Dry Particles Research Articles

Selection of Excipients for the Preparation of Vancomycin-Loaded Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) Microparticles with Extended Release by Emulsion Spray Drying.

The aim of this study was to relate the composition of the W/O emulsion used as a starting fluid in the spray-drying process to the quality of the dry polymer particles obtained in terms of physical-chemical properties, compatibility and drug release performance. Four W/O emulsions containing vancomycin hydrochloride (VAN), an encapsulating PLGA polymer and Poloxamer® 407, chitosan and/or sorbitan monooleate as stabilisers were spray-dried using an ultrasonic atomising nozzle. The microparticles obtained were micron-sized, with a volume mean diameter between 43.2 ± 0.3 and 64.0 ± 12.6 µm, and spherical with a mostly smooth, non-porous surface and with high drug loading (between 14.5 ± 0.6 and 17.1 ± 1.9% w/w). All formulations showed a prolonged and biphasic VAN release profile, with diffusion being the primary release mechanism. Microparticles prepared from the emulsions with Poloxamer® 407 and sorbitan monooleate released VAN rapidly and completely within one day. The release of VAN from microparticles prepared from the emulsion without additives or with chitosan in the inner aqueous phase was significantly decreased; after four days, a cumulative release of 65% and 61%, respectively, was achieved. Microparticles with encapsulated chitosan had the largest mean particle diameter and the slowest release of VAN.

Selective Paste Intrusion: Integration of reinforcement by WAAM — Concept and current research with special attention to cooling strategies

Selective Paste Intrusion (SPI) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process in which thin layers of aggregates are selectively bonded by cement paste only where the structure is to be produced. In this way, concrete elements with complex geometries and structures can be created. Reinforcement is required to increase the flexural strength of the concrete elements and, thus, enable their applicability in practice. Integrating the reinforcement is a difficult task, particularly in the case of SPI due to the layer-wise printing method. Especially with respect to possible complex structures, the production of the reinforcement needs to be adapted to SPI, thereby offering a high degree of freedom. One concept for a reinforcement integration is combining the two additive manufacturing processes SPI and Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM). However, since the two processes serve different fields of application, their compatibility is not necessarily given. Ongoing investigations show that the temperatures caused by WAAM adversely affect both, the cement paste rheology required for sufficient paste penetration into the particle bed and the overall concrete strength. This paper provides an overview of ongoing research focusing on different cooling strategies and their effects on the compressive strength of SPI-printed concrete parts. The studied strategies are increasing the distance between the printing nozzles and the particle bed for higher convectional cooling, and passive cooling by utilizing dry water particles. Temperatures up to 206 °C were measured at a distance of 40 mm to the welding zone, which indicates the need for active cooling. Dry water showed adequate cooling properties and can be deployed to create a free-flowing, water-storing bulk material, but has a negative impact on the compressive and flexural strength of SPI-printed specimens.

Wind-Sifting Separation: A Review.

Dry particle classification is a viable alternative to wet classification, both financially and environmentally, and has been used for decades with several approaches and techniques. One of these techniques, the wind-sifting principle, has been observed to be very effective for particle separation. Its separation mode is based on the use of the physical properties of these particles such as size, shape, and density to carry out separation. The principle of wind-sifting has been used to design multiple separators with various configurations for diverse kinds of applications, including recycling, agriculture, furniture, food and beverages, municipal and electronic waste sorting, and even mineral-processing industries. Although the wind-sifting principle has been implemented for various applications, research of this principle is ongoing owing to minimal literature. This Review seeks to provide some literature on wind-sifters as it delves into the three main types, their generic design features, and operational principles.

Development of Simvastatin-Loaded Particles Using Spray Drying Method for Ex Tempore Preparation of Cartridges for 2D Printing Technology.

In this work, a spray drying method was developed to produce drug/polymer (simvastatin/polycaprolactone) microparticles that have the potential to be used as a pre-formulation for ex tempore preparation of 2D printing cartridges. An experimental model was designed with the process parameters set to predict the smallest particle size required for successful 2D printing. Three different types of particles (lactose, nanocellulose/lactose, calcium silicate) were produced, and the average size of the dry particles varied depending on the sampling location (cyclone, collection vessel). The encapsulation efficiency of simvastatin was highest with nanocellulose/lactose from the collection vessel. The one-month stability of simvastatin in the particles showed low content, but the addition of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant increased the chemical stability of the drug. Interestingly, the addition of antioxidants decreased the stability of simvastatin in the calcium silicate particles from the collection vessel. Dispersion of the particles in three different propylene glycol and water mixtures (10/90, 50/50, and 90/10% (v/v)), representing a printable ink medium with three different viscosity and surface tension properties, showed that nanocellulose/lactose was the most suitable antiadhesive in terms of dispersed particle size (˂1 µm). After one month of storage, the dispersed particles remained in the same size range without undesirable particle agglomeration.

