Application Of Dry Heat Research Articles

The effect of dry heat and dry cold application on pain, anxiety and fear levels before blood sample collection in school age children (7–12 years): A randomized controlled study

BackgroundBlood sampling, which is frequently performed on children admitted to hospital, causes them pain, anxiety and fear. ObjectivesThe study was carried out to determine the effects of dry heat and dry cold application before blood sampling on pain, anxiety and fear levels in school age children. MethodsThe study was conducted between June and January 2021 with a parallel-group randomized controlled experimental design. It was carried out with 117 children who applied to the Pediatric Blood Collection Polyclinic of a training and research hospital. The children were assigned to dry heat application, dry cold application and control group by simple randomization. Data were collected using the Child-Family Introductory Information Form, Wong Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Child Fear Anxiety Scale (CFAS) and Medical Procedure Fear Scale (MPFS). In the data analysis, descriptive statistics, the Kruskal-Wallis H test, the Dunn test, Yates correction and the Pearson Chi-Square test were used. A level of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsIt was found that children who were treated with dry heat and dry cold before blood sampling experienced less pain. The anxiety of the children in the dry heat treatment group was lower than the control group. According to the children's MPFS Operational Fear sub-dimension median scores, procedural fear was found to be lower in the dry heat application group. Practice implicationsPediatric nurses can safely use dry heat and dry cold application in the management of invasive procedure-related pain, and dry heat application in the management of anxiety. Trial registrationThis trial is registered with the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) under the number NCT05974319.

Effect of Dry Heat Application on Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Parameters and Discomfort among Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

Effect of Dry Heat Application on Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Insertion Parameters and Discomfort among Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy

Effect of Dry Heat Application on Perineal Pain and Episiotomy Wound Healing among Primipara Women.

Women who undergo perineal episiotomy can be affected by several complications such as bleeding, infection, perineal pain, dyspareunia, reduction of sexual desire, as well as urinary and anal incontinence. Perineal pain related to episiotomy has been reported to interfere with women's daily activities postpartum and can prevent proper breastfeeding, proper rooming-in, and maternal-infant bonding. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dry heat application on perineal pain and episiotomy wound Healing among primipara women. A quasi-experimental, two-group, pre-post-test research study was conducted at the postnatal inpatient ward and the outpatient clinic of the El-Shatby Maternity University Hospital in Alexandria. A sample of 100 parturient women was divided into the following two groups at random: dry heat and moist (control) heat. Women in the moist heat group were advised to sit in a basin (tub) of warm water for 10 minutes, while those in the dry heat group were instructed to set an infrared light (230 volts) at a distance of 45 cm from the perineum after 12 hours post episiotomy. Both interventions were applied twice a day for ten consecutive days. They evaluated the severity of their perineal pain at baseline and repeated it on the 5th and 10th days after obtaining the interventions while the episiotomy wound healing was assessed on the 5th and 10th days. It was discovered that the dry heat group had a significantly improved episiotomy wound healing as regards perineal redness, edema of the perineal area, ecchymosis, wound discharge, and approximation of wound edges on the 5th (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.007, P < 0.003, and P < 0.001, respectively) and 10th day after intervention (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.005, and P < 0.001, respectively) than the moist heat group. The primipara women had significantly lower perineal pain intensity in the dry heat group on the 5th and 10th days after intervention than in the moist heat group (MH P < 0.001 for the dry heat group and MH P = 0.004 for the moist heat group). The application of dry heat promoted episiotomy wound healing among primipara women and reduced their perineal pain during early postpartum days than moist heat.

Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR).

Planning Implications Related to Sterilization-Sensitive Science Investigations Associated with Mars Sample Return (MSR).

