Dry Reforming Of Methane Research Articles

Chemical looping-based catalytic CH4 decomposition and successive coke gasification with CO2 on ordered mesoporous NiMCeOx (M = Co, Zr, La)

Highly ordered mesoporous NiLaCeOx mixed metal oxides were investigated as effective catalysts for the chemical looping-based dry reforming of methane (CH4) with carbon dioxide (CO2) (CL-DRM). This catalyst exhibited an excellent catalytic activity and stability in the decomposition of CH4 to form H2 with surface carbons subsequently activated by CO2 via reverse Boudouard reaction to form CO. Among the NiMCeOx catalysts with various promoter (M = Co, Zr, or La), the optimal NiLaCeOx catalyst preserved its original highly ordered mesoporous structures, leading to the higher dispersion of smaller Ni nanoparticles. This was attributed to the stronger Ni-Ce interactions facilitated by the La2O3 metal oxide promoter. The NiLaCeOx demonstrated a higher rate of H2 formation and successive CO production in the CL-DRM reaction, resulting in a H2/CO ratio above 1.0. Additionally, the NiLaCeOx catalyst exhibited superior structural stability over 5 cyclic CL-DRM reactions for CH4 decomposition (>85 %) and CO2 activation (>45 %), with minimal deposition of cokes.

Interfacial Metal-Support Interaction and Catalytic Performance of Perovskite LaCrO3-Supported Ru Catalyst.

Interfacial metal-support interaction (MSI) significantly affects the dispersion of active metals on the surface of the catalyst support and impacts catalyst performance. Understanding MSI is crucial for developing highly active and stable catalysts with a low metal loading, particularly for noble metal catalysts. In this work, we synthesized LaRuxCr1-xO3 catalysts with low Ru loading (x = 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02) using the sol-gel self-combustion method. We found that all of the Ru atoms immediately above or below the metal-support interface are closely bonded to the perovskite LaCrO3 surface lattice through Ru-O bonds, enhancing the MSI via interfacial reaction and charge transfer mechanisms. We identified a variety of Ru species, including small 3D Ru nanoparticles, 2D dispersed Ru surface atoms, and even 0D Ru single atoms. These highly dispersed Ru species exhibit high activity and stability under dry reforming of methane (DRM) conditions. The LaRu0.01Cr0.99O3 catalyst with very low Ru loading (0.42 wt %) was stable over a 50 h DRM test and the carbon deposition was negligible. The CH4 and CO2 conversions at 750 °C reached 83 and 86%, respectively, approaching the theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium values.

Local Structures of Ex-Solved Nanoparticles Identified by Machine-Learned Potentials.

In this study, we identify the local structures of ex-solved nanoparticles using machine-learned potentials (MLPs). We develop a method for training machine-learned potentials by sampling local structures of heterointerface configurations as a training set with its efficacy tested on the Ni/MgO system, illustrating that the error in interface energy is only 0.004 eV/Å2. Using the developed scheme, we train an MLP for the Ni/La0.5Ca0.5TiO3 ex-solution system and identify the local structures for both exo- and endo-type particles. The established model aligns well with the experimental observations, accurately predicting a nucleation size of 0.45 nm. Lastly, the density functional theory calculations on the established atomistic model verify that the kinetic barrier for the dry reforming of methane are substantially reduced by 0.49 eV on the ex-solved catalysts compared to that on the impregnated catalysts. Our findings offer insights into the local structures, growth mechanisms, and underlying origin of the catalytic properties of ex-solved nanoparticles.

