Dry Ponds Research Articles

Late Pleistocene–Holocene environmental and climatic history of a freshwater paramo ecosystem in the northern Andes

ABSTRACTThis study presents the first multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic history for northern South America based on the palaeolimnological reconstruction of a pond located in a dry paramo at 3570 masl. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the study area was under glacial conditions, then during global events Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), Bølling–Allerød (BA), and the Younger Dryas (YD), the pond expanded, accumulation rates and proxies for erosion reached the highest values, indicative of humid conditions, with maxima in humidity during the BA and YD. Dry conditions and pond desiccation occurred in the Greenlandian–Northgrippian and by 6010 cal a bp the area was transformed into the mire of today. Comparisons with records from other sites in South America indicate that changes in humidity are most likely controlled by the Intertropical Convergence Zone, mainly during the glacial and postglacial, and by changes in the Pacific Ocean, more pronounced after the YD.

Photosynthesis product allocation and yield in sweet potato with spraying exogenous hormones under drought stress

This study investigated the alleviation effects of spraying phytohormones on the physiological characteristics and yield of sweet potato under drought stress during the early vine development and storage root bulking stage, respectively. The endogenous hormone contents, photosynthetic fluorescence indexes, photosynthetic products transfer allocation (based on 13C labeling method), and yield of sweet potato were studied by spraying water, 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), abscisic acid (ABA), and combined with the two exogenous hormones under artificial dry shed and dry pond. Results indicated that the yield was increased by spraying 6-BA or ABA separately in comparison with the control treatment under drought stress, and the alleviation effects of spraying 6-BA at the early stage were better than at the storage root bulking stage, while spraying ABA at the storage root bulking stage was better than at the early stage. The sweet potato yield increased when sprayed with 6-BA, especially at the early vine development stage, and sweet potato yield was further enhanced by the addition of ABA. When sprayed together, exogenous 6-BA and ABA increased plant shoot and storage root biomass, as well as leaf area and yield, at both stages. The combination of exogenous 6-BA and ABA also increased shoot 13C accumulation at the early vine development stage and storage root 13C accumulation at the storage root bulking stage, in comparison with 6-BA or ABA alone under drought stress. Spraying exogenous hormones under drought stress increased the endogenous hormone contents, enhanced carbon metabolism enzyme activities, improved the photosynthetic fluorescence characteristics of leaves, and regulated the source-sink balance, all of which alleviated the yield reduction caused by drought stress. Application of the combination of 6-AB and ABA yielded better results than that of the 6-BA or ABA alone.

ANALISIS PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN DAS ASAM–ASAM KECAMATAN JORONG KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT PERIODE 2000 SAMPAI 2017

This study aims to analyze the shape and rate of land cover change for the period 2000 to 2017, the method used in this study is image interpretation and data analysis. There are 15 classifications namely water body, shrub, swamp shrub, secondary mangrove forest, primary dryland forest, secondary dryland forest, plantations, mixed dryland agriculture, plantations, settlements, dry land agriculture, swamps, open land, open land, mining and pond. There is an increase in the type of land cover in 2017. The most dominant land cover in 2000 in the Asam-Asam watershed was 39399 ha of forest with a percentage of 78.66% while based on land cover data of Landsat 7 in 2017 the forest area was reduced to 16755, 6 Ha with a percentage of 33.45%. The function of forest area in the APL area is the biggest change, namely secondary dryland forest to dryland agriculture with an area of 2118.8 Ha, for the function of forest area in the HL region the largest is secondary dryland forest into shrubs with an area of 507.4 Ha, at HP area has the biggest change, namely plantation forest to plantation with an area of 5036.2 Ha, the function of HPK area is the biggest change in secondary dryland forest into shrubs with an area of 238.2 Ha, the next area Riam Kanan is primary dryland forest into secondary dryland forest with an area of 3545.7 ha and in the area of the Pelaihari TWA forest function the largest is secondary swamp forest into swampland with an area of 217.9 ha.

