Dry Port Research Articles

Implementation of Dry Port: Feasibility Study in Jeneponto Regency

This research was conducted to analyze the feasibility of Jeneponto Regency as a location for a Dry Port in South Sulawesi and the impact it has on the selection of the Dry Port location. This research used a qualitative descriptive method and SWOT analysis aimed at analyzing data such as geographic data, supporting infrastructure, economic and social aspects, regional characteristics, and local government policies regarding regional development. In addition, field surveys and interviews were conducted with relevant parties, including government agencies, private institutions, academics or practitioners, and other stakeholders. The results of this research indicate that Jeneponto Regency has the potential to be a strategic location for a Dry Port, with a recorded area of 749.79 km2. The planning for the development of the Jeneponto Regency Dry Port is located in the Bontorappo Village area, Tarowang District, with an available land area of 1.85 hectares. This region has good accessibility through the main road network and is close to the Port of Makassar, one of the busiest ports in South Sulawesi. Furthermore, the potential for economic and industrial growth in this regency also provides promising opportunities for Dry Port development. The related impacts on the selection of the Dry Port location are assessed in terms of economic impact, impact on the smooth flow of cargo handling, and impact on regional development. The SWOT analysis results indicate that the positioning falls within quadrant I, which means that the development strategy of the Dry Port in Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi Province, supports an aggressive growth-oriented strategy. This situation is highly advantageous for the policies to be implemented, where the strength of the strategic location for Dry Port development positively impacts the efficiency and speed of goods delivery, and the opportunities for Dry Port development will create new job opportunities and have significant economic benefits for the local area. Therefore, based on the positioning in quadrant I, the Dry Port project in Jeneponto Regency has a high potential for rapid growth.

Machine learning-based optimisation in a two-echelon logistics network for the dry port operation in China

ABSTRACT Efforts of creating economic recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic stipulate international logistics demands in the countries and regions affected by China's Belt and Road initiative. Considering the increasing number of small and middle-sized enterprises, there is a great challenge to make transportation plans for the hub port, dry ports, and related enterprises. We investigate a two-echelon vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pickups and deliveries. On one hand, freights are transported from a central depot to multiple satellites, then distributed from the satellites to customers. On the other hand, freights collected from the customers will be loaded at the satellites, then transported back to the depot. We model the problem as mixed integer programming and propose a machine learning-based hybrid algorithm to solve the problem. Our hybrid algorithm comprises a K-Nearest Neighbour algorithm and an Adaptive Large Neighbourhood Search heuristic. We apply our modelling and solution approach to a real case based on the online digital platform ‘Inland Port Cloud Wharf’ in China, which matches international demands of commodities with domestic supplies. Our computational experiments based on a practical case study show the efficiency of our KNN_ALNS algorithm in optimising networks with multimodal coordination and addressing real-world logistics complexities.

The Innovation of New Dry Ports in Zimbabwe: The Critical Success Factors (CSF) And Fault Lines

This research is about, “The innovation of new dry ports in Zimbabwe: the Critical Success Factors (CSF) and fault lines.” Zimbabwe wanted to start four new dry ports across the country and researchers wanted to help by carrying out research on critical success factors to make these dry ports a success, based on success stories elsewhere, and avoid having another white elephant or disappointment. Researchers used the survey questionnaire method as well as face to face interviews, expert panel interviews at universities, observation and literature review in this research. Findings revealed that dry ports required total connectivity to strategic national institutions and corporates like warehouses, bonded warehouses, airports, Ministries, roads, Customs and Excise Department and railways, and these must all fully embrace e-government/smart supply chain and be strategically linked to all importers and exporters as well as critical trade and related government departments. This is a new concept in Zimbabwe but quite old elsewhere. Systems and institutions have improved a lot but still needed further improvement in Zimbabwe to march SADC/COMESA competitors like South Africa, Zambia, Botswana and Mozambique. It was found that critical skills, ports, Customs and investment infrastructure in Zimbabwe needed to be improved as well as processing and turnaround time to match best practices in SADC/COMESA and globally. A One Stop Shop for investment was there but not fully operationalised to cover all transactions, is about partly operational. Delayed deliveries and wrong documentation were experienced sometimes due to port and Customs delays or transport and loading delays. Zimbabwe had made great strides no doubt and was marching on for stardom and big achievements. This paper is futuristic and will be mostly based on best practices globally which Zimbabwe can learn from and start successful dry ports that really add value to the national economy, and avoid toxic bottlenecks and cost overruns. It was time Zimbabwe started to seriously adopt smart blockchain technologies like South Africa to improve efficiencies and turnaround time. One of the biggest frustrations and costs in the value chain was customs delays, fuel shortages and power outages. Something must be done long-term to address these bottlenecks. Dry ports were just like any other business and were concerned about ease of doing business, national competitiveness, country of origin effect, and national image. A business was a business regardless of sector, as they all used the same benchmarks and standards, and deliverables were achievable in a conducive national business environment which generated maximum profits to shareholders and taxes to the government whilst creating thousands of jobs, giving a world-class logistics service, being a national prestige project, national pride and point of reference, giving wide product choice and prosperity to the nation, and operating with environmental protection and ethics in mind. Zimbabwean politicians, the population at large, NGOs, and industrialists needed to get this message as clear as possible.

