study, it is aimed to examine the effect of reinforcement laying angle on wear resistance of CFRP composites used in the automotive and aerospace industries. Experiments were carried out on Ball-On-Disc wear device under 1, 3 and 5 N loads at room temperature. 3D optical microscope was used to determine the volume losses in the samples. The worn surface morphology of the samples was examined with the help of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). In the test results, the volume losses of the samples increased depending on the increasing loads and shear rate. It has been understood that the change of the laying angle is important in the dry-sliding resistance of the samples. The wear resistance of the samples produced with 45 degree laying was better at both sliding speeds and all loads. It has also been understood that the laying angle is also effective in the coefficient of friction. Delamination, plastic deformation type dominant wear mechanisms have occurred.

Effect of Counterface Material on Dry Sliding Wear of PEEK–PTFE Composites

Effect of Counterface Material on Dry Sliding Wear of PEEK–PTFE Composites

Coupling Effects of Biomimetic Texture with Solid Lubricants to Improve Tribological Properties of TC4 under Dry Sliding Conditions

Coupling Effects of Biomimetic Texture with Solid Lubricants to Improve Tribological Properties of TC4 under Dry Sliding Conditions

Dry Sliding Wear Performances of AA5052 Hybrid Composite Brake Disc Materials Reinforced With In Situ Synthesized TiC and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube

Abstract In this research, aluminum alloy AA5052-based hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs) were fabricated using in situ synthesized titanium carbide (TiC) and ex situ multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as reinforcements using the liquid metallurgy route. The wear characteristics of the aluminum hybrid MMCs were analyzed under the synergistic effects of TiC and multi-walled CNT. Pin-on-disc wear setup was utilized for the experimental investigation where the hybrid composite is considered as the disc, and the traditional brake pad material is treated as the pin. The parameters, i.e., sliding distance, applied load, sliding velocity, and reinforcement content, are treated as inputs, whereas the wear-rate and coefficient of friction are considered output variables for the tribological experimentation. The influence of various input process parameters on the tribological behavior of the fabricated samples was investigated. The plastic deformation attained by the base alloy exhibited delamination, which indicates adhesive wear, whereas the composites exhibited abrasive nature as analyzed from the wear surface morphology. The wear debris was characterized by flake-sized, corrugated, and oxidized by the microstructural study.

Parametric Optimization and Ranking Analysis of AA2024−Al2O3/AlN Alloy Composites Fabricated Via Stir Casting Route Under Dry Sliding Wear Investigation

Parametric Optimization and Ranking Analysis of AA2024−Al2O3/AlN Alloy Composites Fabricated Via Stir Casting Route Under Dry Sliding Wear Investigation

Modelling of Dry Sliding Wear Performance of Al-WC Nanocomposites

Modelling of Dry Sliding Wear Performance of Al-WC Nanocomposites

An Experimental Inquire on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Al-Si-Mg-Cu-SiC Composites Fabricated by Metallurgical Powder Technique

An Experimental Inquire on Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Al-Si-Mg-Cu-SiC Composites Fabricated by Metallurgical Powder Technique

The Tribological Behavior of TiN/TiC CVD Coatings under Dry Sliding Conditions against Zirconia and Steel Counterparts

During this research work, the wear and friction properties of TiN/TiC coatings produced with different manufacturing parameters were investigated against steel and zirconium counterparts. The coatings, which were deposited on WC–Co substrate, were characterized based on their microstructure, phase composition, and microhardness. The tribological behavior of the coatings was examined in accordance with ASTM G99 and ASTM G133 standards using pin-on-disc tests with steel and zirconium counterfaces, while the adhesion of the coatings was investigated with a modified scratch test. According to the results obtained from the experiments, the use of zirconium counterpart is advantageous even for coatings produced with different microhardness and layer thickness using the CVD method. The results show that the change in the friction coefficient can be well traced with properly chosen parameters, thereby determining the wear resistance of the coating.

Dry Sliding Wear Behavior and Mild–Severe Wear Transition of the AA2195-T6 Alloy under Different Loads

The mild–severe wear transition of aluminum alloys is considered evidence that the wear changes from a stable state to an unstable state, which is of great importance in engineering applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the mild–severe wear transition of the 2195 Al–Li alloy for different loads and to elucidate the causes behind it. To this end, dry sliding tribometric tests were carried out by varying the normal load from 2 to 40 N at room temperature. The results show that the change in wear rate can be divided into three distinct stages, including weak growth at low load (2–4 N), rapidly increased growth at medium load (8–16 N), and gradually increased growth at high load (32–40 N). The transition from mild to severe wear is observed at loads ranging from 4 to 8 N. Characterization of the worn surface of the Al–Li alloy via scanning electron microscopy shows that abrasion and oxidation are the dominant wear phenomena in the mild wear regime. On the other hand, delamination, adhesion, and severe plastic deformation become dominant in the severe wear regime. The reason for the occurrence of the transition is the tribo-induced plastic deformation of the substrate.

Tensile and Dry Sliding Wear Properties of Compo-Cast SiO2 Coated ABOw/ Al-319 Composites

Tensile and Dry Sliding Wear Properties of Compo-Cast SiO2 Coated ABOw/ Al-319 Composites