Stormwater ponds: An overlooked but plentiful urban designer ecosystem provides invasive plant habitat in a subtropical region (Florida, USA)

Designed ecosystems are built as part of ongoing urban expansion, providing a suite of valued ecosystem services. However, these new ecosystems could also promote disservices by facilitating the colonization and spread of invasive species. We conduct the first assessment of the quantity and invasion of an overlooked designed ecosystem: stormwater ponds. These ponds are commonly recommended for managing urban hydrology, but little is known about their ecology or extent of proliferation. Using a broad-scale survey of pond coverage in Florida, USA, we found that over 76,000 stormwater ponds have been built just in this state, forming 2.7% of total urban land cover. This extensive pondscape of manufactured habitats could facilitate species spread throughout urban areas and into nearby natural waterbodies. We also conducted a survey of the severity of plant invasion in 30 ponds in Gainesville, FL, US across two pond types (dry vs. wet), and a gradient of management intensities (low, medium, high) and pond ages. We unexpectedly found a high number of invasive plant species (28 in just 30 ponds). Ninety-six percent of surveyed ponds contained from one to ten of these species, with ponds exhibiting high turnover in invader composition (i.e., high beta diversity). The bank sections of dry unmanaged ponds exhibited the highest mean invasive species richness (5.8 ± 1.3) and the inundated centers of wet medium managed ponds exhibited the highest mean invasive species cover (34 ± 12%). Invasive plant richness and cover also tended to be greater in dry ponds with higher soil nutrient levels, and in older wet ponds. Therefore, we found that highly maintained and younger wet ponds were the least invaded. Nevertheless, common management practices that limit plant invasions may also limit native species establishment and invasion may increase in the decades following pond construction.

Zoochory of zooplankton: seasonality and bird morphological diversity can influence metacommunity dynamics of temporary ponds

Abstract Harsh and unstable aquatic environments present selective forces that influence environmental heterogeneity, dispersal capacity and specific life history strategies that, in turn, affect species distribution and metacommunity dynamics. To date, relatively few studies have examined the potential of bird-mediated dispersal to connect isolated ephemeral habitats. We used zooplankton from temporary ponds to examine the effects of bird morphological diversity and water availability on microcrustacean diversity in temporary ponds. Three bird feet models were constructed based on small, large and webbed anisodactylous forms in order to simulate bird walking on the pond shore. Bird and zooplankton communities were sampled in two temporary ponds and experimentally simulated zooplankton dispersal by bird on dry sediments. We surveyed in two contrasting seasonal periods. Overall, water availability does affect zooplankton composition, and birds with large feet have higher dispersal capacity. In addition, birds with different feet size and shape carry distinct zooplankton species. During the dry season, sediments hold 100% more species than in the wet season, which indicates that birds have higher potential for dispersing zooplankton in drought conditions. Our findings suggest that bird diversity can maintain zooplankton metacommunities by rescuing dormant organisms from dry ponds and connecting to any available aquatic habitats.

STUDI KELAYAKAN TAMBAK UNTUK BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT (Gracilaria sp) DI DESA PANYIWI KECAMATAN CENRANA KABUPATEN BONE

ABSTRACT This research is a survey research that aims to determine the characteristics and level of feasibility of ponds for seaweed cultivation (Gracilaria sp) based on physical parameters (temperature, salinity, depth, brightness, phosphate, type of substrate, tidal amplitude and protection) and chemistry (pH, dissolved oxygen, Nitrate). The population in this study was the existing pond area in Panyiwi Village, Cenrana Subdistrict, Bone Regency, the sample as many as 8 points / observation station was determined using purposive sampling method based on the location and water source of the pond. Data collection time is done twice, morning and evening. Research data obtained by observation, direct measurements in the field (temperature, salinity, depth, brightness, dissolved oxygen, pH and protection) and laboratory analysis (phosphate, nitrate, and substrate type) were then analyzed using the weighting method. After obtaining the score value of each parameter at each observation point, then the assessment is feasible (S1) with a range of 68-87, quite feasible (S2) with a range of 48-67, and not feasible (N) with a range of 27- 47. So that obtained the results of each station in the morning, stations I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII entered in quite decent categories (S2) and each station in the afternoon namely stations I, II, III, V , VI, VII, VIII also included in the category of quite feasible (S2) except on station IV it was in the category of not feasible (N) dry ponds due to low tide.