Fast Corridors: innovative customs processes and technology to increase supply chain competitiveness. The case of IKEA Italy

Customs play a crucial role in facilitating and speeding up the international flow of goods, especially in logistic nodes such as seaports or dry ports. Burdensome customs procedures can significantly affect the competitiveness of supply chains by increasing times and costs. This paper describes the features and benefits of the so called “Fast Corridor”, an innovative customs process and technological procedure introduced in Italy in 2015. Compared to standard import processes, the Fast Corridor streamlines the flow of import containers from ports to their inland destinations, thanks to a transparent, more economical, secure and IT-integrated procedure, making supply chains more competitive. The Fast Corridor is based on the concept of the virtual long quay, according to which the hinterland becomes an extension of the port areas. Once unloaded from ships, goods are virtually considered to be in the inland node of final destination. Route assurance from port to the destination is provided by geofencing technology, a location-based service that uses truck-mounted GPS to trigger pre-programmed actions. IKEA was the first to adopt this new procedure. Company benefits amounted to −30% in terms of customs costs per TEU, and up to −35% in terms of port-inland node transit time and dwell time for all containers, including those not using the Fast Corridor. Based on the successful implementation by IKEA, other Italian Fast Corridors were activated. This paper provides a deeper understanding of new business models and technologies in freight transport and can outline useful best practices for practitioners in the field.

Competitiveness throughout the seaport-hinterland: a container shipping analysis

ABSTRACT With customers looking for the highest level of services and reduction of cost on international trade of goods, shippers have recently begun to focus on the inland leg of containerized import/export, making the competition advance between ‘seaport against seaport’ to ‘seaport-hinterland against seaport-hinterland’. Bearing this in mind, this paper seeks to assess the logistic costs and the import process time in order to identify how these factors influence seaport-hinterland customer’s choice and what is the effect of these factors on the main actors’ competitiveness. In terms of time, the findings indicate that dry ports have been operationally more efficient, with customs and delivery process faster than in seaports and extended gates. In terms of cost we have applied Monte-Carlo simulation in a case study in Brazil to assess stochastically the import cost considering multiple actors as options. The study makes practical contributions, showing the cost-efficient zone for each macro region in the studied area and simulating a hypothetical scenario, where multimodal transportation is a delivery option. Lastly, the study makes theoretical contributions, discussing the competitiveness environment in light of the literature, bringing relevant insights to aid customers’ and practitioners decision-making.

Collaboration or competition? A science map for promoting the sustainable transition of port relationships

Port relationships have received continuous attention from the academic community. However, the existing studies do not provide a science map for promoting the sustainable transition of port relationships. This study combined quantitative analysis and qualitative discussion on the previous research of port relationships from 1999 to 2022. A total of 339 articles were quantitatively analyzed and visualized the knowledge body of existing studies. The main key research topics and evolution path of these 339 articles were quantitatively analyzed and qualitatively discussed for constructing a science map of port relationships. The results indicate that the academic community of port relationships does not show a significant Matthew effect. Existing research on port relationships is supported by 16 classical references with higher co-citation frequency, and the knowledge foundation of port relationships is divided into three significant co-citation clusters. The main research topics of port relationships show evolutionary trends during different research periods and mainly focus on competition, cooperation, and co-opetition. Finally, three future research directions are predicted based on the science map for guiding the future research of port relationships: (1) integration mechanism and strategy of dry ports and multimodal transportation; (2) comprehensive competitiveness evaluation index system; (3) port adaptation investment assessment method and optimization strategy. This study provides a comprehensive science map for promoting the sustainable transition of e academic collaborations and management practices on port relationships.

