Dry Residue Research Articles

Intensification of Forage Production and Quality Parameters: A Review

India supports nearly 20 per cent of the world’s livestock population on just 2.2 per cent of the world’s geographical area. The fodder production in the country is not sufficient to meet the requirement of growing livestock population and country faces a net deficit of 61.1% in green fodder, 21.9% in dry crop residues and 64% in feeds. This puts a tremendous pressure to increase fodder and forage production to meet the diet demands of increasing livestock population. Intensification of fodder and forage can be done by increasing productivity per unit area that can be achieved by integration of fodder crops in the cropping systems as intercrops, round the year forage production and introduction of fodder and forage crops in tree crops as alley crops. In addition to the intensification, the quality parameters of forage are equally important to be stressed upon. Important components that determine forage quality include fats, carbohydrates, crude protein, percent dry matter, pH etc. Anti-Nutritional Factors (ANF) in plants reduce the intake or nutrient utilization and determines the extent of uing those plants a fodder for livestock. The presence of anti- nutritional components viz., nitrates, tannins, oxalates, mimosine, cyanogens, Saponins, BOAA ( Benzo-Oxalic Acetic Acid) limit the forage and fodder consumption. For the lean periods in which land may not be accessible for forage production, forage conservation is the best measure to meet the fodder demands. The forage conservation methods include hay making and silage making. These strategic measures will ensure food and nutritional security by supplying quality food and nutritional security by supplying quality fodder and forage for animals.

THE APPLICATION OF HYBRID PIGMENTS IN THE FORMATION OF A POLYMER-MINERAL COATING FOR LEATHER FINISHING

The paper is focused to the study of the physical and mechanical properties of a polymer-mineral coating based on hybrid pigments for leather finishing. The aim of this research is to study the effect of hybrid pigments based on montmorillonite on the formation of a polymer-mineral coating for leather finishing. Hybrid pigments obtained by complex modification of native montmorillonite with sodium carbonate and basic chromium (III) sulfate with further subsequent adsorption of anionic dyes on the cationic surface of the mineral particles were used for this research. A ready-made mixture of various structures film-formers, intended for the finishing of facial and polished leather was used as a film-former. For the leather finishing, coating paints were prepared in the form of polymer-mineral compositions by mixing hybrid pigments with a film-forming agent in the ratio, wt. part 1: 5. In this study it was calculated that montmorillonite consumption at the level of 1.5-2.0% in terms of the mass of montmorillonite from the mass of dry polymer residue was optimal for obtaining high physical and mechanical properties of polymer films for finishing leather. A mechanism for structuring the polymer matrix with a hybrid pigment was proposed. According to this mechanism the highly developed sorption surface of montmorillonite provided adsorption of the polymer and stabilized its structure with the formation of a mixed polymer-mineral composite. It was shown that the use of montmorillonite in the composition of hybrid pigment allowed to adjust the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer-mineral composition for leather finishing, provided an increase in strength and regulated the level of elasticity of the covering film, which ensured an increase in the operational properties of the leather coating.

