Dry Rice Fields Research Articles

30 years trend of peatland utilization in Riau Province

The peatland was a type of wetland ecosystem that was easily damaged. Damage to peatlands is generally caused by various types of unmanaged land use. The linear increase in the number and needs of the population has triggered the conversion of peatlands every year. This study reveals facts in an exploratory descriptive manner on the trend of peatland use in Riau Province from 1990-2020. The determination of the type of land use is based on changes in the condition of the peatland cover derived from Landsat images in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. The analysis was carried out with a spatial approach with overlay techniques using geographic information system applications. The results of the analysis found that the area of forest cover on peatlands in Riau Province has experienced a very large decrease from 71.71% to 35.93%. The rate of decline in forest cover area to non-forest is around 59,311.65 ha/year. The use of peatlands for cultivation activities continued to increase over the previous 30 years, from 28.29% to 64.07%. The largest utilization came from plantation activities by 44.48%. This value is very large compared to other activities such as dry land agriculture, rice fields, open land, settlements, infrastructure, mining, swamps, scrub bushes, and transmigration. This shows that plantation activities have dominated the use of peatlands, even faster than other types of land cover. Plantation activities in Riau province are dominated by oil palm, both company plantations and smallholder plantations. The increase in the area of oil palm plantations was triggered by an increase in demand and a very high economic profit value compared to other types of agricultural commodities. So that the ability to manage plantations on sustainable peatlands is very important.

Aplikasi kombinasi penggunaan POC ikan lemuru dan pupuk anorganik NPK pada budidaya tanaman padi

Soil productivity that declines due to the continuous use of inorganic fertilizers for a long period of time has an impact on decreasing the production of rice produced. The need to use organic fertilizers such as liquid organic fertilizer made from lemuru fish to balance soil properties. This study aimed to determine the combination of the use of lemuru fish LOF and NPK fertilizer in rice plant cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a non-factorial complete randomized design with the addition of lemuru fish LOF concentrations as a treatment consisting of 0 ml/l water (P0), 30 ml/l water (P1), 40 ml/l water (P2), 50 ml/l water (P3), and 60 ml/l water (P4). The results showed that the addition of POC lemuru fish with a concentration of 0 ml/l of water gave the best results on all observation variables, namely the number of the productive tiller (21.47), panicle length (21.40 cm), the number of grain per panicle (130.40 grains), the weight of dry rice fields (56.08 g), and the weight of filled grain (4.68 g). It can be concluded that the low nutrient content and little frequency of application were suspected to cause a significant increase in rice crop production.

FARMERS' KNOWLEDGE ON REASONS NOT TO USE RICE STRAW IN PADDY FIELDS (CASE IN MANDIKAPAU BARAT VILLAGE, BANJAR REGENCY, SOUTH KALIMANTAN)

This study aims to determine the reasons for not using rice straw in the rice field landscape of Mandikapau Barat Village, Banjar Regency. Landscape ecology data extracted from Google Maps. Types, rice production, farmer profiles, and knowledge of rice straw utilization were identified through interviews. The relationship between profile and reasons for not using rice straw was determined by bivariate analysis. Results showed that fragments’ shape is generally elongated (70%) and others hexagonal (30%). The corridor in dry rice fields is 40-50 cm narrow, while in wet rice fields, the embankment width is about 60-80 cm. The average ownership of rainfed rice fields was about ±3,917.6 m2. From nine rice field fragments observed, the average area was ±14,788.4 m2. The most widely grown local rice varieties are Siam Pandak Laut and Siam Cantik. The local rice production rate reached ±2.6 Ton Ha-1, while rice straw production was ±3.6 Ton Ha-1. Most respondents are women (76%), smallholders (80%), and aged 40-50 years (48%). Most respondents (84%) stated rice straw could not be used and had been passed down from generation to generation (64%). There was a relationship between gender and knowledge of straw utilization (p=0.036<0.050) and reasons for not using rice straw (p=0.021<0.050).