Tailored SrFeO3-δ for chemical looping dry reforming of methane

Chemical looping dry reforming of methane (CL-DRM) is a highly efficient process that converts two major greenhouse gases (CH4 and CO2) into syngas ready for the feedstock of liquid fuel production. One of the major obstacles facing this technology now is creating oxygen carriers that are stable and reactive. We fabricated high-performance Sr0.98Fe0.7Co0.3O3-δ perovskite-structured oxygen carrier by combining A-site defects and B-site doping of SrFeO3-δ. During isothermal CL-DRM tests at 850 °C, Sr0.98Fe0.7Co0.3O3-δ achieved 87% CH4 conversion and 94% CO selectivity in the CH4 partial oxidation reaction, followed by a syngas yield of 8.5 mmol/g, and CO yield of 4.2 mmol/g in CO2 decomposition. A-site defect engineering of the perovskite creates abundant oxygen vacancies and enhances oxygen storage capacity (OSC). Co-doping of the B-site of Sr0.98FeO3-δ increases oxygen mobility and CH4/CO2 activation, resulting in high activity in the CL-DRM process. This methodology resulted in high ionic mobility and facilitated the rapid diffusion of oxygen in the bulk phase, thereby increasing the redox properties of SrFeO3-δ. The oxygen carrier exhibits excellent structural stability and regeneration ability in successive redox cycles. This strategy offers a simple but very effective pathway to tailor OSC, oxygen mobility, and oxygen vacancies of perovskite-structured materials for chemical looping or redox-involved processes.

Performance assessment of a novel porous catalytic reactor with a hydrogen-selective membrane for enhanced methane dry reforming process – CFD investigation

This manuscript offers a thorough examination of the efficiency of a reactor-assisted membrane system for the production of syngas through a process of methane dry reforming (DRM). The proposed strategy aims to bring attention to the optimization of the DRM and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reactions, towards achieving increased conversions of methane and carbon dioxide, as well as increased purity in syngas production. This goal will be accomplished by integrating a selectively permeable membrane within the central region of the tubular catalytic porous bed reactor. The primary objective of the current research is to quantitatively assess the impact of operational parameters on both the hydrogen flux and concentration distribution of the various components residing in the reactor. This study highlights the impact of inlet feed pressure on hydrogen flux. It is found that an elevation in the inlet feed pressure from 1 to 4 bar yields an average increase in hydrogen flux from 2.60 to 4.21 kg/(m2.h), particularly when the inlet feed pressure is set at 2 bar. However, a subsequent increase to attain a pressure of 4 bar results in a decline in hydrogen flux to a rate of 2.78 kg/(m2.h). Moreover, increasing the inlet feed temperature from 900 to 1100 K leads to a substantial augmentation in the average hydrogen flux, from 7.08 to 8.56 kg/(m2.h), while maintaining a reactor wall temperature of 1000 K. As another finding, a molar ratio of CH4/CO2 of 1 leads to the greatest mean hydrogen flux of 4.73 kg/(m2.h) across the membrane interface. The current research work could provide useful tips/guidelines for efficient reactor design and optimization; it also enhances comprehension of reactor-assisted membrane systems in the context of syngas production.

Importance of plasma discharge characteristics in plasma catalysis: Dry reforming of methane vs. ammonia synthesis

Plasma catalysis is a rapidly growing field, often employing a packed-bed dielectric barrier discharge plasma reactor. Such dielectric barrier discharges are complex, especially when a packing material (e.g., a catalyst) is introduced in the discharge volume. Catalysts are known to affect the plasma discharge, though the underlying mechanisms influencing the plasma physics are not fully understood. Moreover, the effect of the catalysts on the plasma discharge and its subsequent effect on the overall performance is often overlooked. In this work, we deliberately design and synthesize catalysts to affect the plasma discharge in different ways. These Ni or Co alumina-based catalysts are used in plasma-catalytic dry reforming of methane and ammonia synthesis. Our work shows that introducing a metal to the dielectric packing can affect the plasma discharge, and that the distribution of the metal is crucial in this regard. Further, the altered discharge can greatly influence the overall performance. In an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge reactor, this apparently more uniform plasma yields a significantly better performance for ammonia synthesis compared to the more conventional filamentary discharge, while it underperforms in dry reforming of methane. This study stresses the importance of analyzing the plasma discharge in plasma catalysis experiments. We hope this work encourages a more critical view on the plasma discharge characteristics when studying various catalysts in a plasma reactor.