Aspects of Standardization in the Juice of the Herbs <i>Alchemilla vulgaris</i>

Introduction. The features of the chemical composition and the identified pharmacological activities of substances from fresh raw materials of the Alchemilla vulgaris allow us to predict the prospects for the use of juice from the herb Alchemilla vulgaris in medical practice. The creation of drugs based on juices from fresh herb Alchemilla involves the development of methods for their standardization.Aim. To determine the methods of qualitative analysis for the identification and quantitative assessment of the main group of biologically active substances in Alchemilla vulgaris juice.Materials and methods. The herb Alchemilla vulgaris for juice production was harvested during the flowering period in various habitats. The qualitative composition of the phenolic compounds of the juice was studied by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The quantitative determination procedure was developed and validated on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer.Results and discussion. Paper chromatography (CP) in the juice revealed derivatives of cinnamic and phenolcarboxylic acids, a group of flavonoids with a predominance of flavones and flavonols, rutin was identified among the dominant ones. The TLC in the butanol : acetic acid : water system (4 : 1 : 2), we achieved optimal separation of substances and identified rutin, which was proposed as the main substance in juice standardization. Correspondence of the configuration of the differential spectrum of the complex of cuff juice flavonoids with aluminum chloride to the spectrum of a similar complex of rutin SS and the results of TLC give grounds to use rutin as a standard. The best option when choosing an aliquot for quantitative determination of reliable results showed the use of 0.2 ml of juice. The content of flavonoids in the studied juice samples ranged from 2.15 ± 0.24 % to 7.34 ± 0.16 %.Conclusion. TLC in the butanol-acetic acid-water system (4 : 1 : 2) can be used to authenticate the juice from the herb Alchemilla vulgaris. The parameters of the method of quantitative determination are developed taking into account the variation in the ratio of the water component and the dry residue in the juice. The method is valid and can be used to standardize juice from the herb Alchemilla vulgaris. The taxation of Alchemilla vulgaris juice samples showed the variability of the content of flavonoids in the juice depending on the growing conditions.

Sex‐dependent body mass and respiratory responses on Euschistus heros individuals resistant to imidacloprid

Abstract In insect‐resistant populations, adaptive fitness is intimately related to the physiological responses of males and females to different stressors. By using laboratory‐selected imidacloprid‐resistant individuals of the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros, one of the most prevalent pests in soybean fields in the Neotropical region, we evaluated whether resistance to imidacloprid (synergized by piperonyl butoxide—PBO) would differentially affect the longevity, body mass and respiratory responses of E. heros males and females. We used an imidacloprid‐susceptible E. heros strain (ImiSusc), whose individuals were reared under controlled and imidacloprid‐free conditions for over a decade, to select the PBO‐synergized imidacloprid‐resistant strain (ImiPBOSel). After eight generations using PBO‐synergized imidacloprid, our results revealed that resistant individuals exposed only to dry residues of imidacloprid (tarsal contact) could survive at concentrations as high as 168 μg a.i./cm2, which is equivalent to 40‐fold the label recommendation for field applications. Furthermore, ImiPBOSel males and females exhibited higher longevity, higher body mass and elevated respiratory activity than ImiSusc individuals. Altogether, the findings described here showed that imidacloprid resistance can select E. heros individuals with better metabolic capacities, which can complicate the management of this pest under field conditions.

Impact of Kara-Keche lignite mining on the Kara-Keche River water composition and properties

On the evidence of the earlier research findings, as well as the full-scale and lab-scale test data of 2019–2020, this article describes the ecological situation at Kara-Keche lignite field being developed by five mining companies in the Jumgal district of the Naryn Region in the Kyrgyz Republic. It is found that the field development proceeds with insufficient adherence to legal documents and has a considerable adverse influence on the environment and water bodies. Many large-volume refuse dumps have no isolation from natural water bodies, which ends with acute pollution of the latter. Contamination of local rivers exists both below the coal mining sites and above them, because of winnowing of coal dust. The river water has the increased pollution indexes—the coliform indexes are 55–70, even in winter, and in summer, these indexes reach a few thousands units. The solid residue, suspended matters, chemical oxygen demand as well as the carbonate and total hardnesses at the points below the major pollution sources as against the averaged values at the points located above the pollution sources have very high values: 14% for the chemical oxygen demand; 43 for the dry residue; 86 and 35 for the carbonate and total hardness, respectively; 108 % for the suspended matter. The concentrations of all macro elements–cations (and anions) grow at a relatively small distance (~5 km) below the major pollution sources: by 11.2 % for sodium; 22 % for potassium 42.2 % for calcium and 79.9 % for magnesium. The analyses revealed no one of 22 trace elements (Ag, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Ti, U, V, W, Zn) in the Kara-Keche river water, supposedly, because of low sensitivity of the spectrometer. The concentrations of some trace elements (aluminum and barium) are noticeably lower (almost by 2 times) below the major pollution sources. The concentrations of the other trace elements at the points below the major pollution sources are higher than the averaged values at the points above the pollution sources: by 2.2 % for silicon; by 28.3 % for iron; by 76 % for strontium and by 83.4 % for lithium.

