Dry Matter Recovery Research Articles

Influência da utilização de aditivos químicos no perfil da fermentação, no valor nutritivo e nas perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar

Avaliou-se o efeito do uso de aditivos químicos nas perdas de matéria seca, no perfil fermentativo e no valor nutritivo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento (sete tratamentos). Os seguintes aditivos foram utilizados na confecção das silagens: controle (sem aditivo), L. buchneri, óxido e carbonato de cálcio em doses de 1,0 e 1,5% da massa verde e sulfato de cálcio a 1,0% da massa verde, diluídos em 40 litros de água por tonelada de forragem. As variáveis analisadas foram: perdas totais e gasosas, produção de efluente, recuperação de matéria seca, composição química e valor nutritivo. As menores perdas fermentativas e gasosas foram observadas nas silagens com óxido ou carbonato de cálcio, que resultaram em maior taxa de recuperação de matéria seca. Da mesma forma, as silagens tratadas com estes aditivos apresentaram maior teor de carboidratos solúveis residuais e de ácido lático e reduzida fermentação alcoólica. As silagens tratadas com óxido e carbonato apresentaram, no momento da abertura, maior teor de cinzas, menor concentração de componentes fibrosos e maiores coeficientes digestibilidade da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica. O teor de proteína encontrado nessas silagens foi semelhante ao observado na forragem fresca. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar com L. buchneri e sulfato de cálcio possibilitou a obtenção de desempenho similar ao determinado com a silagem sem aditivos. Silagens tratadas com carbonato e óxido de cálcio apresentam maior desempenho durante o processo fermentativo.

Efeito de aditivo químico e inoculantes microbianos na fermentação e no controle da produção de álcool em silagens de cana-de-açúcar

Avaliou-se a eficácia de aditivo químico e inoculantes microbianos nas alterações fermentativas que inibem a produção de etanol e diminuem as perdas de matéria seca em silagens de cana-de-açúcar. A ensilagem foi realizada em baldes plásticos de 20 litros (minissilos) adaptados com válvulas tipo Bunsen para eliminação dos gases e dispositivo para coleta de efluentes. Utilizou-se uréia (1% na matéria verde) como aditivo e os inoculantes microbianos Lalsil cana® contendo a bactéria heterolática Lactobacillus buchneri (cepa NCIMB 40788) na razão de 3,65 × 10(5) ufc/g massa verde (MV) e um inoculante não comercial contendo a combinação de bactérias homo e heteroláticas Pedioccocus pentosassus e Lactobacillus buchneri (1 × 10(6) ufc/g de massa verde). As amostragens foram realizadas após 110 dias de fermentação. A utilização de uréia e principalmente do aditivo Lactobacillus buchneri + Pediococcus foi eficaz em diminuir a produção de etanol (1,30 e 2,75% vs 8,27% na silagem controle), as perdas de matéria seca (47 e 60%) e o consumo de carboidratos solúveis (22 e 56%) e em aumentar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (14,7 e 12,4%) quando comparados à silagem controle, respectivamente. Apesar dos altos teores de ácido acético em todas as silagens, principalmente nas silagens acrescidas da combinação de bactérias homo e heteroláticas, não foram verificados efeitos dos inoculantes sobre a população de leveduras. Os valores de pH e ácido lático da silagem com uréia foram maiores que os obtidos na silagem controle. As silagens com L. buchneri apresentaram neste estudo maior produção de etanol (11,53% vs 8,27%, silagem controle), o que refletiu em perdas significativas e baixa recuperação de matéria seca, além de baixa digestibilidade pela perda de carboidratos solúveis e pelo acúmulo de FDN, que foram similares aos das silagens sem aditivo.