Improving the anti-coking ability in the Ni-M(M = Ce, Zr, Co)@SiO2 yolk-shell catalysts for dry reforming of methane

Dry methane reforming (DRM) represents a highly promising approach to greenhouse gas conversion (CO2 and CH4) to valuable byproducts. However, severe carbon deposition and catalyst deactivation inhibit large-scale applications. The work designed new catalysts with a yolk-shell structure using the water-in-oil microemulsion method. The catalysts were composed of a yolk-shell structure, with Ni-M as the active point and silica as the shell. The catalytic performance evaluation indicates that the Ni-M @SiO2 catalysts show higher CH4 and CO2 conversion compared with the Ni@SiO2 and conventional catalysts at 750 ℃, suggesting the yolk-shell structure and added M species enhance the DRM activity. The XRD, HRTEM, XPS, BET, H2-TPR, and CO2-TPD analysis confirmed the existence of yolk-shell configuration and evident electronic effect among Ni, M species, and SiO2. The long term measurements indicate that the added M species also bring higher carbon deposition tolerance for DRM, where Ni-Ce@SiO2 and Ni-Zr@SiO2 exhibit good structural and catalytic stability for DRM over 100 h. Through XRD, TEM, and TGA characterizations of the exhausted catalysts, it is determined that the coke deposition resistance of the catalyst is improved as a result of increased oxygen mobility and enhanced Ni dispersion on the catalytic surface, both of which are enhanced by the added Ce species. The structural analysis of the spent catalysts indicates that the tolerance of carbon deposition is improved by the yolk-shell samples. This study can offer valuable insights for the development of Ni-based catalysts with exceptional carbon deposition capability for DRM.

Establishment of light‐dependent photo‐thermal kinetic model for methane dry reforming and performance optimization in a cavity reactor

AbstractSolar methane dry reforming (MDR) reaction is a highly promising technology for long‐term energy storage due to its eco‐friendly nature and high‐value‐added product. Numerous present works mainly focused on the photo‐thermal catalysts, few of them discussed photo‐thermal coupled kinetics. Therefore, this article proposed a light‐dependent kinetic model for MDR. In the model, not only the effect of temperature and species concentration were included, but also the radiation was considered, which is different from the conventional kinetic model. Solar radiation is divided into thermal‐effect and light‐promoted‐effect part and coupled with the heat and mass transportation and chemical reaction. The average relative error of established model is only 0.97% under dark condition, and 13.2% under light condition. Then, the impacts of operating condition in a cavity reactor were investigated by established coupled optical‐photo‐thermal dynamics–computational fluid dynamic model to improve the efficiency of chemical conversion. The results show that when GHSV is 48.21 h−1, light increased the reaction rate by 1.59 times and thermochemical energy storage efficiency by 18.5%. When CH4/CO2 = 1, the formation rates of syngas and thermochemical energy storage efficiency are the highest. This work provides a highly coupled photo‐thermal kinetic model and a method for modeling and condition optimization.

Dry reforming of methane over Ni–Mg–Al and Ni–Ca–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalysts: effects of synthesis route and Ru incorporation

Abstract Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalytic materials were synthesized following impregnation and co-precipitation routes, and their catalytic performances were compared in the dry-reforming reaction of methane. The effects of Ru impregnation on the catalytic performance of Ni-incorporated Mg–Al were also investigated. Results showed that the catalytic performance of the Ni-incorporated Mg–Al type catalyst (NiMgAlO), which was prepared by the co-precipitation route, was highly stable during dry-reforming reaction tests performed at 600 °C, extending up to 24 h. The fractional conversion of CO2 (0.42) was higher than the fractional conversion of CH4 (0.29) due to the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction. However, the contribution of the reverse water gas shift reaction to the product distribution was much less with the catalyst prepared following the impregnation route (Ni@MgAlO). This difference was shown to be mainly due to the state of the nickel in the catalyst structures. Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type hydrotalcite-like catalyst (Ni@CaAlO) was also synthesized and tested in dry reforming of methane. Results obtained with the Ni-impregnated Ca–Al type catalyst showed some changes in its structure and the formation of some CaCO3 during the dry reforming reaction. The comparison of the performances of Ni-impregnated Mg–Al and Ca–Al type catalysts showed a higher amount of coke on the surface of Ni@CaAlO than Ni@MgAlO. It was also concluded that significant coke minimization and highly stable catalytic performance could be achieved by the impregnation of 1 % Ru to the NiMgAlO catalyst. The amount of coke deposited on the catalyst decreased from about 30 % to less than 5 %, by Ru impregnation. The decrease of the surface area of the Ru-impregnated catalyst was also only about 3 % after 240 min of reaction time.