Using of Electrodeposition Technique to remove Ra-226 from Contaminated soil

The aim of this study was to remove Ra-226 from the contaminated soil samples which collected from one of oil company located at western desert of Egypt. Five soil samples (S-1, S-2, S-3,S-4,S-5) were collected from the bottom of evaporation pond from different positions of dry evaporation pond inside the oil company. The activity concentration of Ra-226 measured by using the Hyper Pure Germanium detector (HPGe) connected to MCA . Electrodeposition technique was used to produce in situ metallic coatings by the action of an electric current on a conductive material immersed in a solution containing a salt of the metal to be deposited. Chemical agents added to the solution to increase the efficiency of contaminant removal nitric acid HNO3 was added to improve the solubility of Ra-226. Three different electrods made from stainless steel, aluminum and cupper poles were used in this study. The data obtained showed that the highest removal percentage of the Ra-226 found to be 73% when the aluminum pole was used. Therefore, from the obtained data, it is clear that the electrodeposition technique using aluminum poles for removal of Ra-226 can be used for remediation or treatment contaminated soil produced from oil industry.

Green infrastructure practices simulation of the impacts of land use on surface runoff: Case study in Ecorse River watershed, Michigan

As an urban fringe district, the Ecorse River watershed is faced with increased impervious area caused by urban expansion. Effects of Green Infrastructure (GI) practice implementation were simulated with the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment-Low Impact Development 2.1 model (L-THIA-LID 2.1). Suitable locations of each GI practice were identified, based on construction condition requirements and demand on GI practices in the study area. Using the data of 2011, various GI practice combination scenarios were explored according to the cost-efficiency of each GI practice. GI practice implementation scenarios in 2050 were also simulated based on projected land use and rainfall data. Results show that grassed swales, rain barrels (residential areas) and dry ponds were the top three most cost-efficient GI practices, with the cost at $1.5/m³/yr, $3.0/m³/yr and $3.4/m³/yr, respectively. Green roofs with rain cisterns (industrial and commercial area) were the most expensive GI practices, with the cost at $92.9/m³/yr. With the increase of investment in GI practices, the changing curves of the annual runoff volume, Total Nitrogen (TN) load and Total Phosphorus (TP) load reduction ratios match the law of diminishing marginal utility. The scenario with grassed swales, rain barrels, dry ponds and porous pavement would be the most cost-efficient scenario for runoff water quantity reduction. In addition, the scenario with additional wet ponds would be the most cost-efficient one for TN load and TP load reduction. GI practices in each scenario for expected 2050 conditions show better effectiveness on water quantity and quality management.

Advances and Challenging Issues in Subsurface Drainage Module Technology and BIOECODS: A Review

Subsurface drainage modules are important components of the Bio-ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS) which is a system designed to manage stormwater quantity and quality using constructed grass swales, subsurface modules, dry and wet ponds. BIOECODS is gradually gaining attention as one of the most ecologically sustainable solutions to the frequent flash floods in Malaysia and the rest of the world with a focus on the impact of the subsurface modules to the effectiveness of the system. Nearly two decades of post-construction research in the BIOECODS technology, there is need to review findings and areas of improvement in the system. Thus, this study highlighted the key advances and challenges in these subsurface drainage modules through an extensive review of related literature. From the study, more work is required on the hydraulic characteristics, flow attenuation and direct validation methods between field, laboratory, and numerical data. Also, there is concern over the loss of efficiency during the design life especially the infiltration capacity of the module, the state of the geotextile and hydronet over time. It is recommended for the sake of higher performance, that there should be an onsite methodology to assess the permeability, rate of clogging and condition of the geotextile as well as the hydronet over time.