Topical treatment of tissue damage due to extravasation of iodinated contrast using thermal compresses

To study the effectiveness of the topical application of dry cold or dry hot compresses in the treatment of non-ionic iodinated contrast extravasation injury. A multicenter, consecutive, non-probabilistic experimental clinical trial was carried out between June 2017 and September 2020. The study included patients with extravasation of non-ionic iodinated contrast, administered through an injector pump during a computed tomography procedure. In the experimental group, a dry heat pack was applied in the first hour of treatment followed by a dry cold pack; the control group received only the cold pack. The size of the extravasation, pain, details of contrast administration, anthropomorphic data and the patient's clinical history were recorded. Follow-up was carried out at 24h. 65 patients were included, of which 32 were treated with cold pack only and 33 with heat and cold. In those receiving heat treatment, 30 (90.9%) patients had complete resolution, while those with cold treatment only had complete resolution in 13 (40.6%); p<0.001 and odds ratio 14.6 (95% CI 3.7-58.1). With the initial application of dry heat, local inflammation improved by 1.2% more than in those with dry cold treatment only. The application of dry heat during the first hour of treatment was more effective, by more than 50 percentage points, at diffusing contrast and modulating the inflammatory process.

Methane production and toxicity evaluation of petroleum refinery biosludge through optimization of different modes of heat

The colossal amount of hydrocarbon-rich sludge generated from effluent treatment plants of petroleum refineries has enormous potential for methane-rich biogas production. The biodegradation of petroleum refinery biosludge (PRB) was compared between undigested residue (UR) and anaerobically acclimated or digested sludge (DS) from an anaerobic reactor at five different inoculum:sludge ratios (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 based on volatile solids content). Upon performing batch anaerobic degradation assay tests, methanogen-rich DS provided a better seeding environment with maximum methane yield being attained at ratio DS:PRB = 0.5. The long hydrolysis phase of the complex hydrocarbon substrate was intended to be improved through the optimization of different modes of heat application (dry heat, pressurized moist heat, agitated open moist heat and microwave irradiation). The best mode was dry heat which when applied at 140 °C for 60 min improved soluble chemical oxygen demand and fatty acids concentration of untreated sludge by 2.28 and 1.3 folds respectively. Dry heat application enhanced methane production by 24.8 % with 48.7 % organic matter removal in presence of DS as inoculum. Morphological and chemical characterization corroborated the fragmentation of aliphatic hydrocarbon bonds through dry heat application. Positive energy recovery (21,826 kJ) from PRB upon dry heat pretreatment evinces its feasibility at a larger scale. The presence of toxic organic pollutants was confirmed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (GC–MS) analysis and the phytotoxicity assay using V. radiata showed concentration-dependent decrease in seed germination, shoot length, root length and biomass after the digestion process in comparison to control thereby, suggesting a sustainable and promising method to petrochemical industries for utilization and transformation of such toxic hydrocarbon-rich sludge into a renewable energy source.

Influence of thermal processing on the characteristics and chemical profile of ora-pro-nobis by PS/MS paper spray

This work aimed to evaluate the influence of dry and wet heat processing on the antioxidant profile and antioxidant activity in ora-pro-nobis leaves. The leaves were collected, washed, and separated into three groups for the treatments: application of moist heat (hydrothermal cooking at 100 ºC / 4 minutes), application of dry heat (70 ºC / 8 hours), and control (raw material). The characteristics were evaluated: total soluble solids (SST), total solids (ST), pH, phenolic compounds (CPT), flavonoids (FT), anthocyanins (AT), antioxidant activity (AA). To identify the chemical profile and the chemical profile, fingerprints were obtained using PS / MS paper spray. The content of SST and ST decreased with moist heat. The CFT content increased with wet heat (12.43 ± 0.98) and decreased with dry heat (4.25 ± 0.93 g EAG 100 g-1). There was a decrease in the FT and AT content in the leaves processed with dry heat (132.67 ± 20.28 mg 100 g-1 and 19.70 ± 3.34 mg CG 100 g-1, respectively). AA decreased in both processes, which was higher in ora-pro-nobis leaves processed with dry heat (0.82 ± 0.0033 µmol ET g-1). 26 phenolic compounds were identified in the ora-pro-nob leaves by paper spray. The chemical profile, except for the substances 4,5-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene and methyl ester linolenic acid was not affected by thermal processing. Knowing the effect of food processing is important to understand the behavior of compounds that act beneficially on human health.

Effectiveness of dry heat application on ease of venepuncture in children with difficult intravenous access: A randomized controlled trial.

