Dry Eye Symptoms In Patients Research Articles

Mineralocorticoid receptor expression and the effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone in a murine model of graft-versus-host disease

PurposeThe topical administration of spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) improves dry eye symptoms in patients with ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD); however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of spironolactone eyedrops on the ocular surface using a chronic GVHD (cGVHD) mouse model and to determine the expression of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). MethodsA cGVHD mouse model was established by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from B10.D2 mice to BALB/c mice. Subsequently, cGVHD mice were treated with either 0.005 % spironolactone or vehicle eyedrops. The eyelids, cornea and conjunctiva of the recipients were analyzed at 4-week intervals post-BMT in both groups. ResultsSigns of ocular GVHD, such as corneal epithelial damage, depletion of meibomian glands, and inflammatory cell infiltration onto the ocular surface, were significantly decreased in cGVHD mice treated with spironolactone eyedrops. The expression of the MR NR3C2 in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia was significantly increased in cGVHD mice. HSP47+NR3C2+ MR-expressing fibroblasts, CD45+NR3C2+ MR-expressing leukocytes, and CD4+NR3C2+ MR-expressing T cells infiltrated the ocular surface tissue of cGVHD mice significantly more than that of syngeneic controls. ConclusionsMR expression is increased in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and T cells in a murine cGVHD model, whereas MRA and spironolactone eyedrops could attenuate the severity of ocular GVHD. These findings suggest that MR signaling partially contributes to the development of ocular GVHD in this mouse model.

Effect of posterior chamber phakic refractive lens implantation on the ocular surface and tear film

To evaluate changes in dry eye-related parameters after posterior chamber phakic refractive lens (PC-PRL) implantation. This prospective study included 21 highly myopic patients (39 eyes) who underwent PC-PRL implantation at Lanzhou Huaxia Eye Hospital between January 2021 and June 2022, with a 3-month postoperative follow-up. In addition to routine preoperative examinations, dry eye assessments were conducted preoperatively and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. These assessments included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire score, non-invasive first tear break-up time (NIF-BUT), non-invasive average tear break-up time (NIA-BUT), tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland loss (MGL) rate, and Schirmer I test (SIt). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the differences in parameters across different time points, with pairwise comparisons conducted using the LSD-t test. After grouping, the Student's t-test was applied to compare normally distributed data, while the Mann–Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed data. Categorical data were analyzed using the chi-square test. A total of 21 patients (39 eyes) were included, comprising 10 males (19 eyes) and 11 females (20 eyes), aged 19 to 49 years (33.76 ± 7.87). All patients completed the 3-month follow-up. Significant differences in OSDI scores were observed pre- and post-surgery (P = 0.008), with a peak at one week post-surgery (P < 0.001), then stabilizing at one and three months post-surgery. Postoperative NIF-BUT and NIA-BUT significantly decreased (P < 0.001 for both) but returned to preoperative levels within three months. There were no significant changes in TMH, MGL, or SIt postoperatively (P > 0.05). Significant differences in dry eye parameters were observed between the dry eye and control groups before and after surgery (P < 0.001). PC-PRL implantation impacts tear film stability on the ocular surface after surgery, leading to varying degrees of dry eye symptoms in patients. After surgery, all dry eye parameters return to their preoperative levels within three months.

Systematic review of ocular surface treatments in the setting of thyroid eye disease.

Approximately 85% of patients with thyroid eye disease experience ocular surface symptoms. Although corneal exposure plays a role in inducing inflammatory changes to the ocular surface, multiple studies reveal more complexity to the abnormal tear film composition and parameters in thyroid eye disease patients including those who do not have proptosis or increased corneal exposure. Currently, a majority of cases of thyroid associated dry eye symptoms are given treatments intended for ocular surface disease arising from different etiologies. Medline via Ovid, Cochrane CENTRAL, PubMed, and Google Scholar were systematically searched for articles evaluating the efficacy of treatments for dry eye symptoms in patients with thyroid eye disease. Articles were from all geographic regions and dates ranged from inception until October 2023. Seven papers ultimately met inclusion criteria and were included in this review. These papers revealed that multiple topical and non-topical treatment modalities address dry eye symptoms in thyroid eye disease and improve subjective and objective ocular surface parameters. However, due to the few studies that exist and due to disparities in sample size and study design, no overwhelming best practices were identified that could influence clinical practice. This systematic review identifies the current treatments that exist and highlights the clear unmet need for a large population suffering with dry eye symptoms. Ideally, further well-designed investigations into this area would target topical, non-invasive modalities to develop first line options for thyroid eye disease patients.