CARACTERÍSTICAS FERMENTATIVAS E COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICO-BROMATOLÓGICA DE SILAGENS DE CAPIM-ELEFANTE COM OU SEM Lactobacillusplantarum E FARELO DE TRIGO ISOLADAMENTE OU EM COMBINAÇÃO

To evaluate the addition effects of Lactobacillus plantarum or wheat meal, or both on the losses by gases, dry matter recovery, pH, N-NH3, lactic acid and chemical composition of elephant grass silages, this research was carried out. The experimental design was entirely randomised, with four treatments: Elephant grass silage; Elephant grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum; Elephant grass silage + 10% of wheat meal in natural matter; Elephant grass silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum + 10% of wheat meal in natural matter, with four replicates per treatment. The grass was ensiled in 5 liters buckets, with bunsen valve for escape of the gases. There was effect (P>0,05) of the wheat meal addition and of the inoculation on the losses by gases, dry matter (DM) recovery, pH and lactic acid of silages, and the combination of wheat meal and inoculant presented the smallest pH value, increased lactic acid content and decreased gas losses. The largest values of dry matter and smaller of NDF were observed in the silages with wheat meal, with or without inoculant. The inoculation reduced hemicellulose (HEM) content, in the silages with or without wheat meal, resulting in smaller NDF values, when compared to the non inoculated silages. Increases were fund in the protein content of the silages with the tested additives, being the highest value observed when both additives were present. One concludes that the inoculation with both Lactobacillus plantarum and wheat meal reduces dry matter losses and improve the quality of elephant grass silage, being the largest improvement observed when these addictive are combined. Key-words: Additive, inoculants, Penisetum purpureum, silage conservation.

Perdas de silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos

Objetivou-se avaliar silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos químicos (uréia 1,5%; benzoato de sódio 0,1%; ou hidróxido de sódio (NaOH) 1% na matéria natural) combinados ou não com inoculantes (Propionibacterium acidipropionici + Lactobacillus plantarum ou Lactobacillus buchneri). Foram avaliadas 12 silagens: uma controle, sem inoculante e sem aditivo químico; três sem inoculante, mas com um dos aditivos; uma com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum, sem aditivo químico; três com P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum e um dos aditivos; uma com L. buchneri, sem aditivo químico; e três com L. buchneri e um dos aditivos. Os dados foram analisados em esquema fatorial 4 × 3 com três repetições para cada tratamento. Foram determinadas as perdas ocorridas durante o processo fermentativo nas formas de gases e de efluentes e a recuperação da MS. Durante a exposição aeróbia, determinaram-se a recuperação da MS e a estabilidade aeróbia medida pela variação da temperatura. A associação de L. buchneri e NaOH reduziu as perdas por gases e efluentes e elevou a recuperação da MS. No período após abertura, destacou-se a atuação do benzoato de sódio em manter o pH com variação de apenas 0,1 unidade em cinco dias de exposição aeróbia e dos inoculantes L. buchneri e P. acidipropionici + L. plantarum em prolongar o tempo para elevação da temperatura de 34 horas nas silagens controle para 54 e 50 horas, respectivamente. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar requer a inclusão de algum aditivo eficiente no controle das perdas quantitativas durante a fermentação e a exposição aeróbia.

Effects of a Mixture of Lactic Acid Bacteria Applied as a Freeze-Dried or Fresh Culture on the Fermentation of Alfalfa Silage

Alfalfa (approximately 31% DM) was untreated or treated with a silage inoculant containing the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum L-54, and L. plantarum Aber F1. The inoculant was added at a normal and a high dose as a freeze-dried powder that had been mixed with water just prior to application, or it was grown with nutrients the day before and added as a fresh culture. The actual application rate of lactic acid bacteria was 1.19×105 for the normal dose, 4.30×105 for the high dose, and 5.10×105 for the fresh culture. All inoculated silages showed a faster increase in the rate of lactic acid production and a decrease in the drop in pH over the first 24h of ensiling compared with untreated silage. The effect was greatest for silage treated with the fresh culture and was supported by the fact that this treatment had numbers of lactic acid bacteria that increased faster than in other treatments. Inoculation also generally resulted in a fermentation profile that was more homolactic (more lactic acid and less acetic acid, ethanol, and NH3-N) than for untreated silage, but the effect was greatest for the fresh culture. Inoculation did not affect in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestion or the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber or total N in silages. The recovery of dry matter was greater in silage that was treated with a high level of the freeze-dried culture or with the fresh culture when compared with the untreated control. This study showed that application of a silage inoculant as a freeze-dried culture or as a fresh culture resulted in alfalfa silage with a more homolactic fermentation profile. The effect was greatest from addition of the fresh culture.