To assess the efficacy of dry heat application in children with difficult intravenous (IV) access. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in the pediatric wards of a tertiary care hospital in a Metropolitan city in South India. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, children in the age group of 5-18 years were randomized into intervention and control groups of 42 children each. The intervention was an electric heating pad (40°C) applied at the site of the identified IV access for 10 min before IV insertion. Outcomes included the number of IV attempts, the time required to access the IV line, and the discomfort level of the child expressed in terms of the Oucher scale. With respect to the number of attempts taken to achieve an IV access, all children in the intervention group only required one attempt, whereas only 29% of those in the control group required a single attempt (p < .001), X2 (1, 84) = 43.67, p < .001. The mean time (in seconds) to insert an IV line was lower in the intervention group (M = 64.56, standard deviation [SD] = 28.32) than in the control group (M = 110.70, SD = 51.54), t (82) = 5.09, p < .001. Children in the intervention group were 45.2 percentage points more likely to experience a discomfort level of "little hurt" as compared to their counterparts in the control group, X2 (1, 84) = 18.02, p < .001. Results from regression analyses supported the unadjusted outcomes comparisons between the two groups. Dry heat application before IV line insertion significantly improves the ease of venepuncture and reduces the pain perceived by the patient. This method of IV cannulation can be adopted in children with problematic IV access.

A comparative study on impact of dry versus moist heat application on feasibility of peripheral intravenous cannulation among the patients of a selected hospital at Mangalore

AbstractThe present study was conducted to assess the impact of dry v/s moist heat application on feasibility of peripheral intravenous cannulation. The study design adopted was true experimental - post test only with control group design. Using randomized block sampling 60 patients were selected and equally allocated into 3 groups-dry heat (group I), moist heat (group II) and control group each with 20 samples. The baseline clinical data were collected from the patients by interview method. Dry heat with a hot water bag at temperature of 120-140 degree Fahrenheit was applied to the peripheral cannulation site in experimental group I and moist 0 heat was applied to group II by wrapping a moist towel (110-1150 F) over the site for seven minutes. Numerical Pain scale was used to measure the level of pain experienced during peripheral intravenous cannulation. Data obtained in these areas were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. A significant difference was found between experimental group and control group. The Mann Whitney U test scores for Impact of dry heat and moist heat on feasibility showed that the p value for the components of feasibility like (time taken for cannulation and pain score) is &lt; 0.05, and both dry heat and moist heat is effective in improving the feasibility of IV cannulation. Comparison of dry heat and moist heat by Kruskal Wallis test revealed that dry heat is more effective than moist heat(least time for cannulation (Median =1) and least pain (Median==1).No significant association was found between the level of pain and selected variables. This study proved that dry heat application reduces the time for cannulation and level of pain experienced by the clients during intravenous cannulation.

Profile of Death in Burn Cases: A Post-mortem Study

Deaths due to fire or burns usually result from application of dry heat to the body. In India there are several thousands of deaths occurring due to fire or burns. Unfortunately vast majority of these cases occur in the home and are due to smoking, defective electrical wiring, defective kerosene stove bursts, attempted suicides by self-immolation, homicidal burns of young women by husband or in-laws (Dowry deaths/bride burning). The present study was based on retrospective analysis of burn cases in the period from January 2013 to December 2013 from autopsies done in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, SAIMS Medical College & PG Institute, Indore, M.P. It was observed that more than half of the victims died of burn injuries were married women. Females are mostly involved in cooking and most common cause is accidental burn. Burns having total body surface area (TBSA) more than 40% were fatal. The different aspects of burn deaths are analyzed and discussed in detail.