تحليل أداء دائرة جمارك الخرطوم خلال الفترة 2019-2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the Khartoum Customs Department. The problem of the study was to determine the contribution of the customs stations that make up the Khartoum Customs Department. The study claimed that the dry port of Soba had the greatest impact on the performance of the Khartoum Customs Department. To achieve the objective of the study, monthly data for the Khartoum Customs Department was collected from 2019 to 2021. The study concluded that the largest customs revenues achieved in the Khartoum Customs Department were from the Soba dry port (971.9206), while the lowest revenues were from the warehouses management (150.8236). Additionally, all customs stations in the Khartoum Customs Department showed an increase in performance in 2019, and all customs stations in the Khartoum Customs Department saw an increase in performance in the fourth quarter of each year during the study period.

A flexible cost model for seaport-hinterland decisions in container shipping

A seaport–hinterland system offers a wide range of service options for shippers and consignees to export or import containerized cargo. The present study, set within the context of Brazil, seeks to propose a flexible cost model to aid joint seaport–hinterland network decisions by freight forwarders and clients. More specifically, employing simulation and sensibility analysis, the proposed model is employed to explore: (i) decisions on whether to perform logistics services in seaports or dry ports; (ii) decisions on whether to transport containerized cargo by road or by multimodal transportation (road and rail); and (iii) decisions on whether cargo is best delivered or received in either consolidated or deconsolidated form. Simulations are undertaken against seven transportation strategy permutations via which service operators might deliver containers from seaports or dry ports to clients. We find five factors—(i) cargo value, (ii) cargo accommodation type, (iii) transportation mode, (iv) delivery distance and (v) shipping process time—as critical to joint seaport–hinterland operations impacting shippers and consignees. Furthermore, dry ports are shown to be particularly cost efficient for imports requiring long-term storage, even where the dry ports are not directly connected to seaports or intermodal facilities.

Selection of Dry Port Locations Using PROMETHEE Approach: Case for Türkiye

The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable location for a possible dry port in the Aegean Region of Türkiye based on various criteria. The concept of dry port, which is highly discussed especially in foreign literature, and accordingly, dry port location selection is examined as a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problem that requires various evaluation criteria. In this context, the PROMETHEE method, which is one of the MCDM methods, is used for dry port selection. As a result of the analyses, it can be said that in an environment where port congestion is increasing, dry ports can decrease this congestion, in this context, Türkiye is in an advantageous position and considering the global crisis events such as the pandemic called Covid-19, such applications will contribute to the overall efforts to strengthen Türkiye's logistics infrastructure. In the study, 10 locations were evaluated based on a total of 13 criteria. Among these locations, the location with the highest score can be considered as the most suitable dry port area.

Impact of Dry Port on Seaport Competitiveness

Ports play an important role in connecting individuals in need of logistics services with organizations that provide logistics services. Rather of being merely transshipment hubs. Ports have recently evolved into integrated logistics centers with a continuous transport chain, with these developments primarily relying on the supply chain systems of major port operators. Though changes impact terminal handling traffic, rising quantities have increased job pressure, as well as congestion levels and dwell periods in terminal areas. The dry port model relies on a seaport which is directly connected to inland intermodal stations, where freight may be rotated immediately to the seaport in intermodal loading units. This research investigates the influence of vessel growth on port competitiveness and investigates integration between seaports and dry ports to counteract the huge increase in ship size at seaports. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted to measure the relationship between dry ports and seaports. This paper also illustrates how the vessel expansion is associated with reduced operational efficiency, congestion, limited capacity and infrastructure support, outdated guidelines for existing port development, and the urgent need for additional investment in spatial development, and human resource development. Keywords: Dry Ports – Competitiveness – Seaports – Vessel size

Impact of Dry Port on Seaport Competitiveness

Ports play an important role in connecting individuals in need of logistics services with organizations that provide logistics services. Rather of being merely transshipment hubs. Ports have recently evolved into integrated logistics centers with a continuous transport chain, with these developments primarily relying on the supply chain systems of major port operators. Though changes impact terminal handling traffic, rising quantities have increased job pressure, as well as congestion levels and dwell periods in terminal areas. The dry port model relies on a seaport which is directly connected to inland intermodal stations, where freight may be rotated immediately to the seaport in intermodal loading units. This research investigates the influence of vessel growth on port competitiveness and investigates integration between seaports and dry ports to counteract the huge increase in ship size at seaports. To achieve this goal, a survey was conducted to measure the relationship between dry ports and seaports. This paper also illustrates how the vessel expansion is associated with reduced operational efficiency, congestion, limited capacity and infrastructure support, outdated guidelines for existing port development, and the urgent need for additional investment in spatial development, and human resource development.