Dry Matter Recovery, Nutritive Value, and Economics of Cool-Season Grass Hay Stored for Seven or Fifteen Months in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

Forty 122 x 152-cm large round bales of mixed cool-season grasses were utilized in a study designed to determine the influence of storage system on spoilage and the changes in concentrations of nutrients during long term storage. Bales were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 treatments: 1) stored on the ground without cover; 2) stored on wooden pallets without cover; 3) stored on the ground and covered with a tarp; 4) stored on wooden pallets and covered with a tarp; and 5) stored in a barn on pallets. Bales were sampled after 7 or 15 mo of storage to determine the percentage of spoilage loss. Generally, losses were greater for bales stored without cover than for covered bales or bales stored in a barn. Concentrations of CP, ADF, and NDF increased with increasing time in storage for bales in most storage systems; however, concentrations of CP were not affected by sampling date in storage systems using wooden pallets without cover and wooden pallets in a barn. The economic analysis shows that the most cost effective system of hay storage depends on many factors, including the type of storage system, the length of the storage period, the initial cost of the hay, and the relative cost of alternative storage systems.

Estabilidade aeróbia da ração total e de silagens de capim-marandu tratadas com aditivos químicos e bacterianos

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da inclusão de aditivo químico e da inoculação de bactérias homo e heterofermentativas sobre a estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de capim-marandu e da ração total. Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliação do benzoato de sódio e de dois inoculantes, um contendo Lactobacillus plantarum + Propionibacterium e o segundo Lactobacillus buchneri. Após 60 dias de fermentação, os silos foram abertos e as silagens e a ração total (RT) contendo silagens de capim-marandu foram colocadas em caixas de isopor e transferidas para câmara climática, a 25 ± 1ºC, para determinação das variações de temperatura na ração total e na silagem, das recuperações de MS e das alterações no pH da silagem. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Houve perdas de MS e elevação dos teores de pH quando as silagens foram colocadas em condições de aerobiose. A temperatura das silagens e da RT teve discreto aumento durante os seis dias de aeração. O uso de bactérias ou de benzoato de sódio não influenciou a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.

Effects of Storage Conditions on the Forage Quality Characteristics and Ergovaline Content of Endophyte‐Infected Tall Fescue Hays

Throughout the southern Ozark Highlands, endophyte‐infected tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh] hay often is stored outdoors, without cover. At two research sites (Fayetteville and Batesville, AR), the effects of unprotected storage were assessed for large round bales of tall fescue hay packaged at three diameters (≈1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 m). Bales were stored over winter either inside or outside on wooden pallets and then sampled at three depths (0–0.15 m, 0.15–0.31 m, and 0.31–0.46 m). At both locations, bale diameter had no effect (p > 0.05) on dry matter (DM) recovery or nutritive value. Generally, there was little deterioration of nutritive value during the storage period, regardless of treatment; however, some interactions (p ≤ 0.041) of storage location and sampling depth were observed at each experimental site. Ruminal disappearance kinetics of DM exhibited some statistical differences (p ≤ 0.030) in response to treatment; however, their relative magnitude was generally small, and there was little evidence to suggest biological relevance. After storage, concentrations of ergovaline were not affected (p > 0.05) by baling treatment at Batesville (overall mean 256 μg kg−1); however, this was a 27.3% reduction from the initial concentration immediately after mowing. At Fayetteville this reduction was even greater, falling by 79.4% between standing forage (539 μg kg−1) and samples taken from baled hay after storage (111 μg kg−1). At both sites, bales stored outside on wooden pallets exhibited relatively small changes in nutritive value, disappearance kinetics, and ergovaline at the bale surface relative to the internal portions of the bale.

Características fermentativas e químicas de silagens de capim-marandu produzidas com quatro pressões de compactação

Objetivou-se estudar silagens de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) produzidas com quatro pressões de compactação (100, 120, 140 e 160 kg MS.m-3) durante a ensilagem. A forrageira foi colhida com 60 dias de crescimento vegetativo (32% de MS). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os dados relativos à produção de gás foram analisados por meio do modelo de medidas repetidas no tempo. As silagens produzidas com menores pressões de compactação apresentaram maior intensidade de produção de gases. Em todos os tratamentos, houve baixa produção de efluente, como conseqüência do alto teor de MS da forragem no momento do corte. Nas maiores pressões de compactação, houve maior preservação dos teores de MS das silagens. Os valores de pH das silagens mais bem compactadas foram reduzidos em comparação aos daquelas com menor compactação, indicando que a maior densidade promoveu melhor ambiente para as bactérias produtoras de ácido lático. Os teores de N-NH3 (% N total) das silagens não foram influenciados pelas pressões de compactação durante a ensilagem; os resultados foram próximos aos considerados satisfatórios para conservação de gramíneas tropicais. A maior intensificação na compactação promoveu decréscimo nos valores de NIDN, fração B3, FDN e FDA e aumento na recuperação de MS e na digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da MS.