Impact of Roasting Processing on Nutritive and Antioxidant Properties of Leafy Vegetables Consumed in Southern C?te d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast)

African leafy vegetables (ALVs) are considered as available and affordable sources of bioactive constituents such as minerals and vitamins both for urban and rural populations. Five leafy vegetable species (Basella alba, Colocasia esculenta, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum melongena and Talinum triangulare) that are widely consumed in Southern Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) were roasted in order to evaluate the effect of this non conventional processing method on their nutritive value and antioxidant properties. This study showed that dry heat application (180-200°C) during long time (higher than 2 min) caused negative impact by reduction of nutrients contents but positive impact with anti-nutrients (oxalates and phytates) losses. The registered losses at 2 min of roasting were as follow: ash (0.93 - 4.19 %), proteins (1.78 - 16.53%), vitamin C (50 – 86.36%), carotenoids (54.18 - 86.90%), oxalates (4.39 – 74.61%) and phytates (0.38 – 76.08%). Contrary to nutrients losses, roasting processing of the selected leafy vegetables highlighted a significant increase (1.12 to 26.57%) of polyphenols contents coupled with increasing of antioxidant activity. Furthermore, after 2 min of roasting processing the residual contents of minerals were: calcium (302.60 – 702.07 mg/100g), magnesium (121.39 – 786.11 mg/100g), potassium (1740.26 – 4199.23 mg/100g), iron (56.80 – 94.82 mg/100g) and zinc (12.53 – 47.34 mg/100g). All these results suggest that roasting processing (less than 2 min at 200°C) may be used as valuable cooking method of leafy vegetables in order to minimize nutrients losses and to contribute efficiently to the food security of Ivorian population.

Moist Heat or Dry Heat for Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness

BackgroundHeat is commonly used in physical therapy following exercise induced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Most heat modalities used in a clinical setting for DOMS are only applied for 5 to 20 minutes. This minimal heat exposure causes little, if any, change in deep tissue temperature. For this reason, long duration dry chemical heat packs are used at home to slowly and safely warm tissue and reduce potential heat damage while reducing pain associated from DOMS. Clinically, it has been shown that moist heat penetrates deep tissue faster than dry heat. Therefore, in home use chemical moist heat may be more efficacious than dry heat to provide pain relief and reduce tissue damage following exercise DOMS. However, chemical moist heat only lasts for 2 hours compared to the 8 hours duration of chemical dry heat packs. The purpose of this study was to compare the beneficial effect of dry heat versus moist heat on 100 young subjects after exercise induce DOMS.MethodsOne hundred subjects exercised for 15 minutes accomplishing squats. Before and for 3 days after, strength, muscle soreness, tissue resistance, and the force to passively move the knee were recorded. Heat and moist heat were applied in different groups either immediately after exercise or 24 hours later.ResultsThe research results of this study showed that immediate application of heat, either dry (8 hours application) or moist (2 hours application), had a similar preservation of quadriceps muscle strength and muscle activity. Results also revealed that the greatest pain reduction was shown after immediate application of moist heat. Never the less, immediate application of dry heat had a similar effect but to a lesser extent.ConclusionIt should be noted that moist heat had not only similar benefits of dry heat but in some cases enhanced benefits, and with only 25% of the time of application of the dry heat.

Inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores by high pressure CO2 in apple cream

Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris (A. acidoterrestris) is a bacillus-type spore former that causes significant alterations in fruit products. It is highly resistant to typical pasteurization regimes; thus, this work explored the use of high-pressure CO2 (HPCD) for its deactivation in apple cream. The assays were conducted in a high-pressure apparatus where the cream was placed in an agitated vessel and the CO2 passed over under different operating conditions for distinct periods of time. The HPCD was able to deactivate the A. acidoterrestris spores in the apple cream by four orders of magnitude at 30°C and 10MPa. On the other hand, the lethal effect of HPCD was independent of the thermal effect since the application of dry heat without CO2 at the same temperature did not cause any A. acidoterrestris deactivation. The important variables in terms of improving the method were the flow regime and the way to put in contact the HPCD and the cream. Finally, the HPCD treatment did not affect the most important sensorial and rheological properties of the cream; although there was a slight reduction in the vitamin C content due to thermal degradation.