Effect of the surface water content on dry saltation cloud dynamics: A wind tunnel simulation with particle tracking velocimetry

AbstractThe mass transport rate of wind‐borne particles, and indeed the fluid stress required for their entrainment, is strongly governed by inter‐particle cohesion arising from water retained through adsorption and capillary force. This paper reports on a series of wind tunnel experiments in which high‐speed photography was used to record the motion of dry sand particles as they impinged on test beds of systematically varied target gravimetric pore water content (0% ≤ W ≤ 10%). The wind friction velocity was preset to 0.33 m s−1, sufficient to maintain a saltation cloud above an upwind strip of dry sand, which then was blown over the wetted surface. Discrete particle trajectories were identified in the camera images using expected particle area searching–particle tracking velocimetry (EPAS‐PTV). Adding progressively more water produced an exponential decrease in the normalized particle number density over the test surface. The largest response was achieved by wetting the bed surface to just 2%. To reduce the number of particles by a further 40%, it was necessary to add eight times more water, signifying a diminishing return regarding water use. Relative to particles either rebounding or splashed from a dry bed, the total particle velocity increased incrementally by a factor between 1.5 and 2 with increasing water content. Increasing amounts of pore water were associated with progressively higher saltation trajectories, reaching a plateau beyond W ~8%. The spatio‐temporal adjustment in the sand cloud was observed to be extremely rapid. There is no consensus in the literature on how to measure the water content that effectively governs aeolian transport. In this study, all approaches to sampling W produced strong correlation (R2 ≥ 0.85). Sampling the topmost grains, however, provided the most accurate prediction of the normalized number density over the full range of water content.

The effect of in-situ TiB2 segregated network structure on the thermoelectric properties of spark plasma sintered B4C ceramics

Different amounts of TiC particles between 1 and 7.5 vol% were coated on spray-dried B4C granules with a simple dry particle coating method, then spark plasma sintered at 2200 °C under vacuum, forming 3D-segregated network structures (SNS) of in-situ TiB2 between 1 and 9 vol%, to improve the thermoelectric (TE) performance of B4C. With the in-situ TiB2-SNS, a maximum ZT of 8.02×10−2 was achieved with 2 vol% TiB2-SNS at 923 K by simultaneous improvement of electrical conductivity due to the electrically conductive network of TiB2 and reduction of thermal conductivity due to the increased phonon scattering, improving the ZT of monolithic B4C by an impressive ≈ 120%. Higher quantities of TiC addition proved inefficient in improving the TE performance; by forming 9 vol% TiB2, ≈ 945% increase in electrical conductivity was achieved; however, the Seebeck coefficient was affected negatively, causing a drastic decrease in the ZT value.

Wet fluidization characterization of potash particles in a pulsation-assisted fluidized bed

In order to improve fluidization behavior, pulsed airflow was employed to break agglomeration and eliminate channeling in a fluidized bed with wet potash particles. The effects of pulsation frequency, pulsed air to continuous flow ratio (r), and inlet relative humidity of the air on bubbling behavior were investigated via an electrical capacitance tomography system. A frequency of 1.0 Hz and an r of 0.33 with 0.1 s opening time were found to be the optimum condition, leading to the lowest minimum fluidization velocity (umf) and generation of homogeneous bubbles in size and shape. A new theoretical model was developed to predict the umf of wet particles in a fluidized bed by considering both the liquid bridge force and resonant force resulting from the pulsation. Average absolute deviation percentage values between the predicted umf and the experimental data were 13.8 and 20.7 for the dry and wet particles, respectively, indicating good agreement.