Preliminary Study and Assessment of Drinking Water from Almaty, Kazakhstan

Drinking water samples from eight districts of Almaty, Kazakhstan was collected and physical and chemical analysis of the samples was carried out. Quality indicators of drinking water, such as organoleptic characteristics of water (smell, taste, color, and turbidity), general characteristics (pH, total hardness, permanganate demand, and dry residue), inorganic substances (cations and anions) and contaminants (heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbons) were determined, except pesticide residues which will be analyzed for further analysis with a wide range of pollutants. According to all indicators obtained for all districts of Almaty, the anthropogenic impact on drinking water in Almaty districts is assessed as low, not exceeding the permissible maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) values, and drinking water in Almaty corresponds to the approved standards and rules for drinking water of Kazakhstan. Despite of the fact that studied pollutants are below their MAC values, they still pose threat to public health due to their accumulative properties. The study of drinking water in the districts of Almaty made it possible to assess the ecological state in the studied districts of Almaty, as well as to propose recommendations for improving the quality of drinking water in areas where water quality indicators are closer to their MAC values.

Evaluation of the kinetics of direct aqueous mineral carbonation of wood combustion ash using modified shrinking core models.

The direct aqueous mineral carbonation of wood combustion ash (WCA), which is a representative high-calcium waste from combustion process, was systematically investigated by varying complex operating conditions, including reaction time, liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S), CO2 concentration, and particle size. The WCA exhibited high CO2 sequestration characteristics with an optimal carbonation efficiency of 76.4%, corresponding to a CO2 sequestration capacity of 0.314g CO2/g WCA. In addition to solid carbonates, dry residues from liquid products with high potassium contents are potential feedstocks for quality potash fertilizer. Modified shrinking core models based on diffusion-controlled mechanism were proposed to evaluate the carbonation process. The theoretical framework assumes a contracting interface mechanism where active CaO reacts with CO2 to form a product layer. The effective diffusion coefficient of CO2 through the product layer decreases over time, giving deficient carbonation efficiency. The newly proposed models corresponding to different geometrical dimensions provided more perfect fit to the experimental data when compared with the most commonly used kinetic equations. The low apparent activation energy of the carbonation reaction demonstrated the diffusion-controlled mechanism. This work is useful for improving the economics and feasibility of bioenergy carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology chain.

Cost Assessment of Utilizing Bagasse to Grow Sugarcane Based on Nutrient Availability

This new 7-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food and Resource Economics Department explores the potential of using bagasse, a dry and fibrous residue of sugarcane left after the sugar juice extraction, as a nutrient source to potentially reduce inorganic fertilizer inputs in the sugarcane production system. Information provided in this article will be useful to commercial sugarcane growers, crop consultants, and fertilizer manufacturers in helping them explore alternative fertilizer options. This paper provides important and timely information for the target audiences, considering the recent, rapid rise in fertilizer prices. Written by Jehangir H. Bhadha, Nan Xu, Naba R. Amgain, Abul Rabbany, Trent D. Blare, Fredy H. Ballen, and Stewart Swanson.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe1121

Influence of individual and subpopulation factors on the concentration of major and trace elements in saliva

BACKGROUND: The determination of the major and trace element composition of saliva could be a promising approach for non-invasive health monitoring. Such investigations are constrained, nevertheless, by the potential impact of several variables on the concentration of the elements.
 AIM: To study the influence of individual and subpopulation factors of donors on the concentration of some major and trace elements in saliva.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of the determination of elements concentration (Ag, Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Pb, Si, Ti, Zn) in the whole saliva of 60 donors by direct (without digestion) analysis by arc atomic emission spectrometry using the dry residue technique are presented.
 RESULTS: Distribution of concentrations in the sample for Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Si, Ti, and Zn showed a lognormal law; thus, the geometric mean or median is preferable as an indicator reflecting the average value. The distribution of Ca and P concentrations obeys the normal law. The concentration of Si and Ti is lower in the saliva of young men compared with women; the opposite pattern is observed for Mn. The mean Ag concentration in saliva is higher in the group of smokers than in non-smokers. Increase in the number of teeth affected by caries was correlated with an increase in concentrations of Cu, Al, and Zn in the saliva. For several analytes, interelement correlations were revealed, in particular, between the concentrations of Ca and P.
 CONCLUSION: The study of such factors of influence enables clinicians to determine the normal concentration ranges of major and trace elements in each specific clinical case with greater accuracy.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF MEBENDAZOLE AND ITS METABOLITES IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES USING HPLC/ DAD