Individual and combined application of dry heat with high hydrostatic pressure to inactivate Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds

Alfalfa sprouts are recurrently implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illnesses as a result of contamination with Salmonella or Escherichia coli O157:H7. In the majority of these outbreaks, the seeds themselves have been shown to be the most likely source of contamination. The aims of this study were to comparatively assess the efficacy of dry heat treatments alone or in conjunction with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to eliminate a ∼5 log CFU/g load of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 on alfalfa seeds. Dry heat treatments at mild temperatures of 55 and 60 °C achieved ≤1.6 and 2.2 log CFU/g reduction in the population of Salmonella spp. after a 10-d treatment, respectively. However, subjecting alfalfa seeds to more aggressive temperatures of 65 °C for 10 days or 70 °C for 24 h eliminated a ∼5 log population of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. We subsequently showed that the sequential application of dry heating followed by HHP could substantially reduce the dry heating exposure time while achieving equivalent decontamination results. Dry heating at 55, 60, 65 and 70 °C for 96, 24, 12 and 6 h, respectively followed by a pressure treatment of 600 MPa for 2 min at 35 °C were able to eliminate a ∼5 log CFU/g initial population of both pathogens. Finally, we evaluated the impact of selected treatments on the seed germination percentages and yield ratios and showed that dry heating at 65 °C for 10 days did not bring about any considerable decrease in the germination percentage. However, the sprout yield of treated alfalfa seeds was reduced by 21%. Dry heating at 60 and 65 °C for 24 and 12 h respectively followed by the pressure treatment of 600 MPa for 2 min at 35 °C did not significantly ( P > 0.05) affect the germination percentage of alfalfa seeds although a reduction in the sprouting yield was observed.

Dry heat, moist heat and body fat: are heating modalities really effective in people who are overweight?

Surface heating modalities are commonly used in physical therapy and physical medicine for increasing circulation, especially in deep tissues, to promote healing. However, recent evidence seems to indicate that in people who are overweight, heat transfer is impaired by the subcutaneous fat layer. The present investigation was conducted on 10 subjects aged 22–54 years, whose body mass index averaged 25.8±4.6. Subcutaneous fat above the quadriceps muscle varied from 0.51 to 0.86 cm of thickness. Three heating modalities were examined: the application of dry heat with a commercial chemical heat pack, hydrocollator heat packs (providing a type of moist heat), and a whirlpool, where conductive heat loss through water contact would be very high. The temperature of the skin and the temperature in the muscle (25 mm below the skin surface) were assessed by thermocouples. The results of the experiments showed that for heating modalities that are maintained in skin contact for long periods of time, such as dry heat packs (in place for 6 hours), subcutaneous fat did not impair the change in deep muscle temperature. In contrast, when rapid heat modalities were used, such as the hydrocollator and the whirlpool (15 minutes of sustained skin contact), the transfer of heat from the skin to deep muscle was significantly impaired in people with thicker subcutaneous fat layers. We observed that the greater the impairment in heat transfer to muscle from skin covered by body fat, the warmer the skin temperature increase during the modality.

Breaking seed coat dormancy in Macrotyloma daltonii

Methods for breaking hard seed to allow germination of 2 seedlots of Macrotyloma daltonii (Webb) Verdc., were investigated. Treatments included soaking, application of dry heat, hot water, acid scarification, sand paper scarification, pre-chilling, alone and in combination with acid and dry heat. The treated seeds were tested for germination over 21 days in an incubator with 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness and temperatures of 25 and 18°C during the light and dark phases, respectively. A 20-min exposure to 98% concentrated sulphuric acid was most effective in increasing germination from 10 to 80% in seedlot 1. The 10-min acid treatment increased germination from 21 to 38% in seedlot 2, but 20 min reduced germination and increased the number of dead seeds. Seedlot 1 had greater levels of hard seed (88%) than seedlot 2 (61%). Soaking, hot water, dry heating, pre-chilling, or sandpaper scarification were not effective in breaking hard seed in either seedlot 1 or 2. Combining pre-chilling with 10 min of acid treatment damaged seed and impaired germination across the 2 seedlots. The range of pre-sowing seed treatments that indicated positive effects on germination, particularly acid treatments need to be further investigated in the field under different pedo-climatic conditions to allow appropriate rangeland management options to be developed.