Efeito do farelo de trigo sobre as perdas, recuperação da matéria seca e composição bromatológica de silagem de capim-mombaça

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de farelo de trigo sobre as perdas, recuperação da MS e qualidade de silagem de capim-mombaça, em um experimento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos: 0, 20, 40 e 60% de farelo de trigo, e quatro repetições por tratamento. Foram utilizados baldes com capacidade para 15 litros, dotados de válvula de bunsen, para escape dos gases e com 3 kg de areia adicionados no fundo para retenção dos efluentes. As variáveis avaliadas foram perdas por gases, perdas por efluentes, recuperação da matéria seca, pH, N-amoniacal, matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e hemicelulose (HEM). A adição de farelo de trigo reduziu as perdas por gases e as perdas por efluentes. A recuperação da matéria seca foi menor para o tratamento sem farelo de trigo. Os valores de PB aumentaram com a adição de farelo de trigo. Os valores de FDN e FDA na silagem reduziram de forma linear em função da aplicação de farelo de trigo. Conclui-se que a inclusão de 20% de farelo de trigo é suficiente para atingir melhorias consideráveis na qualidade da silagem de capim-mombaça e, considerando-se o aspecto econômico, pode ser adotado.

The Effects of Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 on the Fermentation of Corn Silage

The effect of inoculating whole-plant corn at the time of harvest with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 (4×105 cfu/g of fresh forage) combined with Pediococcus pentosaceus R1094 (1×105 cfu/g) on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage (37% dry matter) through 361 d of ensiling was investigated. Dry matter recovery was similar between treatments throughout the study except at one early time point (14 d), when treated silage had a lower recovery than untreated silage. The concentration of lactic acid was unaffected by inoculation but inoculated silages had greater concentrations of 1,2-propanediol and acetic acid from 56 to 361 d of storage. In general, inoculation decreased the concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates but increased the concentration of ethanol. The numbers of yeasts was lower in inoculated silage at 42, 56, 70, and 282 d of ensiling. However, inoculation did not consistently improve the aerobic stability of silage, suggesting that microbes other than yeasts may have been responsible for aerobic instability in this study. Even after prolonged storage (361 d), silage treated with L. buchneri 40788 and P. pentosaceus R1094 had normal silage fermentation characteristics.

Influência do teor de matéria seca e do inoculante bacteriano nas características físicas e químicas da silagem de capim Tanzânia

The present trial aimed to study the effect of dry matter content and the addition of bacterial inoculant on the ensilage of Tanzânia grass. The bacterial inoculant did not alter crude protein content. Dry matter recovery rates, effluent yield and DM gases losses were 90.6%, 53.7 kg t-1 wet forage, 6.4% for the wet silages; 93.6%, 16.8 kg t-1 wet forage, 5.0% for millet added silages and 92.2%, 3.6 kg t-1 wet forage, 6.2% for the wilted silages, respectively. The silages dry matter content influenced wet bulk density/dry matter silo bulk density resulting in 346/105, 455/145 and 442/97 kg m-3 for the wilted, millet added and wet silages, respectively. Because the increase on dry matter content was not offsets in DM recovery rate, although there were some changes in chemical composition, the adoption and field recommendation of strategies will be dependent on the operational and costs restrictions