This manuscript presents the results of developed method is intended for clinical and pharmaceutical studies of veterinary drugs based on the active substances mebendazole and its main metabolites: mebendazole amin and mebendazole hydroxide in sheep muscles and liver. Tissue samples were made alkaline with sodium carbonate, extracted twice with acetonitrile and degreased with hexane. The extracts are further purified using a series of liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. After concentration and drying, the dry residue was recovered in the mobile phase. Separation was performed on an inverted phase Kinetex EVO С18 column using acetonitrile and phosphate buffer as the mobile phase. The gradient mode of eluents was used during 10 min at a flow rate of 1,5 ml/min. The peak retention time of a mebendazole is 3,4 min, mebendazole hydroxide is 4,1 min, and the retention time of mebendazole amin peak is 6,1 min. The specificity of the analytical method was checked by comparing the chromatographic separation of a sample of muscle tissue and liver enriched with a standard solution of a mixture of mebendazole and its main metabolites at the level of MDR and a sample of muscle tissue and liver placebo. The procedure of sample preparation of fortified tissues to construct calibration graphs is described in the manuscript. The validation parameters of the method “recovery” and “coefficient of variation” were considered in accordance with the criteria of Council Directive 2002/657/EC. The mean recovery from fortified muscle tissue in the range of 40.0-60.0 μg/kg mebendazole and its metabolites was 98 %. The average extraction of the studied analytes from the loaded liver in the range of 200.0 - 600.0 μg/kg was 100 %. The average coefficient of variation for each compound was ≤ 10 %.
 The method is linear in the concentration range of 5 – 100.0 μg/kg of each analyte in muscles and 50,0 – 800,0 μg/kg in liver. The results obtained in the study of the linearity of this technique were used to estimate the correctness and convergence. The accuracy of the measurements was evaluated by examining the known amounts of analytes added to the control muscle tissue. Recovery data are acceptable because they are within ± 10% of the target value. The method has sufficient convergence (accuracy). The evaluation of the intermediate accuracy of mebendazole and its main metabolites was assessed on three different days of analysis. The average CV for each compound was <10 %. Selectivity and high sensitivity are the main advantages of the developed technique. The developed HPLC/DMD method can be used to study the deficiency of mebendazole and its metabolites.

Plasma Electrolytic Coatings Obtained on VT1-0 Titanium at Short Treatment Duration

A possibility of obtaining thin continuous plasma-electrolyte protective oxide coatings on VT1-0 titanium in a nickel sulfate alkaline electrolyte without the addition of silicates in the sparking mode was studied. The elemental composition and the microstructure of coatings manufactured via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) both on the substrate and after the destruction of the coating in 25% sulfuric acid were studied. As a result of the research, a possibility of forming thin (1 μm – 7 μm) continuous PEO coatings, with a treatment duration of 3–10 min, respectively, was established. The introduction of additives (for example, nickel sulfate) into the electrolyte is effective when the duration of PEO is more than 10 min. It was supposed that nickel was incorporated into the coating mainly due to the action of plasma microarcs. The limited corrosion resistance of the resulting coatings in aggressive media was noted. An analysis of the elemental composition of the dry residue of the coating after destruction in a 25% sulfuric acid solution gives grounds to as-sume the electrochemical nature of the corrosion destruction of such coatings.