Kajian Ekologi Lanskap Sawah dan Pilihan Praktik Pengelolaan Jerami Padi di Desa Mandikapau Barat, Kabupaten Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan

This study purpose was to explore information on the rice field landscape ecology and rice straw management practices in Mandikapau Barat Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The rice field landscape ecological data was extracted from Google Maps. Types, rice production, farmer profiles and selection of rice straw utilization practices were known through interviews. Results showed that elongated fragments (70%) were common in paddy fields and the rest (30%) were hexagonal in shape. Corridors in dry rice fields are bunds with a width of 40-50 cm, while in wet rice fields the bunds are wider (60-80 cm). Farmer average ownership is ±3.917.6 m2. The most widely grown local rice varieties are Siam Pandak Laut (straw yellow lemma and palea, stem height ±145 cm) and Siam Cantik (golden yellow lemma and palea on straw yellow background, stem height ±160 cm). The level of local rice production reaches 1.5 – 3.1 Ton/Ha per growing season. Estimated production of rice straw is 2.1 – 4.4 Ton/Ha. Gender farmers are mostly women (76%), compared to only about 24% of men. The status of land ownership is smallholder farmers as much as 80%. The highest respondent's age (48%) is 40-50 years old and the least is over 50 years old (24%). Most of the farmers (84%) stated that they did not use rice straw, arguing that the practice had been passed down (64%). There is a relationship between gender and the practice of using straw (p=0.036<0.050) and reasons for not using rice straw (p=0.021<0.050).

Migration chronology and multi-scale habitat selection of wintering midcontinent greater white-fronted geese

Food resources are assumed to limit waterfowl populations in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, thus bioenergetic models are used for spatial allocation of food resources to provide adequate energy to support regional waterfowl population objectives. Changes in population abundance and distributions of midcontinent greater white-fronted geese Anser albifrons have implications for region-specific conservation planning of energetic resources for wintering waterfowl. This research aimed to quantify timing of arrival of greater white-fronted geese to wintering areas and quantify foraging behaviors. These data can help refine bioenergetics models and facilitate future waterfowl habitat planning efforts in the region. Bioenergetics models account for energetic demands of wintering geese by assuming they forage in flooded habitats 25% of the time across a 110-day winter planning period. Although this assumption has gone untested, our estimate of time spent foraging in flooded habitats (27.4% ± 5.8%) confirms the current model parameter of 25% of the time. However, we suggest that this is not the best parameter to use in bioenergetics models as greater white-fronted geese in our study foraged in dry habitats (72.6% ± 5.8%) more often than in flooded habitats. In addition, selection for rice fields in heavily weighted toward early winter (November; β = 2.85), and use declined 70% as winter progressed (February; β = 0.89), likely due to depletion of available rice grain, hunting pressure, and the physiological need to switch from a greater carbohydrate diet to a nitrogen-rich diet. In addition, white-fronted geese arrived to wintering areas earlier than current models accounted for with a mean arrival date of 30 October (± 2.5 days) to the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. We suggest early arrival to the wintering area and greater selection for dry rice fields during early winter indicates exploitative competition by white-fronted geese for shared food resources that may not be adequately accounted for in current bioenergetics models. We suggest current models underestimated energetic demands and the competitive nature of early migratory greater white-fronted geese.

Arahan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Berbasis Rendah Emisi Karbon Di Hulu Das Jeneberang

Jeneberang watershed is one of the watersheds in the MAMMINASATA area (Maros, Makassar, Sungguminasa and Takalar). The watershed, upstream, is now in a critical condition. This study aims to identify and map land use patterns, carbon stock emissions, both in the present condition and after rehabilitation condition. The data and information used in this research are Landsat 7 ETM+ in 2006 and 2010, the Jeneberang watershed boundary map, critical land map, forest area map, rainfall data, population data, and land capability class map. The method used is the interpretation of land use or land cover, biomass calculation, and analysis with REDD ABACUS. The results showed that land use was dominated by plantations and then followed by low density forest, agricultural dry land, rice fields, water bodies, plantation forests, vacant land, shrubs, settlements, high density forests, and savannas. The direction of land cover/land use that can increase carbon sequestration is the conversion of barren land, shrubs and savannas into plantation forests and agroforestry. Potential carbon stocks for plantations, dry land agriculture and rice fields will increase to 2.295.626,32 tons in 2026.