Unravelling the improved permeability of wet granular packed bed via embedding dry particles: From multi-scale mechanisms to combustion enhancements

The permeability of wet granular packed beds inevitably deteriorate as their thickness increases. Therefore, a wide variety of technologies have been developed to improve bed permeability. Return fines embedding (RFE) is a promising technology owing to its simplicity and efficiency. Improved bed permeability using RFE was validated by increasing the moisture content from 7.5% to 9.0%. Return fines larger than 3 mm, particularly those between 4 mm and 5 mm, played a key role in improving bed permeability, and the corresponding mass ratio to the total weight of return fines is not expected to exceed 60%. It was also found that the return fines embedded in the lower zone had better permeability than those embedded in the upper zone owing to the formation of an overly wet zone close to the bottom. As a result, the particle-scale porous structures and the meso-scale moisture transfer phenomena were investigated to unravel the bed-scale improved permeability. In addition to the multi-scale mechanisms, the combustion enhancements in the wet granular packed bed by applying the RFE strategy were visually demonstrated.

An experimental study of triboelectrostatic particle charging behavior and its associated fundamentals

Triboelectrostatic separation is a unique dry particle separation process that has been applied to many industrial applications. However, little attention has been directed to the process of charge transfer during the particle collision and friction which is critical for the success of triboelectrostatic separation. The present study has been conducted to quantify the effects of particle size, collision speed, contact mode (collision or friction), etc. on the charge density, surface potential, morphology, etc. of quartz particles based on macroscopic triboelectrostatic charge measurements and microscopic atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization. The macroscopic charging performance results showed that the charge to mass ratio of quartz particles depended on process parameters such as feed rate and charger rotation speed and the highest charge to mass ratio reached −56.21 μC/g. The microscopic AFM characterization data reveals that the increase in particle size and collision velocity fundamentally enhanced the triboelectrostatic charging process. The surface potential of quartz increased from −60.60 mV to −477.15 mV with increasing PVC particle size from 280 μm to 1250 μm and similar behavior was observed with increasing the collision velocity from 0.99 m/s to 2.62 m/s. The change in contact mode only changed the magnitude of charge transfer but did not change the polarity of charged particle. The process of charge transfer was accompanied with the change of surface morphology and the degree of change in surface morphology was not directly related to the amount of charge transfer.

In situ generation of bioadhesives using dry tannic silk particles: a wet-adhesion strategy relying on removal of hydraulic layer over wet tissues for wound care

Tissue adhesives have been widely used in biomedical applications. However, the presence of a hydrated layer on the surface of wet tissue severely hinders their adhesion capacities, resulting in ineffective wound treatment. To address this issue, a dry particle dressing (plas@SF/tann-hydro-pwd) capable of removing the hydrated layer and converting in situ to bioadhesives (plas@SF/tann-hydro-gel) was fabricated via simple physical mixing based on the hydrophobic-hydrogen bonding synergistic effect and Schiff-base reaction. It was found that the plas@SF/tann-hydro-gel bioadhesive, which was changed from plas@SF/tann-hydro-pwd dressing by adsorption of water, exhibited good wet adhesion to diverse biological tissues. In addition, the wet adhesion qualities of the plas@SF/tann-hydro-gel adhesive was studied under a variety of demanding conditions, including a wide range of temperatures, varying pH levels, highly concentrated salt solutions, and simulated fluids. Experiments on animals had showed that the adhesive plas@SF/tann-hydro-gel has superior wet adhesion qualities and superior wound healing properties compared to the commercial product Tegaderm™. This study develops a new wet-adhesion technique employing dry particle dressing to eliminate the hydrated layer over wet tissues for the in situ creation of gel bioadhesives for wound healing.

An analytical energy-balance model for restitution coefficient of a dry particle when impacting on a wet plane

The restitution coefficient of particle is a key parameter for simulations of particle-fluid systems. An analytical model based on particle energy balance is proposed for a system of a dry particle impacting on a wet plane. The proposed model incorporates typical mechanisms of particle energy dissipation. For the cases from F. Gollwitzer, et al. (Phys. Rev. E 86 (2012), 011303), dominant dissipation originates from viscous force, whereas energy loss, due to liquid film inertia, cannot be neglected and even takes over system of Reynolds number higher than 90; energy dissipation induced by capillary force is commonly negligible with capillary number of 0.12–4.6. With consideration of particle roughness effects, the model achieves a good agreement with experimental data widely collected from literature. Using more than 800 points from literature, an artificial neural network tool is also developed. As inputs, Stokes, Weber, Reynolds, Bond, and capillary numbers could provide the best prediction.