Assessing the eco-efficiency benefits of empty container repositioning strategies via dry ports

Trade imbalances and global disturbances generate mismatches in the supply and demand of empty containers (ECs) that elevate the need for empty container repositioning (ECR). This research investigated dry ports as a potential means to minimize EC movements, and thus reduce costs and emissions. We assessed the environmental and economic effects of two ECR strategies via dry ports—street turns and extended free temporary storage—considering different scenarios of collaboration between shipping lines with different levels of container substitution. A multi-paradigm simulation combined agent-based and discrete-event modelling to represent flows and estimate kilometers travelled, CO2 emissions, and costs resulting from combinations of ECR strategies and scenarios. Full ownership container substitution combined with extended free temporary storage at the dry port (FTDP) most improved ECR metrics, despite implementation challenges. Our results may be instrumental in increasing shipping lines’ collaboration while reducing environmental impacts in up to 32 % of the inland ECR emissions.

Forwarding containers to dry ports in congested logistic networks

This work investigates the impact of container arrival flow rate on the port surrounding network and proposes a mixed integer programming model to optimize their forwarding towards dry port destinations. A novel efficient model with limited network capacity and time period dependent travel cost function is proposed. The aim is to give a decision support for operational planning with limited capacity of both the terminal yard and the logistic network, with respect to the quantity of containers transferred per time unit. The model considers time dependent costs and traveling times to reduce congestion. As a further novel issue of the model, arc costs and traveling times change during specific time slots. More precisely, new linear functions are derived as tangents to the nonlinear convex components of a classical traveling time function proposed in the literature. The aim is to produce a light model which can be effectively used for macro planning of forwarding operations. The model is proved to be fast in real case instances also if compared to classical literature approaches. The model is used to study the container dispatching process in a terminal which is going to be the main Italian container terminal equipped to manage mega-ship traffic. Results obtained from real-size instances are reported. We tested the behavior of the model under different scenarios. Our tests confirmed model efficiency and its of supporting the management of peak events also by controlling shut-down time slots to lower congestion.

Dry Port Location Selection: A Case Study of Tanjung Intan Port

A dry port is established as an inland extension of a port. Tanjung Intan Port, which is located in Cilacap and within the range of tsunami risk zones, has no dry port to accommodate its distant customers. This research proposes a dry port location selection for Tanjung Intan Port with the following main criteria: safer from tsunami risks and achieve maximal demand coverage. By applying AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process), the location candidates were ranked and further selected using MCLP (Maximum Coverage Location Problem) to choose the best candidate. The study result selects Maos railway station as the most attractive dry port location. The feasibility study result shows that the location has: (1) a lower risk of tsunami impact, (2) potential for the port’s market expansion, (3) less pollution potential, (4) adequate railway tracks, (5) large area, (6) good location away from densely populated areas and, (7) easy access for trucks.

Game-Theoretical Method Toward Dry Port Multilevel Location Considering Capacity Constraints and Shippers’ Choice Behavior

The high demand for containerized cargo and the low market share of low-carbon transportation modes for hinterland freight systems in China are causing severe traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Dry ports offer an opportunity to reduce carbon emissions, relieve congestion, and expand the hinterland of seaports. Therefore, this paper focuses on the dry port multilevel location problem considering capacity constraints, shippers’ choice behavior, and empty container transportation in a four-mode port-hinterland freight network. A Stackelberg game-theoretical model is built for the government and shippers. In the model, the government determines the number, location, and capacity level of dry ports, and shippers choose seaports and paths according to the constrained nested logit model because of the capacity constraints of nodes and links. To solve the problem, a complete enumeration algorithm and a hybrid genetic algorithm are designed. Numerical experiments in China are performed, and two analyses are conducted on the cost parameters and time parameters. The results indicate that constructing dry ports can decrease carbon emissions and generalized transportation costs, and promote the mode shift from road to railway. However, building a larger number and higher capacity level of dry ports sometimes increases total costs, contrary to expectations. There are also some interesting findings with respect to the effects of costs and time parameters on dry port location results, carbon emissions, modal split, and seaport market share.