Littoral vegetation improves the productivity of drainable fish ponds: Interactive effects of refuge for Daphnia individuals and resting eggs

Management of fish pond farming involves diverse practises aimed at increasing fish productivity, such as polyculture stocks, supplementary artificial feeding, adding nutrients, or drying ponds during winter or summer. Since aquatic vegetation has a positive influence on fish richness and biomass, aquatic plants could also have a positive effect on the fish productivity; however, its role has received little attention. Here, we conducted a study in which the productivity of carp was recorded in two ponds, one vegetated and the other with scarce coverage of aquatic plants. During winter, the ponds are dried, and are filled up with water in the spring. Then two-year-old carps are introduced to allow their growth until autumn when the ponds are drained and the fish harvested. The water used to fill the ponds contains no zooplankton organisms, so crustacean populations appear in the water column through the growth of hatchlings from resting stages deposited in the pond sediment during previous seasons. In order to explain patterns in fish productivity, crustaceans, which constitute an important element in the fish diet, were investigated. Particularly, the dynamics of the crustacean species were estimated during the spring and summer and, since cladoceran species are one of the main preferred preys of carp, body and clutch sizes of Daphnia were measured. Moreover, the density of cladoceran resting eggs in the sediment was estimated after the dry pond was filled, and just before the next pond filling. We found differences between vegetated and non-vegetated ponds. In the pond with aquatic vegetation (1) fish productivity was higher, (2) Daphnia species started to grow significantly earlier, had higher relative abundances, and delayed the population decline, (3) large sized European Daphnia galeata dominated over small sized American Daphnia parvula and Daphnia ambigua, and (4) the cladoceran resting egg bank was less eroded during winter when the ponds were dried. The results of this study indicate that macrophytes are likely to operate as a protection mechanism, not only for individual Daphnia, which keeps higher population densities and larger body sizes despite fish predation, but also protects the resting egg bank. This, in turn, was positively related to carp biomass. Accordingly, we consider that increasing macrophyte coverage should be considered in the management strategies for carp pond farming since littoral plant vegetation may act as a refuge for cladocerans as well as a productive ecotone improving the productivity of fish ponds.

Anatomy of the 2016 drought in the Northeastern United States: Implications for agriculture and water resources in humid climates

2016 was one of the warmest and driest summers on record throughout much of the Northeastern United States (Northeast). Additionally, historically low winter snowfall preceding the summer of 2016 exacerbated drought conditions and led to record low streamflows in some regions. Climate models suggest that short-term summer droughts could increase in frequency and continue to pose challenges to farmers and water resource managers in the Northeast. Here we focus on the impacts of the drought on farmers in New York State (NY), an economically important agricultural state in the Northeast. We found that in several regions across NY 2015-16 winter snowfall, and 2016 growing season precipitation and streamflows were near or below the 10th percentile of the previous 60 years; and 2016 air temperatures were near or above the 90th percentile of the previous 60 years. Based on survey results, more than 70% of the 275 farmers surveyed across NY reported rainfed field crop and pasture yield losses greater than 30%, with some loses over 90%. In the hardest hit Western region of NY, substantial crop losses (>30%) were reported for fruit and vegetable crops on farms with irrigation, due to limited irrigation equipment and water supplies (e.g. low streamflows, dry ponds or wells). After what they experienced in 2016, 32% of the 75 farmers in follow-up interviews invested in irrigation equipment and water sources in 2016, and 32% said they plan to do so in 2017. Thirty-two percent of farmers in follow-up interviews said they plan to take measures to improve soil health and soil organic matter to improve water holding capacity and better prepare for drought. Model estimates suggest NY state-wide crop irrigation water use could increase by 3–8 times in dry years compared to average growing seasons, increasing seasonal usage by millions of cubic meters. This highlights the potential for significant increases in water withdrawals in NY, with implications for water resources, particularly as the climate changes.

ALTERNATIVE USE OF ROUNDABOUT AS STORM WATER DETENTION POND

This study explores the concept of utilising roundabout as a component of the urban stormwater system. The research team has developed a drainage model to incorporate a roundabout as dry detention pond. In addition, the model is used to determine the effectiveness of such design by applying the concept virtually on a real-world roundabout at the southeast of UniGarden, a housing estate situated about 17 km from Kuching City of Sarawak. Computer representations of the existing drainage system and roundabout dry detention pond are built using the USEPA SWMM software. The modelling effort shows that the open space provided by a large roundabout is capable of achieving the maximum attenuation of storm flows and is able to hold 100% of runoff from 100-year storm. As empty spaces are increasingly hard to come by in urban areas; therefore, using an open space in a roundabout for dry detention pond is a good example of an innovative drainage system.