Environmentally persistent free radicals: Methods for combustion generation, whole-body inhalation and assessing cardiopulmonary consequences

Particulate matter (PM) containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) results from the incomplete combustion of organic wastes which chemisorb to transition metals. This process generates a particle-pollutant complex that continuously redox cycles to produce reactive oxygen species. EPFRs are well characterized, but their cardiopulmonary effects remain unknown. This publication provides a detailed approach to evaluating these effects and demonstrates the impact that EPFRs have on the lungs and vasculature. Combustion-derived EPFRs were generated (EPFR lo: 2.1e−16 radical/g, EPFR hi: 5.5e−17 radical/g), characterized, and verified as representative of those found in urban areas. Dry particle aerosolization and whole-body inhalation were established for rodent exposures. To verify that these particles and exposures recapitulate findings relevant to known PM-induced cardiopulmonary effects, male C57BL6 mice were exposed to filtered air, ∼280 μg/m3 EPFR lo or EPFR hi for 4 h/d for 5 consecutive days. Compared to filtered air, pulmonary resistance was increased in mice exposed to EPFR hi. Mice exposed to EPFR hi also exhibited increased plasma endothelin-1 (44.6 vs 30.6 pg/mL) and reduced nitric oxide (137 nM vs 236 nM), suggesting vascular dysfunction. Assessment of vascular response demonstrated an impairment in endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, with maximum relaxation decreased from 80% to 62% in filtered air vs EPFR hi exposed mice. Gene expression analysis highlighted fold changes in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and antioxidant response genes including increases in lung Cyp1a1 (8.7 fold), Cyp1b1 (9 fold), Aldh3a1 (1.7 fold) and Nqo1 (2.4 fold) and Gclc (1.3 fold), and in aortic Cyp1a1 (5.3 fold) in mice exposed to EPFR hi vs filtered air. We then determined that lung AT2 cells were the predominate locus for AhR activation. Together, these data suggest the lung and vasculature as particular targets for the health impacts of EPFRs and demonstrate the importance of additional studies investigating the cardiopulmonary effects of EPFRs.

Underexcitation prevents crystallization of granular assemblies subjected to high-frequency vibration

Crystallization of dry particle assemblies via imposed vibrations is a scalable route to assemble micro/macro crystals. It is well understood that there exists an optimal frequency to maximize crystallization with broad acceptance that this optimal frequency emerges because high-frequency vibration results in overexcitation of the assembly. Using measurements that include interrupted X-ray computed tomography and high-speed photography combined with discrete-element simulations we show that, rather counterintuitively, high-frequency vibration underexcites the assembly. The large accelerations imposed by high-frequency vibrations create a fluidized boundary layer that prevents momentum transfer into the bulk of the granular assembly. This results in particle underexcitation which inhibits the rearrangements required for crystallization. This clear understanding of the mechanisms has allowed the development of a simple concept to inhibit fluidization which thereby allows crystallization under high-frequency vibrations.

Effect of the modification of a high-QI pitch with an additive on anode quality

Prebaked carbon anodes are manufactured from a dry aggregate (calcined petroleum coke, recycled butts, and rejected green and baked anodes) and a pitch as the binder. The process involves the mixing of the dry aggregate and the pitch according to an appropriate recipe followed by the compaction of the resulting paste and its baking to produce baked anodes for use in electrolysis cells for aluminum production. A good bonding between pitch and dry aggregate particles improves the anode quality which leads to reduction in process cost, energy and carbon consumptions, and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). One of the potential avenues to improve such bonding is the modification of pitch by an additive. It enriches the surface functional groups of pitch and makes it more compatible with coke. The objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of the modification of a pitch containing a high amount of primary quinoline insolubles (HQI pitch) on the anode quality.The wettability of coke by modified and non-modified pitches was measured using the sessile drop method. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of these pitches were carried out to determine the change in their surface chemistry upon modification. Laboratory anodes were produced using the non-modified and modified HQI pitches at different pitch levels and additive percentages. The anodes were characterized by measuring their density, electrical resistivity, air and CO2 reactivities, and permeability. Then, these properties were compared for anodes containing non-modified (standard) and modified pitches. In general, the results showed that the modification improved the anode properties compared to those of the standard anodes. The most suitable additive percentage was 2 % and the best pitch percentage was 16 % to obtain good quality anodes. The wettability tests showed that the HQI pitch modified with 2 % additive wetted the coke best. XPS and FTIR tests showed the chemical changes occurring on the pitch surface after the modification with the additive. The results show the potential for the improvement of anode quality based on the pitch modification which renders pitch more compatible with coke.