Performance, metabolism, and meat quality of broilers fed dry brewery residue.

A study was conducted to assess the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and their respective coefficients of dry brewery residue (DBR) for broilers. A second study was conducted to evaluate the increasing inclusions of DBR in broiler diets and its effects on growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and meat quality. In the first trial (metabolism assay), a total of 250 male broilers were assigned to 5 diets (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400g DBR/kg) composed by 5 replications with 10 animals per cage in a completely randomized design in the period from days 11 to 21. There was an increasing linear effect for AME, AMEn, metabolizable coefficient of gross energy (MCGE), and MCGE corrected for N (MCGEn). In the second experiment, a total of 840 one-day-old male broiler chickens were assigned to 6 treatments (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100g DBR/kg) with 7 replications and 20 animals per pen, from days 0 to 42. Growth performance was determined at days 21 and 42. There was an increasing linear effect for weight gain in the period from days 0 to 21 and for feed intake from days 0 to 42. A linear decreasing effect was observed at day 21 for cholesterol and quadratic effect for uric acid (UA), aspartate aminotransferase, and albumin. At day 42, there was a quadratic effect for UA and creatinine. At day 21, an increasing linear effect was observed for protein deposition rate. In conclusion, the inclusion of DBR up to 100g/kg improved WG in the starter phase and did not negatively affect the productive parameters of broilers from days 0 to 42.

One-step natural pyrite-assisted mechanochemical detoxification of Cr(VI) in soda ash Chromite Ore Processing Residue: Effectiveness, mechanisms, and life cycle analysis

Traditional wet and dry Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR) detoxification methods consume acid for pH adjustment and produce greenhouse gasses (CO2), yielding potential secondary pollution. It is imperative to develop an environmentally-friendly, efficient, and effective method for COPR treatment. This study reported the one-step natural pyrite-assisted mechanochemical detoxification of Cr(VI) in COPR. Under optimal conditions (i.e., the pyrite/COPR mass ratio of 5% and mechanochemical treatment at 600 rev./min for 2.5 h), Cr(VI) in COPR was efficiently reduced and immobilized, and the leaching concentration of total Cr met the regulatory limit of 5 mg/L. The X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis further verified that the Cr(VI) in treated COPR was 100% reduced to Cr(III). Potential mechanism could be that the enclosed non-exchangeable Cr(VI) in the chromite matrix was exposed to the COPR particle surface under the mechanical action; then, the redox reaction between pyrite and Cr(VI) were induced and enhanced through accumulated crystal defects and generated new surfaces with dangling bonds under mechanical forces. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results highlight that the high energy input is the major contributor eliciting environmental impacts for this current technology. More efficient and cleaner energy supplies should be sought alternatively to overcome the overall sustainability.

The Effects of Winter Cover Crops on Maize Yield and Crop Performance in Semiarid Conditions—Artificial Neural Network Approach

Maize is the most widespread and, along with wheat, the most important staple crop in the Republic of Serbia, which is of great significance for ensuring national food security. With the increasing demand for food and forage, intensive agricultural practices have been adopted in the maize production systems. In this direction, considerable research efforts have been made to examine the effects of different types of cover crops as a green manure on maize productivity; however, no consistent conclusions have been reached so far. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to examine the possibility of predicting the effects of winter cover crops (CC) integrated with different management practices on the morphological traits, yield, and yield components of maize. The experiment was carried out on chernozem soil from 2016 to 2020 as a randomized complete block design arranged as a split-split-plot with three replicates. The pea as a sole crop (P) and the mixture of pea and triticale (PT) are sown as winter CC with the following subplots: (i) CC used as green manure, and (ii) CC used as forage and removed before maize sowing. The artificial neural network is used for exploring nonlinear functions of the tested parameters and 13 categorical input variables for modeling according to the following factors: CC, way of using CC, N fertilization, and year. The computed maximums of plant height, number of leaves, number of internodes, plant density, number of ears, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, hectolitre weight, dry matter harvest residue, harvest index, leaves percentage, stems percentage, and ears percentage are as follows: 232.3 cm; 9.7; 10.2; 54,340 plants ha−1; 0.9; 9.8 t ha−1; 272.4 g; 67.0 kg HL−1; 9.2 t ha−1; 0.52; 18.9%; 36.0%, and 45.1%, respectively. The optimal result is obtained with peas used as green manure, with 50 kg N ha−1 and in the climatic conditions of 2018. Consequently, maize production under subsequent sowing periods can be successfully optimized by adapting selected management options for higher yield accomplishment.