Insight into the role of lanthanide metal oxides on the carbon deposition resistance of Ni/MSS catalysts for dry reforming of methane

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) can well convert CO2 and CH4 into syngas to further synthesize valuable chemicals, thereby realizing the resource utilization of greenhouse gases. However, the sintering and carbon deposition vulnerabilities of Ni-based dry reforming catalysts prevent them from being commercialized. The ethylene glycol impregnation method was used in this study to create a group of Ni/MSS catalysts added with lanthanide metal oxides (CeO2、La2O3、Sm2O3、Nd2O3). A range of characterization techniques were employed to examine the impact on the resistance to carbon deposition and sintering. Studies have shown that lanthanide metal oxides enhance the metal support interaction, promote active metal Ni dispersion and reduce Ni particle size. Meanwhile, the catalyst's alkali strength and basic site count both rise, and a large number of surface oxygen vacancies are produced, among which CeO2 has the most obvious effect. As a result, the catalyst's activity and resistance to carbon deposition and sintering are greatly increased, while also inhibiting the degree of graphitization of carbon deposition. According to the kinetic studies, the catalyst containing lanthanide metal oxides had an apparent activation energy for CH4 and CO2 that was lower than the Ni/MSS catalyst.

Highly Efficient and Selective Light-Driven Dry Reforming of Methane by a Carbon Exchange Mechanism.

Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is a promising technique for converting greenhouse gases (namely, CH4 and CO2) into syngas. However, traditional thermocatalytic processes require high temperatures and suffer from low selectivity and coke-induced instability. Here, we report high-entropy alloys loaded on SrTiO3 as highly efficient and coke-resistant catalysts for light-driven DRM without a secondary source of heating. This process involves carbon exchange between reactants (i.e., CO2 and CH4) and oxygen exchange between CO2 and the lattice oxygen of supports, during which CO and H2 are gradually produced and released. Such a mechanism deeply suppresses the undesired side reactions such as reverse water-gas shift reaction and methane deep dissociation. Impressively, the optimized CoNiRuRhPd/SrTiO3 catalyst achieves ultrahigh activity (15.6/16.0 mol gmetal-1 h-1 for H2/CO production), long-term stability (∼150 h), and remarkable selectivity (∼0.96). This work opens a new avenue for future energy-efficient industrial applications.

Anti-coking Ni-La2O3/SiO2 catalyst prepared by using a glycine-assisted impregnation method for low-temperature dry reforming of methane

Abstract The development of efficient Ni-based catalysts for low-temperature (≤600 °C) dry reforming of methane remains a challenge because of their susceptibility to carbon deposition. Herein, we report a Ni-La2O3/SiO2 catalyst prepared by using the glycine-assisted impregnation method. Small Ni nanoparticles were confined by La2O3 on the SiO2 support in the catalyst, which exhibited remarkable resistance to carbon deposition for the dry reforming of methane at 600 °C.

MOFs-derived Ni@ZrO2 catalyst for dry reforming of methane: Tunable metal-support interaction

Metal-support interaction (MSI) plays an important role in heterogeneous catalysis, that could be well regulated by many strategies. Here, Ni@ZrO2 catalysts were controllably synthesized by sacrificial Zr-MOFs template strategy, and were applied to the dry reforming of methane (DRM). Amongst, the Ni/ZrO2-B catalyst shows the best performance toward CH4 and CO2 conversion, H2/CO ratio, and stability, following by Ni/ZrO2-A and Ni/ZrO2C catalysts. The difference in catalytic performance should be ascribed to different synthetic strategy, resulting in different properties of Ni species and ZrO2 matrix, and interface interaction. It revealed that small Ni particles were benefit for CH4 activation, and strong MSI boosted CO2 activation, that could remain the Ni dispersion and thermal stability. This study is beneficial to the catalyst design in DRM reaction.