CFD-DEM study of spout deflection behavior of cohesive particles in a spout fluidized bed

The spout deflection problem limits the operating range and poses a threat to the normal production of fluidized beds especially when the cohesive particles are practised, yet these processes were not well understood at the particle scale in the past. In this work, the spout deflection behavior of cohesive particles in a pseudo-2D spout fluidized bed is studied by Computational Fluid Dynamics - Discrete Element Method featuring a cohesion sub-model. The model is validated against experimental measurements of two cases. Then three types of particles are studied including dry particles and two types of cohesive particles covered by water and honey, respectively, for comparison in terms of flow pattern, spout deflection, and bed pressure drop. The simulation results show that compared with the case of dry particles, the cases of cohesive particles have smaller spout deflection, 16.3% smaller for water-covered particles and 68.1% smaller for honey-covered particles in their base cases. Further, the effects of key parameters are studied. The median value of the spout deflection angle for dry and cohesive particles all increases with increasing spouting gas velocity. The median values of the spout deflection angle of cohesive particles are significantly affected by initial particle surface liquid content. At last, the gas pressure drops in the vertical direction caused by the particle resistance are almost the same between the cases of dry and cohesive particles; however, the gas diffusion in the horizontal direction is highly correlated with the initial particle surface liquid content, liquid types, and spouting gas velocity. This work unveils the impacts of cohesive particles on spout deflection and sheds light on the optimal operation for practical applications.

Dispersal Characteristics Dependence on Mass Ratio for Explosively Driven Dry Powder Particle

An investigation on the dispersal characteristics of the cylindrically packed material of dry powder particles driven by explosive load is presented. By establishing a controllable experimental system under laboratory conditions and combining with near-field simulation, the particle dispersal process is described. Additionally, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is observed during the process of jet deceleration dispersal. The characteristic parameters of radially propagated particles are explored under different mass ratio of particle-to-charge (M/C). Results indicate that, when the charge mass remains constant, an increase in M/C leads to a decrease in dispersed jet number, void radius and maximum velocity, wherein the maximum velocity correlates with calculations by the porous Gurney model. The case of the smaller M/C always has a higher outer-boundary radius and area expansion factor. Findings indicate that when particles detach from the jet upon reaching minimum acceleration and entering low-speed far-field stage from high-speed near-field stage, the outer-boundary radius is 30~36 times the initial particles’ body radius under different M/C. In addition, particle concentration distribution over time and distance is qualitatively analyzed by the grayscale image method. This research can be referential for improving the fire-extinguishing capacity of extinguishing bombs and the damage property of fuel air explosive (FAE).

Impact experiments on granular materials under low gravity: Effects of cohesive strength, internal friction, and porosity of particle layers on crater size

Impact craters on the surface of asteroids provide information about their surface properties and evolutionary processes. Investigating how crater size depends on these physical properties is important for establishing a crater-size scaling law. We conducted high-velocity impact experiments at 1 G and at simulated low gravity on dry particle layers with different physical properties. The crater diameter was larger for targets with smaller internal friction. Also, for similar internal friction, the crater diameter was larger for targets with lower porosity. The crater diameter for targets with particle diameters of several hundred micrometers was proportional to the gravitational acceleration to the power of −0.16 to −0.18. However, the crater diameters for targets with particle sizes of ∼40 μm showed little or no difference between 1 G and low gravity. Although the results for targets with particle sizes of ∼40 μm at 1 G showed a relationship in the gravity regime, the results under low gravity deviated from this tendency. We obtained the condition for the transition between the gravity- and strength-dominated regimes: the ratio of the cohesion Ycoh to the term ρtgD, or the ratio of the effective strength YEFF to ρtgD, where ρt, g, and D are the target bulk density, gravitational acceleration, and crater diameter, respectively. The values of Ycoh/ρtgD and YEFF/ρtgD for targets with particle sizes of ∼40 μm were 0.22–0.27 and 0.11–0.60, respectively. This study provides basic experimental data for comparison with numerical simulations.