Detection and discrimination of sedative-hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics.

Drugs-facilitated crimes (DFCs) involve the incapacitation of victims under the influence of drugs. Conventionally, a drug administration act is often determined through the examination of biological samples; however, dry residues from any surface, such as drinking glass if related to a DFC could be a potential source of evidence. This study was aimed to establish an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the determination of spiked sedative-hypnotics from dry residues of a drug-spiked beverage. In this study, four sedative-hypnotics, namely diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine were examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ATR-FTIR profiles were compared and decomposed by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for their detection and discrimination. Visual comparison of ATR-FTIR profiles revealed distinct spectra among the tested drugs. An initial unsupervised exploratory PCA model indicated the separation of four main sedative-hypnotics clusters, and the proposed PCA score-LDA model had allowed for a 100% accurate classification. Discrimination of sedative-hypnotics from a dry beverage previously spiked with these drugs was also possible upon an additional extraction procedure. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR coupled with PCA score-LDA model was useful in detecting and discriminating sedative-hypnotics, including those that had been previously spiked into a beverage.

Peculiarities of physico-chemical condition of uterine vaginal mucus during estral cycle

The primary aim of the work was to study the peculiarities of the influence of endogenous factors (products of inflammatory processes occurring in the tissues of female genitals) in the biological system of type “environment (uterine-vaginal mucus) – substance (water, organic and inorganic substances)” on the indicators of mass (g, mg) of its components. The results of the experiments indicate that their harmful effect changes the color and density of mucus released during estrus (UVM); reduces the parameters of the mass content of H2O and inorganic substances (IS), but increases – organic (OS). Under these circumstances, the distribution of the parameters of the mass of the components of the dry residue (DR, dried at 105 oC) of UVM of cows of the experimental group is presented in a row where the mass of ОS1 (burn at 520–530 oC) ˃IS ˃ОS2 (burn at 650 оС), but for control is another as well as mass of IS˃ОS1˃ОS2. This means that the harmful effects of inflammatory products on the genital tissues of females negatively affect the distribution of the mass of OS and IS in the system “environment-substance”.

The effect of the feed additive "Relikt A®" on the blood and milk parameters of newborn cows

This work is devoted to the study of the effect of the 4% feed additive "Relikt A®", which includes a complex of humic substances, on the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, the physico-chemical composition of milk, namely, the content of milk protein, fat (their ratio), dry fat-free milk residue, density, acidity and conductivity. As a result of the studies on the 30th day, it was found that with the introduction of a 4% feed additive "Relict A®" into the diet at a dose of 200 mg/kg of live weight, the total protein in the blood serum of the experimental group exceeded the control values by 12,06% (pЈ0,01**), albumin - by 7,86% (рЈ0,05*), globulins - by 14,87% (рЈ0,01**), urea - by 21,33% (рЈ0,05*), calcium - by 17,41% (pЈ0.05*), calcium to phosphorus ratio - by 42,97% (pЈ0,001***), magnesium - by 8,14% relative to control values. According to the physicochemical analysis of milk after 14 days of the experiment, it was noted that the milk protein in the experimental group is higher than the control values by 8,00% (pЈ0,05*), the ratio of fat to protein is lower by 31,90% (pЈ0,05*). On the 30th day of the experiment, it was noted that the milk protein of the experimental group of animals is higher than the control ones by 8,36% (pЈ0,05*), SOMO (dry skimmed milk residue) - by 8,39% (pЈ0,05*), acidity is lower by 11,35% (рЈ0,01**). The introduction of the "Relikt A®" feed additive into the diet at a dose of 200 mg/kg optimizes the biochemical processes of the body of cows in the early period after calving, reduces the risk of ketosis and hypocalcaemia, and ensures the absorption of dietary nutrients, which is expressed in the corresponding physicochemical parameters of milk.