A risk assessment model of work safety in container dry ports

Risk assessment of work safety in container dry ports (CDPs) was conducted by adopting a continuous risk matrix (CRM) based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The study consisted of (a) identifying risk factors (RFs) for work safety at CDPs, (b) adopting the fuzzy AHP approach to estimate the likelihood and consequence weights of RFs and (c) developing a CRM to evaluate the risk level of work safety in CDPs. For the empirical study, CDPs in Vietnam were surveyed to verify the research model. The proposed CRM can be used as a reference for theoretical methodologies in risk-assessment research. At the same time, the empirical study can provide practical information for dry port managers to improve their performance towards work safety.

Incorporation of Dry Ports into the National Transport Policy: A Proposal for International Trade Acceleration

The Malaysian National Transport Policy (NTP) aims to develop a conducive ecosystem for the transport sector, facilitate seamless cargo movement, promote public mobility, enhance public transport competitiveness, and build an intelligent and green transport system. However, the policy does not comprehensively cover the lack of assimilation of inland components with the seaport system. To close the gaps, this paper thoroughly discusses the three main objectives proposed for the study: first, to understand the current practicability status of the Malaysian NTP; second, to identify policy limitations concerning the integration of seaports and dry ports in Malaysia; third, to give constructive insights for future strategies to upgrade the Malaysian NTP for national and international trade development. This study adopted a traditional literature review method incorporated with an integrative literature review analysis (ILRA) to scrutinise literature analysis. The findings of this paper indicate that Malaysia should develop a novel and comprehensive seaport-inland policy model integrated with the existing NTP model. Integrating dry ports with the seaport system is crucial to determining NTP sustainability and enriching the nation with an effective transportation system.

The impact of using the added value from the point of view of freight forwarders and the Inland Freight Station to operate the Egyptian dry ports

The impact of using the added value from the point of view of freight forwarders and the Inland Freight Station to operate the Egyptian dry ports

Technological drivers of dry port efficiency in Brazil

PurposeThis paper aims to identify the scale efficiency of dry ports in Brazil and its main technological drivers.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model in two stages. The first stage of the DEA was used to measure the efficiency of the dry ports. In the second stage, the Bootstrap Truncated Regression (BTR) was applied to explore the relationship between efficiency and the factors analyzed. The inputs, outputs and contextual variables for this analysis were extracted from the secondary database provided by Revista Tecnologística.FindingsIn the first analysis stage, a high level of idleness was verified in the operations. The contextual variables in the second stage were significant: Certification, Warehouse Management System (WMS), barcode and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Results corroborate the positive impact of Information Technology (IT) coordination processes on logistics performance.Practical implicationsResults show that dry ports operate below their technical and operational capacity and that the sector's lack of regulation in Brazil can facilitate and encourage the use of ports and marine terminals by importers and exporters.Originality/valueApplication of two-stage DEA measures efficiency as a sectoral benchmarking tool.

Quantifying the Operational Benefits of Dry Port Integrated Cooperation in Port Clusters: A Microsimulation Study

As marine cargo traffic continues to grow, ports are experiencing increasing problems with congestion. To address this issue without requiring significant capital investment, neighboring ports can share their capacity to meet the rising demand for cargo throughput. While there are many planning level studies on inter-port cooperation, there is a scarcity of operational-level studies, and there is currently no available dry port integrated cooperation scheme for port clusters that utilizes a microsimulation approach. This study aims to contribute to the existing literature by proposing a conceptual port integration scheme that includes a dry port for improved coordination between ports in clusters. The discrete event simulation (DES) approach was used to construct three representative microsimulation models with dry port integration considering vessel transfer policies and no-cooperation scenario. The outputs of the models were evaluated using performance metrics (vessel delays, storage capacities, and the number of serviced vessels) using t-test statistics. The results show that the cooperation scheme with the vessel transfer policy and the strategic management of vessel transfer can significantly reduce the vessel operation delay by over 39% for the no-cooperation scenario with an integrated dry port and this value is further improved to 62% if a simulation-based port selection module (PSM) is used for vessel transfer policy. Additionally, the mean number of containers of the average of two port storages decreased by 40% and further decreased by 69% with the PSM. In terms of decision-making performance for vessel transfer decisions with varying quay lengths, PSM was determined to be superior to the vessel transfer policy considering the number of vessels in port queues. The proposed conceptual port integration model and approach can assist decision-makers in evaluating the effectiveness of different cooperation schemes and vessel transfer policies for adjacent ports in port clusters.