Analysis of Land Cover Changes On Rainwater Runoff In Ciapus Sub-Watershed

Ciapus Sub Watershed is part of the Cisadane watershed which passes through 3 (three) sub-districts in Bogor Regency, namely Dramaga District, Ciomas District, and Tamansari District. From 2011 to 2020 housing construction in Dramaga, Ciomas and Tamansari sub-districts increased. High enough rainfall and continuous land changes will result in water infiltration not functioning properly and will cause an increase in surface runoff. Therefore, it is necessary to know how much influence changes in land cover have on the runoff discharge of rainwater in the Ciapus sub-watershed. The purpose of this study was to identify changes in land cover in the Ciapus sub-watershed and to determine the magnitude of the increase in runoff due to changes in land cover in the Ciapus sub-watershed. The results of the analysis of the Ciapus sub-watershed have 8 types of land cover, namely water bodies, primary dry land forest, secondary dry land forest, gardens, dry land agriculture, mixed dry land agriculture, rice fields and settlements. The biggest change in land cover area between 2011 and 2020 is the increase in residential area of ​​2441.59 ha. Meanwhile, dry land agriculture experienced the largest reduction in area of ​​1288.68 ha. Based on the calculation of runoff discharge using the rational method, the amount of discharge that occurred in 2011 was 153.31 mm/second while in 2020 it was 214.99 mm/second

Changes in rice cultivation affect population trends of herons and egrets in Italy

The breeding populations of colonial herons, egrets and allied waterbirds in Northwestern Italy increased since 1972, when a long-term monitoring was initiated, up to the end of the 20° century. Populations of continental importance for some heron species were concentrated mostly in the district of intensive rice cultivation, where the paddies offered wide foraging opportunities. After 2000, new cultivation techniques caused a progressive reduction in paddy flooding. We found a significant relationship between the post-2000 decrease in the number of nests of the three most abundant species of waterbirds, Grey Heron, Little Egret and Black-crowned Night-heron, and the diminishing extent of paddy flooding estimated on satellite-derived images. On the other hand, outside the paddies district the same three species continued to increase or remained mostly stable. The recent agronomic changes in the paddies of Northwestern Italy compromise their role as surrogates of natural wetlands and their importance for environmental conservation. The spread of dry rice fields, and the consequent loss of their value for conservation of aquatic biodiversity, call for a revision of the regulations and incentives to farmers under the Common Agriculture Policy by the European Union and by local authorities. Return to early-submerged rice fields and adoption of environmental-friendly practices, such as the creation of compensatory wetlands, should become mandatory for rice to maintain its status as “green” crop.

Effective weed control by tank-mix application of post-sowing soil applied herbicides on dry direct-seeded rice fields in northern Kyushu

Effective weed control by tank-mix application of post-sowing soil applied herbicides on dry direct-seeded rice fields in northern Kyushu

Analisis Kavitasi pada Saluran Transisi dan Peluncur Pelimpah Bendungan Kluet – Model Fisik Skala 1:60

River Region of Baru-Kluet has a steep slope contour and high rainfall so that it is vulnerable to flooding while during the dry season rice fields experience drought due to lack of water. Therefore, a dam is built to mitigate these issues. The spillway is a flow-control component in the dam which is used to improve regulation and enlarge the flow rate that will cross the spillway building. Spillway that has a steep slope is vulnerable to hydraulic behavior called cavitation. The experiment was carried out at the River and Coast Laboratory of Syiah Kuala University, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the value of the damage cavitation index interval in each series and discharge variation. Cavitation index analysis method used formula of ratio between local water pressure and flow velocity. Flow velocity and pressure at each outflow discharge was collected from the experiment. The results of the damage cavitation index interval in the 0 series and the modified series are located at level 1 for the transition region, level 3 for the launcher region and level 2 for the launcher region of modified series. It is found that the change in series 0 to a modified series with extending width in the side channel, lowering the elevation of side channel, and displacement sill in the transition channel with the aim of reducing the flow velocity. This change still has the possibility of cavitation damage, but it is much safer than the cavitation results of the 0 series. High quality of materials or concrete are not recommended because they are expensive and economically unfeasible, therefore the use of slot aeration/aerator is a suitable option for this case. Keyword: Dam, spillway, cavitation, model test.