EVALUATION OF THE WATER QUALITY OF ALGERIEN DAMS

This study aims to give an overview of the water quality of forty dams located in the west and eastof Algeria. It included a Physico-chemical characterization to highlight many factors that play arole in determining the quality of these waters such as: pH, Dissolved oxygen (O2), Nitrate (NO3),Nitrite (NO2), Phosphates (PO4), Organic matter (OM), Dry residue (DR), Biochemical OxygenDemand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The waters of the western dams have veryhigh dry residues, which could be linked to the terrain crossed and the high erodibility of the soilsin these regions. The highest level of nitrate (10 mg/l) was recorded in the BaniBahdel dam in thewest and similarly high values of BOD5 and COD, which show another indicator of water qualitydeterioration water at the dams in the western region. The application of statistical methods,Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) made it possibleto give a classification to these dams according to the degree of water contamination. The resultsplaced the western dams in the medium to very high pollution category. The eastern dams seemless affected by pollution.

Essential Oils as a Source of Ecofriendly Insecticides for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Their Potential Non-Target Effects.

The spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is one of the main invasive pests of small fruits in the world. Thus, 19 essential oils (EOs) were selected to analyze the effects through toxicity and repellency on oviposition and D. suzukii adults. In addition, their lethal and sublethal effects on the pupal endoparasitoid Trichopria anastrephae were evaluated. The EOs of C. flexuosus and Mentha spp. had the highest toxicity observed in the topical application bioassay for D. suzukii. In contrast, the EOs of C. verum, C. citratus QT citratus, and C. winterianus showed the highest toxicity in the ingestion bioassay for D. suzukii. The dry residues of C. verum and C. citratus QT citratus reduced the oviposition of D. suzukii. In the repellency bioassays, the 19 EOs analyzed repelled ≅ 90% of the D. suzukii females. All EOs evaluated using the LC90 values of the products provided mortality of less than 20% of T. anastrephae adults and did not cause a reduction in the parasitism of surviving T. anastrephae females. We conclude that the EOs evaluated have the potential to be used in the management of D. suzukii. They can also serve as selective active ingredients for the formulation and synthesis of new biopesticides.

FUZZY ESTIMATION PROCEDURE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE COMPONENTS OF A SULFURIC ACID PICKLING SOLUTION

The article is devoted to the issue of determining the level of concentration of individual components of working solutions. The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that some impurities in solutions (for example, when pickling steel) cannot be measured automatically, which reduces the efficiency of the process and increases the load on the solution regeneration section. Also, impurities are hazardous waste for the environment and humans.
 The development of a method for the operational control of the composition of the pickling solution components in pickling baths is the main task of the work. A detailed substantiation of the choice of the mathematical apparatus of the method is given. The process of fuzzy identification of the composition of the components is carried out by the number of pixels with certain digital color RGB codes from digital images of the control doses of the solution. A set of technical means for providing the method for practical implementation in the technological process is described. A prototype of a graphical user interface (GUI) for the proposed method for identifying the composition of technological liquid solutions, developed in the Processing 3.0 integrated environment using applications from the Open Source Computer Vision Library, is presented.
 A technique for extracting experimental data for filling the base of a fuzzy classifier with model reference points is proposed. Its essence lies in simultaneous measurements of the concentration of the components of the pickling solution by classical methods of titration and dry residues and the proposed method with a step equal to the regulated accuracy. The results of approbation of the proposed method are presented.
 The presented technique for obtaining a fuzzy classifier can be used to develop IT tools for the operational control of the composition of various liquid solutions with opaque colored components and color identification of defects in various flat surfaces, provided that they are color distinguishable and determine the boundaries of RGB - intervals for assessing the color of individual component (defects).