Kinetic Analysis of Catalytic Dry Reforming of Methane Using Ni-ZrO2/MCM-41 Catalyst

This work investigates the kinetics of catalytic dry reforming of methane (CDRM) to produce hydrogen gas using nickel-based catalysts. A new catalyst was prepared, Ni-ZrO2@MCM-41 (MCMZ) and used in the CDRM reaction. The textural, physical, and morphological scans are used to characterize the prepared catalyst. The performance of the newly prepared catalyst in terms of temperature effects and long-term stability is assessed. The reaction activation energy is studied as well. The outcomes of this study revealed that the MCMZ provided the highest conversion values for CH4 and CO2, with 89 and 91%, respectively. The optimum reaction temperature to achieve the highest syngas conversion was 800 °C. In addition, two new models that present CH4 and CO2 conversions for MCMZ as a function of reaction time to predict the rate of catalyst activity were built with very high accuracy. It was found that the activation energy was within the expected limits. Finally, the constants and reaction rate were determined. To conclude, this research creates a new catalyst with high performance to enhance hydrogen gas production from methane with carbon dioxide that contributes significantly to the field of yielding alternative energy sources.

NiGa nano-alloy for the dry reforming of methane: Influences of Ga alloying with Ni on the catalytic activity and stability

The massive emission of CO2 and CH4 has caused serious environmental and ecological problems, and dry reforming of methane reaction has received widespread attentions due to the fact that it can eliminate the two gas simultaneously. Herein, Ni60Ga40/Al2O3 (molar ratio of Ni:Ga was 60:40) catalyst was synthesized by mechanochemical synthesis method, offering 75 % CH4 conversion, 85 % CO2 conversion, and H2/CO ratio of 0.93 at 750 °C during 120 h test. Ni in Ni60Ga40/Al2O3 combines with Ga to form Ni3Ga intermetallic compound, which inhibits the sintering of Ni and rapid cracking of CH4. Moreover, the extra Ga species, existing in the form of Ga2O3-Al2O3 with abundant oxygen vacancy, boosts CO2 activation and prevents carbon development on catalyst surface. In contrast, for the pure Ni/Al2O3 and Ga/Al2O3 catalysts, the stability and catalytic activity couldn’t be obtained synchronously. This work particularly investigated the CH4 dissociation and CO2 activation for the NiGa/Al2O3 catalysts, establishing the foundation for rational design of low-cost performance catalysts for the dry reforming of methane reactions.

CO2-to-methanol: Economic and environmental comparison of emerging and established technologies with dry reforming and methane pyrolysis

This work compares 9 process routes that produce methanol from carbon dioxide using new and established thermochemical and electrochemical technologies. Net CO2 conversion is compared, and process efficiencies are benchmarked using side-by-side process models. New process routes using recently reported catalysts that enable methane pyrolysis (PY), and the dry reforming of methane (DMR) are modeled. Comparison is made with direct CO2 hydrogenation to methanol, the co-electrolysis of water and CO2 using solid oxide electrochemistry, and combinations of process technologies. Both electric heating and fuel switching to hydrogen are considered. Autothermal reforming of methane (ATR) is modeled as the conventional technology for reference. A new thermochemical approach in which CO2 reforming and methane pyrolysis reactions occur in separate reactors, with excess hydrogen produced and combusted for heat, (PY/DMR) was found to have the lowest levelized costs of CO2 mitigation varying from $50.4–53.9/t-CO2 using different electricity carbon intensities and levelized cost of methanol of $295.6/t. Methane pyrolysis offers the most flexible process solutions: it is nearly cost-competitive with reforming today ($295.6/t vs $277.3/t) using fuel switching and would emerge as the most economically viable process ($99.5/t) in future scenarios with very low electricity and natural gas costs and very high emissions penalties starting from 2030. Based on the emission factors from both electricity and natural gas across 195 countries around the world, 53 countries would result in net conversion of CO2 via pyrolysis today after heating, fugitive emissions, and energy use are taken into account.

Constructing thermally stable nickel sub-nanoparticles via in situ hydroxyl trapping for methane dry reforming

Nickel based catalysts are widely utilized in methane dry reforming (DMR) reaction, and their catalytic properties are mainly determined by the dispersibility and anti-sintering ability of Ni species on catalyst supports. However, developing small size and stable nickel catalysts with strong resistance to particle sintering still remains challenge. Herein, vapor-phase-trapping technology is innovatively applicated at elevated temperature to prepare ultra-small size and highly dispersed Ni sub-nanoparticles on the SBA15 within rehydroxylation modification. The nickel vapor originated from precursors of acetylacetonate nickel is in situ captured by terminal hydroxyl groups on the surface of support at high temperature, realizing the uniform dispersion of nickel species as well as moderate interactions between nickel species and support. The highly dispersed and extra-small size Ni sub-nanoparticles of 1.94 nm with appropriate metal-support interaction contribute to excellent catalytic activity and lifetime of 150 h for DMR reaction. This work provides a rational design and precise modulation of efficient nickel-based catalyst.