Effects of several factors in accelerated carbonation on neutralization and carbon dioxide capture of alkaline sludges treated with paper sludge ash-based stabilizer

Recently, a technology was developed in Japan to accelerate the carbonation of alkaline construction sludge and reduce its alkalinity. Alkaline construction sludge is treated in advance using a paper sludge ash-based stabilizer (PSAS) so that it becomes granular and well aerated. Subsequently, CO2 gas is injected from the bottom to the top of the treated sludge layer in the underground pit. This technology can reduce the pH of alkaline sludge within short periods; however, the completion period of pH neutralization has often been predicted empirically. This may be due to the combined effects of density, water content, particle size, PSAS amount in the sludge, and CO2 concentration in the accelerated carbonation on the pH neutralization process. However, there have been few studies on how these factors affect the pH neutralization and CO2 capture of PSAS-treated alkaline sludges subjected to accelerated carbonation. Therefore, in this study, the effects of several accelerated carbonation factors on neutralization and CO2 capture from alkaline sludge were experimentally investigated. PSAS-treated alkaline sludges with different densities, water contents, particle sizes, and amounts of PSAS were cured in incubators with controlled CO2 concentrations. Based on the pH measurements, the pH neutralization completion period (tN) was evaluated for each alkaline sludge sample. The test results revealed that tN increased with increasing dry density and particle size and decreasing CO2 concentration. The results also suggest that tN increases with increasing amounts of PSAS. However, the water content had a more significant effect on tN than the PSAS amount. There may be an optimum water content for pH neutralization if conditions other than the water content are the same. From the results of the carbonate content evaluation, the amounts of CO2 captured in each specimen (mCO2) and mCO2 at tN were determined for each alkaline sludge sample. The results revealed that the density, water content, particle size of the alkaline sludge, and CO2 concentration in the incubators did not significantly affect the amount of CO2 captured by the sludge (mCO2) upon the completion of pH neutralization. However, the amount of PSAS significantly affects the captured CO2 content. A higher amount of PSAS caused mCO2 to increase at tN.

CFD Simulation and Experimental Study on a Thermal Energy Storage–Updraft Solid Waste Gasification Device

A thermal energy storage–updraft gasification device is a type of reactor that should be considered for use in solid waste gasification research that can save energy. However, the operating parameters and internal flow field during its operation remain unclear. In this study, a numerical model of the thermal energy storage–solid waste gasification device based on the computational fluid dynamics dense discrete phase model (CFD-DDPM) which had almost never been used before was established, and an innovative method that causes particles to be piled to simulate the gasification process was proposed according to the updraft fixed bed gasification characteristics; meanwhile, solid waste gasification experiments were conducted on the device. This study focused on the influence of moisture content and excess air coefficient on the gasification process of solid waste particles, and the velocity, pressure, temperature, and species distribution of the internal flow field of the device were analyzed. Simulation results showed that the higher the moisture content of particles, the greater the amplitude of changes in the internal physical field of the device. The fluid pressure drop is around 25 Pa–75 Pa for different working conditions. The combustible species of the gas of moist particles raise slightly with the increase in excess air coefficient, while the dry particles have the opposite effect. Compared with other gasification devices of the same type, the hydrogen production of this device is about 2–3 times higher. Our findings could facilitate the analysis, predict the operation status, and provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of this device.

Effect of Viroc Conduct under Compression on the Mechanical Characteristics of Sustainable Materials

To meet energy-saving requirements, in recent years, Saudi Arabia’s construction industry has focused on researching the use of naturally available resources as raw materials. This study looks at the behavior of Viroc, specifically using pinewood and its compression properties in eco-friendly concrete. The study demonstrates the feasibility of adding pinewood to concrete and provides a theoretical basis for the promotion of dry pinewood particles and Portland cement composite materials. The Viroc specimens used in the study are 18 mm long, 12 mm wide, and 12 mm deep. The mechanical properties of the specimens were tested and compared by using a universal testing machine (UTM) and the Ansys software program 2022. The test results show that Viroc can increase the compression strength and modulus of the construction material as well as increase its brittleness and toughness (mechanical properties). The results show that it is feasible to incorporate wood and cement, resulting in a new type of Viroc composite material in an eco-friendly environment.