Chemical effects of a near-to-nature detention pond on a small urban headwater

The near-to-nature approach has been established as best practice for stormwater management. However, pollutant mobility within such systems and its impact on small receiving waters are partly unexplained. The study takes place in an urbanised headwater catchment in south-western Germany with an area of 0.4 km 2 . Runoff from roofs, roads, parking lots and gardens is collected in wells or trenches and stored in private and public dry detention basins. Accordingly, this study investigates pollutant input to a detention pond, removal efficiency and the associated effects on the receiving water. Grab samples with high temporal resolution of the receiving water (16 flood events with 315 samples and 41 baseflow samples), the three inflows of the detention basin and its outflow (four flood events with 64 samples) were taken. The outflow of the dry pond is recovered in the hydro- and chemographs of the receiving water. Runoff from roads with increased traffic volume caused the highest PAH inputs and runoff from the residential area showed the highest zinc concentrations, which partly infringe European Environmental Quality Standards. Yearly pollutant inputs (DOC, TSS, PAH, nutrients, metals) from the settlement into the tributary are reduced in the detention pond by up to 80%.

Sediment modelling and design optimization for stormwater ponds

Stormwater ponds, including dry ponds, wet ponds and constructed wetlands, have been widely used for sediment removal from stormwater runoff. In this paper, sediment removal mechanisms, modelling approaches and optimization of design for stormwater ponds are reviewed and discussed. The settling velocity for discrete particles is introduced and compared. Settling velocity distribution should be characterized for individual sites for the most cost-effective design of new stormwater ponds. Different methods for estimating trap efficiency of stormwater ponds are then summarized, including empirical models and theoretical models. The sediment transport modelling method is also discussed. Optimization of pond design for improved sediment removal is described, with many key factors taken into account such as residence time, vegetation, wind, turbulence, stratification, inflow and outflow. A high system hydraulic efficiency can be achieved through proper design of the shape of the pond, length-to-width ratio, baffling, depth, and the location of inlets, outlets and vegetation. Finally, various issues associated with typical numerical models for sediment transport in stormwater ponds are discussed. This review paper intends to provide a state-of-the-art of sediment modelling in stormwater ponds and to point the direction for design optimizations.

Effectiveness of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Treatment as a Function of Runoff Volume

AbstractBest management practices (BMPs) such as bioretentions, dry and wet ponds, porous pavement, and many other methods are widely used to reduce the runoff volume and the concentration of sediments and nutrients in the runoff. Numerical models are used to develop and assess water quality management plans that, among others, include BMPs. Those models need to take into account the BMP effectiveness to remove pollutants, being a function of the volume of daily runoff, in order to estimate their performance under a range of different climate scenarios. Circumventing the lack of monitoring data, this study used the Environmental Protection Agency’s system for urban stormwater treatment and analysis integration model (SUSTAIN) to run 22 years (1984–2005) of runoff data from the Patuxent River (Maryland) through seven types of BMPs. It was found that BMP effectiveness decreases sooner, steeper, and deeper with increasing sizes of storm events than assumed in the Chesapeake Bay Phase 5 watershed model. At a ...

Green Infrastructure Development in Cisangkuy Subwatershed, Bandung Regency: Potential and Problems

Green infrastructure (GI) development is able to deliver multiple benefits to economic, social, and especially environment. Nevertheless adoption of GI measures faces some problems. The objective of this paper is to explore the potential and problems of GI development in Cisangkuy Subwatershed, Bandung Regency. The methods used in this research are modeling and stakeholder interview. The result of analysis shows that there are four kind of green infrastructure to be developed, which are infiltration basin (7,037.22ha), vegetated filter strip (1,511.12ha), dry pond (839.57ha) and bioretention (418,58ha). Based on stakeholder interview, the development of green infrastructure is limited only to bioretention (43.75ha) and infiltration basin (5,930.58ha) due to the problem of land ownership. Another problem is such measures have not been stated in spatial plan.