Aspergilus Oyzae 혹은 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae를 첨가하여 제조한 맥주박 위주 발효사료가 반추위 미생물에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 Aspergillus oryzae(AO) 혹은 Saccharomyces cerevisiae(SC)를 첨가하여 제조한 맥주박 위주 발효사료의 급여가 한우의 반추위내 미생물에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 실시하였다. 공시동물은 반추위 cannula가 장착된 한우 암소 2두를 이용하였다. 시험은 시판 배합사료 <TEX>$715\%$</TEX> 및 corn silage <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> 급여구(대조구), 시판 배합사료 <TEX>$45.0\%$</TEX>, AO 첨가 발효사료 <TEX>$26.5\%$</TEX> 및 com silage <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> 급여구(TAO)와 시판 배합사료 <TEX>$45.0\%$</TEX>, SC 첨가 발효사료 <TEX>$26.5\%$</TEX> 및 corn silage <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> 급여구(TSC)의 3처리구로 구분하여 수행하였다. Total viable bacteria(p<0.05), 혐기성 곰팡이 및 protozoa(p<0.05)의 수는 대조구에 비해 TAO 및 TSC에서 높았다. 단백질 분해 박테리아(p<0.05), 섬유소 분해 박테리아 및 xylan 이용 박테리아 수는 대조구에 비해 TAO 및 TSC구에서 높은 경향이었다 Protozoa의 건물회수율은 대조구에 비해 TAO 및 TSC구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 총 미생물 및 protozoa의 조단백질 함량은 대조구 및 TAO구에 비해 TSC구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 박테리아의 조단백질 함량은 대조구에 비해 TAO 및 TSC구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 총 미생물의 조지방 함량은 대조구 및 TSC구에 비해 TAO구에서 높았으며 (p<0.05), protozoa 및 박테리아의 조지방 함량은 대조구 및 TAO구에 비해 TSC구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 총 미생물의 필수아미노산 비율은 TAO 및 TSC구에 비해 대조구에서 높았다. 박테리아의 methionin 및 alanine 비율은 대조구에 비해 TAO 및 TSC구에서 높았다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서 AO 혹은 SC를 첨가하여 제조한 발효사료의 급여는 반추위내 미생물 수 및 균체 조성 변화에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. This study was conducted to examine effects of brewery meal-based fermented feedstuff supplemented with Aspergillus oryzae(AO) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae(SC) on luminal micro-organism of Korean native cattle. Two cows equipped with luminal cannulas were used as experimental animals. Experiment was done with three treatment groups: <TEX>$71.5\%$</TEX> of commercial feed and <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> of com silage(control): <TEX>$45.0\%$</TEX> of commercial feed, <TEX>$26.5\%$</TEX> of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO and <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> of corn silage(TAO): <TEX>$45.0\%$</TEX> of commercial feed, <TEX>$26.5\%$</TEX> of fermented ffedstuff supplemented with SC and <TEX>$28.5\%$</TEX> of corn silage(TSC). The number of total viable bacteria (p<0.05), anaerobic fungi and protozoa(p<0.05) was higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The number of proteolytic bacteria(p<0.05), cellulolytic bacteria and xylan fermenters tended to be higher in TAO and TSC than in control. The dry matter recovery (DMR) of protozoa was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The crude protein (CP) content of total microbes and protozoa was higher in TSC than in control and TAO (p<0.05). The CP content of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The ether extract(EE) content of the total microbes was higher in TAO than in control and TSC(p<0.05), and the EE of protozoa and bacteria were higher in TSC than in control and TAO(p<0.05). The ratio of essential amino acids of total microbe was higher in control than in TAO and TSC(p<0.05). The ratio of methionine and alanine of bacteria was higher in TAO and TSC than in control(p<0.05). The results suggested that the feeding of fermented feedstuff supplemented with AO or SC had an influence on the numbers of ruminal microorganism and the changes of microbial body composition.