Assessment of land cover change over a period of five years in Deli Serdang, North Sumatra

Deli Serdang Regency is one of the districts in North Sumatra Province. Medan City is surrounded by Deli Serdang Regency. This study aimed to evaluate land cover changes that occurred during a period of five years (2014-2019) in Deli Serdang Regency by using a Geographical Information System (GIS). Changes in land cover are analyzed spatially using change detection available in the GIS application. Ground check is conducted to match the land cover type from the land cover map with actual conditions in the field. The land cover points taken in the field are taken using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The results showed that in a period of 5 years (2014-2019) there was a change in land use in Deli Serdang. The area of land use has increased, including: mangrove forest (5,176.57 ha to 5,645.23 ha), mining (211.93 ha to 387.47 ha), industry (2,944.64 ha to 3,316.39 ha), open land (726.12 ha to 1,063.57 ha), plantations (82,138.73 ha to 88,411.56 ha), settlements (20,537.91 ha to 21,347.85 ha), livestock (807.14 ha to 895.67 ha) and shrubs (3,761.61 ha to 3,013.33 ha). Areas of reduced land use include: dry land forest, mixed gardens, cultivation, rice fields, shrubs and ponds.

Synthesis of a novel anti-fog and high-transparent coating with high wear resistance inspired by dry rice fields

During the outbreak of COVID-19, the fogging of goggles was a fatal problem for doctors. At present, there are many ways to prevent fogging by adjusting surface wettability. However, the mechanical properties of most super-hydrophilic antifogging coatings are poor, easy to lose their antifogging properties when encountering fingers or cloth friction. To address this issue, the Konjac Glucomannan was cross-linked with water-soluble silicone fluid to form a binder, then being combined with the modified Ecokimera to prepare an eco-friendly super-hydrophilic coating that possessed excellent super-hydrophilicity, and the water contact angle (WCA) was 2.51 ± 1°. In addition, the WCA is still about 5° after 180 times of antifogging tests. The friction resistance of the coating was as high as 24 m. Moreover, the light transmittance was only reduced by 3%. Besides, they also had the excellent self-cleaning property. After being stored in the laboratory environment for 90 days, it can still maintain the hydrophilic property (WCA is about 5°). In general, the method proposed in this study is low-cost and eco-friendly, and can be widely used in the preparation of antifogging coatings.

PERUBAHAN PENUTUPAN LAHAN DI DAS TABUNIO, KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT, KALIMANTAN SELATAN

The objectives of this study are (1) analyzing the land cover class, (2) analyzing the changes of land cover area in Tabunio Watershed from 2000 to 2018 and (3) analyzing the land cover of Tabunio Watershed in 2018 which is included in the forest area. The data used are watershed boundary spatial data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Directorate of PDAS-HL, spatial data of land cover resulting from interpretation of landsat images from the Directorate of IPSDH Directorate General of Planning and Environmental Planning in 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015 and 2018 and spatial data on forest areas from the Ministry of Forestry. Classification of land cover class by the modification method from 23 classes to 11 classes namely Forest, Plantation Forest, Open Land, Mangrove, Plantation, Settlement, Dry Land Agriculture, Rice Fields, Shrubs, Pond and Water Bodies. Data processing through geographic information systems (GIS) software ArcGis 10 and Exel. This research method uses overlapping and descriptive analysis. Land Cover Conformity Test Results an accuracy rate of 91%. The results of the analysis of land cover change show that the plantation land cover class experienced the greatest rate of change during the period of 2000-2018 which increased by an area of 10.791,70 hectares (2.169,16%). The results of the analysis land cover of Tabunio Watershed in 2018 which is included in the forest area show that Dryland Agriculture covering 4.091.48 hectares (36.31%) is the largest land cover class found in all forest area functions.Keywords: Watershed; GIS; Land Closing Classes; Suitability of Land Closure; Change in Land Closure; Forest Area