Design of a novel tubular membrane reactor with a middle annular injector for enhancement of dry reforming towards high hydrogen purity: CFD analysis

This study introduces a novel design of a tubular porous membrane catalytic reactor (TPMCR) with a middle annular injector, which aims to improve the performance of a dry reforming of methane (DRM) process. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed for a fundamental configuration and subsequently verified using experimental data. The validated CFD model is utilized to examine the influence of different parameters, such as feed composition, inlet gas temperature and pressure, and injection rate, on the reactor performance. The study findings reveal that the introduction of a secondary gas during the injection process has the potential to regulate the process and positively affect the production rates of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The optimal inlet temperature to attain the highest rate of hydrogen production is determined to be 900 K. The hydrogen selectivity is found to increase from 0.96 to 1.60 with the injection of pure steam when the injection rate is increased from 50 to 500 kg/(m2.s). In addition, the carbon monoxide selectivity is decreased from 6.30 to 2.67. The implementation of a middle annular injector within the proposed TPMCR design offers the potential for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of chemical reactors. Consequently, the introduced modification leads to more efficient and environmentally friendly chemical processes, specifically in the realms of syngas and hydrogen production through the DRM process, resulting in improved purity levels.

Unlocking exceptional diffusion of porous Ni@SiO2 nanocapsule catalysts for enhanced dry reforming of methane

This paper introduces innovative porous Ni@SiO2 nanocapsule catalysts for high-temperature dry reforming of methane, synthesized through a selective etching method in a mild alkaline solution with varying CTAB concentrations. While core-shell catalysts have been proven effective in addressing issues like active metal sintering and coking, their dense inert oxide shells can impede intrinsic kinetics and hinder gas diffusion. The optimized catalyst, M-NSNC-2, showcases exceptional performance, featuring small Ni nanoparticles (5.3 nm) within a porous SiO2 nanocapsule (>900 m2g−1). M-NSNC-2 demonstrates outstanding methane conversion (>82%), stability (50 hours), and resistance to sintering, agglomeration, and higher-ordered carbon deposition. In comparison to dense Ni@SiO2 nanocapsules (NSNC), M-NSNC-2 exhibits superior performance with nearly 13-fold enhanced mass transfer diffusivity. Additionally, the porous Ni@SiO2 nanocapsule catalyst exhibits an apparent CH4 activation energy of 67.9 kJ/mol at a kinetic regime of 1800,000 mL gcat−1h−1, emphasizing its efficacy in catalyzing dry reforming of methane.

Integrated syngas and nitrogen production in La0.6Ca0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ hollow fiber membrane reactor through oxidative CO2 reforming of methane

Utilizing mixed ion-electronic conducting (MIEC) oxygen permeable ceramic membrane to introduce oxygen from air into the oxidative CO2 reforming of methane (OCRM), which integrates exothermic partial oxidation of methane (POM) with endothermic dry reforming of methane (DRM), not only reduces the energy consumption but also effectively mitigates carbon accumulation. In this study, La0.6Ca0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LCCF) hollow fiber (HF) membrane was fabricated via a phase inversion and sintering technique using LCCF oxide powder. A 10 wt% Ni/LCCF catalyst was prepared by mechanical mixing and high temperature reduction of NiO and LCCF powder. The catalyst and LCCF HF membrane were integrated into an OCRM membrane reactor. The findings indicate that moderate temperature increment was beneficial to the combined OCRM reaction in the membrane reactor. However, the increase in air flow rates, CH4/CO2 ratio, and feed flow rates were found to deteriorate the OCRM performance. At 825 °C, the CO selectivity and carbon balance were maintained at about 99 %. The stabilized oxygen permeation rate at about 2.08 mL min−1 signifies that the permeated oxygen significantly inhibits carbon accumulation in the catalyst. Notably, N2 with purity of 99.47 vol% was obtained at the air feed side of the setup, underlining the potential for efficient carbon management and high-purity N2 production within this OCRM membrane reactor.