반추미생물 분석에 의한 Chromium-methionine Chelate의 반추위 By-pass율 추정

본 연구는 무기태 크롬(<TEX>$ClCl_3$</TEX>)와 유기태화 크롬인 Cr-methionine chelate(크라민®)을 첨가하였을 때 in vitro 조건에서 반추위내 발효성상과 반추미생물체 내 Cr과 Methionine을 분석하여 크라민®의 by-pass 여부를 간접적으로 증명하고자 실시하였다. In vitro 소화시험에 이용한 기초영양소는 Jar 당 반추미생물 기초 영양소로 시중에 유통되고 있는 배합사료 7g(DM), 볏짚 2g(DM) 및 Corn silage 2g(DM)을 동일하게 배합하였으며, 시험구로는 대조구(control), <TEX>$ClCl_3$</TEX>를 1000ppb 첨가한 T1구 및 Cr 농도가 1000ppb이 되도록 크라민®을 첨가한 T2구를 두었으며, 처리 당 5반복으로 시험을 수행하였다. T2의 pH는 모든 배양시간에서 대조구 및 T1구에 비하여 낮은 경향을 보였으며, 암모니아 농도는 배양 6시간 전까지는 대조구와 T1구에 비하여 T2구가 높은 경향을 보였으나, 배양 6시간 이후에는 모든 처리구가 일정하게 낮게 유지되었다. 총 휘발성지방산 농도는 모든 처리구가 배양시간이 경과함에 다라 지속적으로 증가하였으며, 대조구에 비하여 T1구와 T2구의 농도가 유의적으로 낮았다. In vitro 배양 12시간 동안 미생물체 건물 회수율은 T1구가 가장 낮은 반면에 T2구가 가장 효율적으로 미생물을 증가시켰다. 반추미생물체 내 Cr 농도는 대조구와 T2구간에는 차이가 없었으나(P>0.05), T1구는 유의적(P>0.05)으로 높게 나타났다. 반추미생물체 내 methionine 및 cyctine 농도는 대조구와 T2구간에는 차이(P>0.05)가 없었으나, T1구는 비교적 낮은 경향을 보였다. 본 시험의 결과를 종합해 보면, 크라민®의 첨가에 따른 in vitro 배양액내 pH 및 암모니아 농도를 포함한 발효특성에 대한 부의 영향은 없는 것으로 판단되며, 오히려 미생물체 단백질의 합성에 이용되어 암모니아의 생성량과 총미생물 건물 회수량을 증가시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 크라민®은 반추 미생물에 의해 상당히 제한적으로 분해되기 때문에 반추위를 회피해서 소장으로 by-pass 되어 이용된 것으로 판단되었다. The study was designed to estimate the in vitro rumen by-pass rate of both chromium methionine chelate as an organic supplement and <TEX>$ClCl_3$</TEX> as an inorganic supplement. Rumen by-pass rates of the supplements were evaluted by comparing ruminal metabolites in rumen fluid and Cr and methionine contents in the body of ruminal microorganism. For in vitro digestion examination, basic nutrients for ruminal microbes were supplied with 7g(DM) of feed, 2g of rice straw, and 2g of corn silage per each incubation jar. Three treatments including Control(no supplementation of Cr), T1(1000ppb supplementation of <TEX>$ClCl_3$</TEX>) and T2(chromium methionine chelate supplementation equivalent to 1000ppb of Cr content) were prepared with five replications per each treatment. pH of T2 was lower than that of Control and T1 regardless of incubation time. Ammonia content was higher in T2 than in Control and T1 during first 6 hours of incubation. However, the ammonia content in Control was remained low after 6 hours. Total volatile fatty acids(VFA) content in control was increased constantly as incubation time was extended. Therefore, VFA content in T1 and T2 were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Control. Dry matter recovery rate by ruminal microorganism was the lowest in T1, however ruminal microbial population was increased most efficiently in T2 during 12 hours of in vitro incubation. Cr concentrations in the body of ruminal microbes were not different(P>0.05) between Control and T2, but it was significantly high in T1(P<0.05). Contents of methionine and cystine in ruminal microbes also were not different between Control and T2(P>0.05), but it was relatively low in T1. Based on the above results, the chromium methionine chelate was believed to by-pass rumen and could remain intact until it reaches small intestine compared to inorganic chromium. This results implies that chromium methionine chelate could be more effective to function in the small intestine of ruminant animals.

Nutritive Composition and Sensory Properties of Ogi Fortified with Okra Seed Meal

Maize ogi was fortified with defatted and roasted okra seed meals at substitution levels of 0,10 and 20%. Dry matter recovery levels during production of ogi, raw and roasted okra seed meals were 98.9, 97.3 and 94.7%, respectively. Okra - fortification of ogi at 20% level using defatted and roasted meals increased crude protein content by 122 and 106%, respectively. Ash content was increased by 2 - to 5 - fold due to the fortification. The fat content of samples fortified with 10 and 20% roasted okra seed meal were increased by 1.5 and 2.2%, respectively. Ogi supplemented with roasted okra seed meal had higher viscosities during heating and cooling cycles than samples fortified with the defatted meal. The former samples also had slightly higher sensory scores for colour and taste although all fortified samples were acceptable. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management Vol. 8 (2) 2004: 23-28