Contested values and climate change mitigation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Contested values and climate change mitigation in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Growth and yield of five Indonesian new superior varieties of soybean in dry climate rainfed rice fields

Indonesian new superior varieties of soybean are continually released as an effort to increase soybean productivity. Some new superior varieties such as Devon 1, Dena 1, and Dega 1 were not widely known by the stakeholders. This research aims were to investigated the growth and yield of five Indonesian new superior varieties of soybean in the dry climate rice field. The experiment was conducted from March to July 2018 in Segala Anyar Village of Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The experimental design was used non-factorial randomized block design with the soybean varieties as treatments (Devon 1, Dena 1, Anjasmoro, Argomulyo, and Dega 1). Each treatment was repeated four times. The parameters observed included plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, number of sections, number of pods, and soybean production. Data were collected from 10 crop samples for each replication during vegetative phase 1 and 2. The results showed that the soybean varieties had a significant effect on plant height, number of branches, number of sections and production. The crop could not produce optimally during field experiment due to lack of water in the pod-filling phase. Generally, it could grow well and has ability to produce yield.

Influence of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on the growth and yield of Indonesian new superior variety of soybean in dry climate rice fields

The response of soybean crop to organic fertilizers has not been fully understood in Indonesia. This research aims to investigate the response of new superior variety of Anjasmoro soybean to phosphorus and organic fertilizers in the dry climate ricefields. The experiment was conducted in Sesela Village, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia from August - November 2015 using a randomized 2-factor design. The first factor was phosphorus fertilizer with 4 levels: 0 kg/ha, 36 kg/ha, 72 kg/ha and 108 kg/ha. The second factor was organic fertilizer with 4 levels of fertilizer dosage: 0 ton/ha, 2.5 tons/ha, 5 tons/ha and 7.5 tons/ha. Parameter observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of nodules, number of productive branches, number of pods, number of empty pods, dry weight, weight of 100 seeds, and production. The results showed that the optimum dose of organic fertilizer was 7.5 tons/ha with the highest number of pods of 100. This was confirmed by the regression value (R2) of 0.97 which indicates that organic fertilizer affects the increase in the number of pods in a quadratic. Phosphorus fertilizer has an effect on the number of empty pods, number of productive pods, number of pods, productivity and production of soybean.

Diversity of Insect Pest and Predator Species in Monsoon and Summer Rice Fields of Taungoo Environs, Myanmar

Paddy fields are natural and artificial wetland ecosystems that supply rice for the people and provide the wildlife especially insect diversity of different functional aspects. A total of 71 insect species belonging to 40 families under eight orders were observed during the study period. Among the 71 insect species, 18 species of beetles, nine species of bugs, eight species of dragonfly, five species of butterflies, four species of leafhoppers, plant hoppers and moths, three borer and spiders, two crickets, one species of skippers, grass hopper, hispa, ant, weevil, hairy caterpillar, leaf roller, katydid, thrips, maggot and water boatmen were recorded in the study sites. Total of 41 species of pests, 18 species of predators and 12 species of beneficial species (they function as pollinating the flowering plants in the paddy field wetland ecosystem) were recorded in the study sites. In the monsoon season, the 41 species of pest species, 18 species of predator species and 12 species of beneficial species were recorded from monsoon rice field. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.012564), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. In summer paddy fields, 36 species of pest species, 16 species of predator species and 9 species of beneficial species were recorded. Total arthropod insect species were recorded 61 species from the dry rice fields. According to Shannon Evenness value (H'/S = -0.000120), the data showed that the insect species recorded from the one habitat was not the similar to another. Population growth and duration of life cycle of insects is mainly dominated by the temperature, the duration of life cycle is shorter in the high temperature than in the low temperature.