Dry beaver ponds as habitats attracting large mammals

In this study we tried to research attractiveness of dry beaver ponds for large mammals. We used data of the frequency of visits of different species of mammals from beaver ponds and from dry marsh that was not inhabited by beavers but had similar conditions like a dry beaver pond. Camera traps (192 trap- nights) took pictures of 674 individuals of large mammals of eight species. It found the predominance of visits to the dry beaver ponds by the predatory mammals. Ungulates, except wild boar, visited the beaver ponds more often than the control marsh.

Automated analysis of temperature variance to determine inundation state of wetlands

Monitoring the inundation state (wet or dry) of wetlands is critical to understanding aquatic community structure but can be costly and labor-intensive. We tested the ability of temperature data from cost-effective iButton data loggers to reflect the inundation state of wetlands in central Missouri, based on our hypothesis that dry ponds would show greater daily temperature variance than ponds that remained inundated with water. We evaluated this method with two experiments in large outdoor mesocosms, and in existing natural wetlands in which we had deployed iButtons. True inundation state from pond visits was compared to predicted inundation state over different temperature variance thresholds expected to delineate wet or dry ponds. We confirmed that the daily temperature variances of dry iButtons were higher than that of iButtons under water, as expected, but that variance was influenced by factors such as canopy cover. We also describe an automated procedure that can be used to determine whether a pond was wet or dry with greater than 80 % accuracy. Using this approach, changes in inundation state, the number of days wet and dry, and the number of drying and filling events can be calculated. Several caveats are also provided that should be considered prior to using this method to maximize the accuracy in assessing inundation state.

Exploring forecast-based management strategies for stormwater detention ponds

Dry detention ponds are commonly implemented to mitigate the impacts of urban runoff on receiving water bodies. They currently rely on static control through a fixed limitation of their maximum outflow rate. This study investigated the performance of several enhanced management strategies for a dry detention pond located at the outlet of a small urban catchment near Québec City, Canada. Among the enhanced scenarios studied are some previously developed real-time control (RTC) strategies, and new operating rules relying on a daily manual adjustment of the outlet gate. Both types of control make use of rainfall forecasts originating from the initial or downscaled Canadian global ensemble prediction system. Different ways of using the forecasts' ensemble spread were considered to take action. The pond performances were investigated considering three different volumetric capacities (including the existing volume). The RTC scenarios are very promising. The value of taking rainfall forecasts into account to prevent pond overflowing is demonstrated. Strategies involving only manual adjustments on a daily basis do not seem helpful.

Nitrogen Removal by Stormwater Management Structures: A Data Synthesis

AbstractA comprehensive synthesis of data from empirically based published studies and a widely used stormwater best management practice (BMP) database were used to assess the variability in nitrogen (N) removal performance of urban stormwater ponds, wetlands, and swales and to identify factors that may explain this variability. While the data suggest that BMPs were generally effective on average, removal efficiencies of ammonium (NH4), nitrate (NO3), and total nitrogen (TN) were highly variable ranging from negative (i.e., BMPs acting as sources of N) to 100%. For example, removal of NO3 varied from (median ±1 SD) −15 ± 49% for dry ponds, 32 ± 120% for wet ponds, 58 ± 210% for wetlands, and 37 ± 29% for swales. Across the same BMP types, TN removal was 27 ± 24%, 40 ± 31%, 61 ± 30%, and 50 ± 29%. NH4 removal was 9 ± 36%, 29 ± 72%, 31 ± 24%, and 45 ± 34%. BMP size, age, and location explained some of the variability. For example, small and shallow ponds and wetlands were more effective than larger, deeper ones in removing N. Despite well‐known intra‐annual variation in N fluxes, most measurements have been made over short time periods using concentrations, not flow‐weighted N fluxes. Urban N export is increasing in some areas as large storms become more frequent. Thus, accounting for the full range of BMP performance under such conditions is crucial. A select number of long‐term flux‐based BMP studies that rigorously measure rainfall, hydrology, and site conditions could improve BMP implementation.