The Effects of Various Antifungal Additives on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Corn Silage

In 2 consecutive years, whole plant corn was ensiled in laboratory silos to investigate the effects of various silage additives on fermentation, dry matter (DM) recovery and aerobic stability. In yr 1, chopped forage was treated with 1) no additive (untreated, U), 2) Lactobacillus buchneri40788, 4×105cfu/g of fresh forage (LLB4), 3) L. buchneri 11A44, 1×105cfu/g (PLB), 4) Biomax 5 (Lactobacillus plantarum PA-28 and K-270), 1×105cfu/g (B5), 5) Silo Guard II (sodium metabisulfite and amylase), 0.05% of fresh forage weight (SG), 6) a buffered propionic acid-based additive, 0.1% (Ki-112), 7), sodium benzoate, 0.1% of fresh weight (SB), or 8) potassium sorbate:EDTA (1:1), 0.1% of fresh weight (PSE). Silage treated with LLB4 had the highest concentration of acetic acid compared with other treatments, and yeasts were undetectable in LLB4 (<log2cfu/g). Silages treated with SB and PSE had the highest concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates, the greatest recoveries of DM, and the lowest concentrations of ethanol. Silages treated with B5, SG, and Ki-112 had no effects on fermentation, DM recovery, or aerobic stability. The aerobic stabilities of silages treated with LLB4, SB, and PSE were greatest among all treatments. In yr 2, treatments were: 1) U, 2) LLB4, 3) PLB, 4) PLB at 4×105cfu/g (PLB4), and 5) B5. Silages treated with L. buchneri had greater concentrations of acetic acid but lower concentrations of ethanol than did U- and B5-treated silages. Yeasts were undetected in all silages except in silage treated with B5, which had the poorest aerobic stability of all treatments. Treatments had no effect on DM recovery. Silages treated with PLB, PLB4, and LLB4 remained stable for >210h.

Aerobic Stability of Wheat and Orchardgrass Round-Bale Silages During Winter

Using recently developed technology, balage is often stored in large (1.2×1.2m) round bales that are wrapped in plastic film with an in-line wrapper. The aerobic stability of this fermented forage is important, particularly during winter months when it is fed to livestock or sold as a cash crop. Two types of forage, orchardgrass [Dactylis glomerata L.; 54.4% dry matter (DM)] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; 62.4% DM), were packaged in large round bales and wrapped with an in-line wrapper during May 2002. Twenty-one bales of each balage type were unwrapped and exposed to air on Dec. 10, 2002 for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, or 32 d (ambient temperature range=0.6 to 19.4°C) to evaluate aerobic stability. For both orchardgrass and wheat balage, final bale weight, concentration of DM, and pH were not affected by exposure time. Across both balage types, DM recoveries were ≥97% for all bales, indicating that both balage types were very stable when exposed to air. For orchardgrass balage, exposure time had no effect on concentrations of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose, or lignin, thereby indicating that little deterioration occurred. Similarly, no contrast relating any fiber component with exposure time was significant for wheat balage. Concentrations of crude protein (CP) were not affected by exposure time for wheat balage, but there was a tendency for exposed orchardgrass bales to have greater concentrations of CP than bales sampled on d 0. Exposure time had no effect on 48-h in situ digestibility of DM for wheat balage, but there was a tendency for a linear increase with exposure time for orchardgrass balage. However, the overall range (78.2 to 80.5%) over the 32-d exposure period was very narrow, and this response is probably of limited biological significance. Generally, concentrations of fermentation acids were low, primarily because of the high concentration of DM within these balages, and only minimal changes in these acids were observed over the exposure interval. These results suggest that the balage evaluated in this trial during winter conditions was very stable after exposure to air for up to 32 d. This should allow for considerable flexibility with respect to feeding, transport, and marketing of balage during winter months without significant aerobic deterioration.