Effect of natural and controlled fermentation on chemical composition and nutrient dialyzability from beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

The effect of natural and controlled fermentation with an inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum and additional thermal treatment (dry heat at 120 degrees C for 20 min) on the availability of N, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg from Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. carrilla was estimated using an in vitro method based on equilibrium dialysis. Natural and controlled fermentations caused significant reductions in the pH and phytate content (36%) of the bean flours, with a concomitant increase in the titratable acidity and free phosphorus content, and had no effect on the other nutrients studied. The percentage of dialyzable N, P, Cu, and Mg was significantly improved by both types of fermentation, whereas Zn dialyzability was significantly reduced. The greatest reduction was observed for the bean flour fermented with an inoculum of L. plantarum. The percentage of dialyzable Fe improved significantly as a result of natural fermentation but was not affected by controlled fermentation. The application of dry heat at 120 degrees C for 20 min caused a significant increase in Fe dialyzability and a further reduction in the percentage of dialyzable Zn in fermented bean flours but did not affect the dialyzability of the other nutrients studied.

Scarification of seeds of Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze and its effect on germination

Summary Field germination of Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze, a N2-fixing tree whose bark is traditionally extracted for tannins used in the leather industry, takes up to 55 days and the percentage of germination is generally less than 20%. Abrasion, dry or wet heat, or immersing the seeds in different concentrations of sulphuric acid, chloric acid or hydrogen peroxide for different lengths of time, were tested as germination enhancers. The application of dry heat resulted in < 37% germination, less than the 44% found for untreated control seeds. The application of wet heat for ≤ 30 s and abrasion for 1200 s resulted in 69% germination. Immersing seeds in concentrated H2SO4 for 900 s resulted in 77% germination while diluting H2SO4 or longer exposure to concentrated H2SO4 decreased it. Immersing the seeds in concentrated or diluted H2O2 also increased germination, but to a lesser extent than when immersed in H2SO4. We found that the exposure of seeds of A. angustissima to concentrated H2SO4 for 900 s appeared to be the best technique to stimulate their germination; the treatment gave the largest percentage of germination in the shortest time, the technique is easy to apply and many seeds can be treated at once.

Effect of heat treatments on alpha-amylase inhibitor activity in sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.).

The application of dry heat to sorghum seeds and meal was not effective in inactivating the amylase inhibitory activity. Overnight soaking followed by heat treatment was more effective in destroying amylase inhibitory activity. Cooking the meal, raw seeds and soaked seeds drastically reduced the levels of alpha-amylase inhibitory activity.

Critical evaluation of the 'heated-hand-technique' for obtaining 'arterialized' venous blood: incomplete arterialization and alterations in glucagon responses.

In order to test the degree of 'arterialization' and the occurrence of arterio- (or capillary-) venous differences in glucose concentrations for commonly used blood sampling sites (including the retrogradely cannulated dorsal hand vein with application of dry heat to this hand/arm--the 'heated-hand-technique'), oxygen partial pressure (oxygen saturation) and plasma glucose was determined in blood drawn from different venous sites before and after an oral glucose load (75 g). Experiments with and without heating (hot air 68 degrees C) were compared in nine healthy volunteers. Basal pO2 (and oxygen saturation) increased in the order cubital fossa vein less than superficial forearm vein less than dorsal hand vein. Heating raised pO2 by approximately 20 mmHg; P = 0.008) and oxygen saturation (P = 0.008-0.02) at all sites, including those on the contralateral arm. Capillary-venous glucose differences after the glucose challenge were significantly related to the sampling site (P less than 0.0001). They were reduced by approximately 50% in response to heat exposure (P = 0.008-0.011) and could be correlated to pO2-values (r = 0.92; P = 0.01). The lowest capillary-venous glucose concentration difference was measured with the 'heated-hand-technique' (0.4 +/- 0.1 mmol l-1). Heating did not alter integrated incremental glucose (capillary values), insulin, and C-peptide-responses and late, counter-regulatory responses (120-240 min after glucose) of cortisol, growth hormone, and adrenalin. However, the late glucagon response was enhanced (P = 0.011) by heating, concomitant with a significantly reduced 'reactive' decrement in glucose concentrations. In conclusion, the 'heated-hand-technique' provides blood more similar to arterial blood that can be obtained from other venous sampling sites. However, significant residual differences in pO2 and glucose concentrations remain. In addition, altered counter-regulatory hormone responses may occur with heating.