Physiological, biochemical, and molecular screening of selected upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines from eastern India

BackgroundTen improved upland rice lines presently grown in dry upland rice field of Jharkhand, Odisha, and Bengal, the three most significant rice yielding states of eastern India, were screened under varying induced water stress to reveal their physiological and biochemical performance followed by rice microsatellite-based genotyping and detection of SNPs for a selected genetic loci (OsLEA3) associated with drought responses in higher plants.ResultsFor physiological screening changes in plant height and external appearance of mature plant particularly greenish appearance were considered. Quantitative estimation of six biochemical compounds (chlorophyll, carotenoids, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase), commonly associated with normal physiological processes of plants, showed variable response under induced water stress. Variety Vandana and CRdhan 40 were identified to be the most potent drought-avoiding genotypes, whereas variety Sneha and Kalinga III showed least degree of drought tolerance for the studied screening parameters under drought. In post stressed period, both the variety Vandana and CRdhan 40 showed best performance to recover by virtue of regular water supply for a month tenure. In SSR-based genotyping, RM3825 and RM242 showed highest degree of polymorphism, whereas RM321 was monomorphic across the selected rice lines. Genomic DNA of only four lines (Vandana, Anjali, CR dhan 40, and Sahabhagidhan) were amplified with the primer pairs designed from OsLEA3 gene sequence which resulted three distinct allelic forms. Vandana and CR Dhan 40 shared a common allele of mol. wt. 1173 bp size, whereas other two allelic forms were detected by Anjali and Sahbhagi of mol. wt. 1210 bp and 1036 bp respectively. A total number of 23 SNPs were detected for amplified sequence of OsLEA3 gene sequence in CR Dhan 40 of which 12 were transitions and 11 were transversions.ConclusionFrom this study, it could be concluded that var. CR Dhan 40, Vandana, and Sahabhagidhan performed better, both physiologically and biochemically under induced drought stress.

ANALISIS AMMI DENGAN RESPON GABUNGAN PADA UJI STABILITAS TANAMAN PADI GOGO DI KABUPATEN PACITAN

Gogo rice is one of the results of various rice cultivation development by planting in a dry land. Gogo rice is expected to give yield a better production of paddy in dry rice fields. The varieties Inpago 7, Inpago 8, Inpago 8 IPB, Inpago 9, Inpago 10, Situ Gintung, Situ Patenggang, Situ Bagendit, Gajah Mungkur, Slengreng TG, Slegreng GK, Srijaya, Towuti, Merah Wangi, dan Inpari 24 were used in this study. This study aims to identify the Gogo rice varieties that are stable and superior in six Pacitan Garden Experimental Plant locations based on a combined response using the AMMI method. The AMMI analysis combines an additive variety analysis as the main effects of treatment with multiple principle component analysis by bilinier modeling for interaction effect. This study used two combined responses, which described the plant productivity and the resistancy. The result of this study explained that some varieties, Inpago 8, Inpago 10, and Situ Patenggang, were stable varieties in all planting location based on the combined responses. According to productivity stability and plant resistancy superior gogo rice variety is Inpago 8 and Inpago 10.

ANALISIS AMMI DENGAN RESPON GABUNGAN PADA UJI STABILITAS TANAMAN PADI GOGO DI KABUPATEN PACITAN

Gogo rice is one of the results of various rice cultivation development by planting in a dry land. Gogo rice is expected to give yield a better production of paddy in dry rice fields. The varieties Inpago 7, Inpago 8, Inpago 8 IPB, Inpago 9, Inpago 10, Situ Gintung, Situ Patenggang, Situ Bagendit, Gajah Mungkur, Slengreng TG, Slegreng GK, Srijaya, Towuti, Merah Wangi, dan Inpari 24 were used in this study. This study aims to identify the Gogo rice varieties that are stable and superior in six Pacitan Garden Experimental Plant locations based on a combined response using the AMMI method. The AMMI analysis combines an additive variety analysis as the main effects of treatment with multiple principle component analysis by bilinier modeling for interaction effect. This study used two combined responses, which described the plant productivity and the resistancy. The result of this study explained that some varieties, Inpago 8, Inpago 10, and Situ Patenggang, were stable varieties in all planting location based on the combined responses. According to productivity stability and plant resistancy superior gogo rice variety is Inpago 8 and Inpago 10.