Competition between weeds and spring wheat for 15N‐labelled nitrogen applied in pig slurry

SummaryThe changes in weed:crop competition as affected by the interaction of slurry distribution pattern with crop sowing pattern was examined, using the parameters dry matter (DM) production, nitrogen (N) uptake and recovery of applied N in spring wheat and weeds. Pig slurry enriched with isotopic nitrogen (15N) was applied either fully incorporated or in concentrated bands. The two slurry distribution patterns were combined with either crop density or distance between the slurry band and seed row. Spring wheat and weeds were sampled separately seven times during the season. A high and fast crop recovery of applied N coincident with a low recovery in weeds may be obtained by at least three management elements: sowing the crop with a high seed density, sowing the crop row close to the band‐applied slurry N, and early sowing. The effects on crop DM, N‐uptake and 15N recovery of a high crop density and a narrow distance between the slurry band and crop row appear clearly at the beginning of the spring wheat elongation phase. For weeds the effects were most pronounced for 15N recovery, and using DM as the only response variable may cause insignificant results. However, methods for N application may be part of a strategy controlling weeds, but to obtain satisfactory weed control the N management needs to be supplemented with chemical or mechanical weed management.

The Influence of Treatment with Dual Purpose Bacterial Inoculants or Soluble Carbohydrates on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Bermudagrass

This study determined the effectiveness of an inoculant (BB), molasses, or a mixture of either BB and molasses (BBM) or BB and fibrolytic enzymes (BBE) for improving the fermentation and aerobic stability of bermudagrass. A 6-wk regrowth of Tifton 85 bermudagrass was conserved in quadruplicate mini silos alone or after treatment application. The inoculant contained a mixture of P. pentosaceus 12455, 1×105 cfu/g of fresh forage, L. buchneri 40788, 4×105 cfu/g of fresh forage, and beta-glucanase, alpha-amylase, and xylanase; BBE contained similar bacteria and enzymes as BB, but greater enzyme activities. Chemical composition was quantified after 2, 4, 7, 30, and 60 d of ensiling. Microbial composition and aerobic stability were measured after 60 d of ensiling, at which point the pH of additive-treated silages was consistently lower and DM recovery was higher than in untreated silages. The BB, BBM, and molasses-treated silages had less ammonia N than untreated silages, and BB, BBM, and BBE-treated silages had less residual water-soluble carbohydrates than untreated silages. All silages had high acetic acid (47.5 g/kg DM) and low lactic acid (1.7 g/kg DM) concentrations. However, untreated and BBE-treated silages had more butyric acid and ammonia N, suggesting that a clostridial fermentation had occurred. These butyric forages were more aerobically stable (27 d) but less desirable for feeding than those ensiled with BB or molasses, which were stable for 6.9 d. In conclusion, BB and molasses treatments improved the digestibility and fermentation of bermudagrass and produced higher quality silages that were stable for 6.9 d. Mixing BB with molasses or the inoculant tested was not more beneficial than BB or molasses alone.

The effects of buffered propionic acid-based additives alone or combined with microbial inoculation on the fermentation of high moisture corn and whole-crop barley.

Buffered propionic acid-based additives (BP) alone or in combination with a microbial inoculant containing lactic acid bacteria (MI) were mixed with ground, high moisture corn or whole-crop barley and ensiled in triplicate laboratory silos to investigate their effects on silage fermentation and aerobic stability. The inoculant and chemicals were applied separately for treatments that included both additives. The addition of MI alone had no effect on DM recovery, fermentation end products, or aerobic stability of high moisture corn. However, treatments with 0.1 and 0.2% BP (alone and the combination) had more than 10- and 100-fold fewer yeasts, respectively, and they also had greater concentrations of propionic acid than did untreated corn. Corn treated with only 0.1 (161 h) and 0.2% (218 h) BP tended to be more stable when exposed to air than untreated corn (122 h). Treatment with MI + 0.2% BP markedly improved the aerobic stability (>400 h) of high moisture corn. With whole-crop barley, the addition of MI alone, BP alone, and combinations of MI and BP prevented the production of butyric acid that was found in untreated silage (0.48%). All barley silages that had MI in their treatments underwent a more efficient fermentation than treatments without MI, as evident by a greater ratio of lactic:acetic acid and more DM recovery than in untreated silage. Increasing levels (0.1 to 0.2%) of BP added together with MI improved the aerobic stability of barley (190 and 429 h) over the addition of MI alone (50 h). These data show that buffered propionic acid-based products are compatible with microbial inoculants and, in some circumstances when used together, they can improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of silages.