IDF23-0457 Dry eye symptoms in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes compared with subjects without diabetes

IDF23-0457 Dry eye symptoms in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes compared with subjects without diabetes

Persistencia de los síntomas de ojo seco en pacientes con acné tras finalizar el tratamiento con isotretinoína en un centro de referencia dermatológico de Colombia

IntroductionDuring the treatment of moderate to severe acne, isotretinoin alters the Meibomian glands, producing dry eye syndrome. The reversibility of these changes after stopping the drug is not clear. This study aims to identify the persistence of dry eye symptoms in patients with acne treated for the first time with isotretinoin 3 months after finishing treatment. Materials and methodsDescriptive study that evaluated dry eye symptoms 7 days and 3 months after finishing treatment using the OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) tool. Results44 patients were included, mostly men (59%), with a mean age of 22.6 ±4.1 years. A frequency of dry eye symptoms at the end of the treatment of 59% (n=26) was documented, and 3 months after the end of the treatment 58% (15/26) of the subjects persisted with dry eye symptoms, being in compared with healthy patients, the majority were women (61 vs. 27%; p = 0.023), with a higher mean age (24 ±4.4 vs. 22 ±3.7; p = 0.0278), severe acne (52 vs. 48%; p = 0.026) and greater initial severity of the OSDI (69 vs. 31; p = 0.005). ConclusionsThe prevalence of dry eye symptoms 3 months after the end of treatment occurred in a significant proportion of patients. It is necessary to identify in the initial consultation the patients with the highest risk of persistent dry eye, make the recommendations of the case, and carry out a strict follow-up contemplating evaluation by ophthalmology.

The evaluation of tear production and dry eye symptoms in patients with osteoporosis

Aims: Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass, compromised bone density and strength. Dry eye is a common disease of the ocular surface characterized by tear film instability with ocular discomfort, pain, and visual disturbances. Both conditions share risk factors, including age, gender, and hormonal factors. In this study, our aim is to assess the tear production and dry eye symptoms in patients with osteoporosis and compare their results a control group without osteoporosis.&#x0D; Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 32 osteoporosis patients and 30 age-matched controls without osteoporosis. Tear production was assessed using Schirmer test and the symptoms of dry eye using Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. The results of both groups were compared.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the osteoporosis group was 61.4±4.9 years, and the mean age of the control group was 57.7±6.4 years (p:0.224). The Schirmer test results were 12.3±7.4 mm for the osteoporosis group and 23.1±13.7 mm for the control group. The Schirmer test results were significantly lower in the osteoporosis group (p:0.009). The mean OSDI scores for the osteoporosis group was 30.4±23.1 while it was 20.6±14.6 for the control group. The difference was not statistically significant (p:0.329). &#x0D; Conclusion: This study reveals a potential connection between osteoporosis and dry eye. Patients with osteoporosis have lower tear production compared to control group without osteoporosis. Further research is necessary to understand this relationship and its implications.

Subjective Assessment of the Dry Eye Syndrome According to the OSDI Questionnaire in Patients Using Various Options for Correcting Ametropia

Purpose: to study the severity of dry eye symptoms in patients who wear contact lenses and in those who underwent laser keratomileusis a long period ago according to OSDI questionnaire.Methods. 88 patients with various refractive disorders were included in the study, there were 33 men and 55 women. Mean age was 30,11 y.o. All patients were divided into 3 groups according to method of refractive disorder correction. Groups were equal in age and gender. The first included 27 patients wearing soft contact lenses for more than 5 years. The second group contained 33 patients who didn’t use contact lenses. The third one included 32 patients who underwent refractive surgery (LASIK, Femto-LASIK) more than a year ago. Assessment of severity of dry eye symptoms was performed according to questionnaire data (patients’ subjective feelings), objective data was not taken into account. Survey was performed with the use of OSDI questionnaire.Results. According to the symptoms presented the incidence of dry eye syndrome was 73.91 % in patients of the first group and it was 56.25 % and 66.66 % in the second and third one, moreover, the prevalence of DES in each of the groups was higher among women and amounted to 94.11% in the first group; 63.63% — in the second and 61.11% — in the third group. Mean OSDI in the first group was 31.48 ± 22.17; and it was 18,83 ± 14,00 and 22,25 ± 15,53 in the second and third group respectively. The obtained data corresponded to moderate severity of dry eye syndrome in all groups. DES was more prevalent among women in each group.Conclusion. The prevalence of DES according to the severity of symptoms was 65.6 %, the severity of DES was predominantly moderate. There was definite connection of symptoms and such risk factors as female sex and contact lens wear. Despite the connection with underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, the spread and severity of dry eye symptoms in patients a year after refractive surgery were significantly lower compared to those who didn’t undergo any refractive surgical procedures.

To identify Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and it’s association with dry eye symptoms in patients undergoing cataract surgery at tertiary care centre

To identify Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and it’s association with dry eye symptoms in patients undergoing cataract surgery at tertiary care centre

Effect of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor Associated with Conventional Drug Therapy on the Dry Eye Symptom Score in Patients with Dry Eyes after Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective This study aimed to systematically assess the effect of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) associated with conventional drugs on the score of dry eye symptoms in patients with dry eyes after cataract surgery. Methods The online database was searched for the clinical controlled trials of rhEGF associated with conventional drugs in the therapy of dry eyes after cataract surgery. Until now, the retrieval timeframe is based on the establishment of the database. Separately, two researchers extracted the data. The bias risk of each included literature was assessed. Results Eight clinical controlled studies were finally included, with 878 samples. The success rate of the study group was greatly higher, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The fluorescein staining (FL) score of the research group after treatment was lower, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the tear break up time (BUT) of the study group after treatment was notably prolonged. The dry eye symptom score of the research group after treatment was notably lower, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Sodium hyaluronate associated with rhEGF eye drops is successful to treat xerophthalmia after cataract operation. It successfully promotes corneal healing, promotes tear film stability, and increases basic tear secretion. This treatment scheme is worth popularizing and applying in clinics.

Analysis of Tear Function Outcomes following Collagen Cross-Linking Treatment in Ectatic Corneas

Purpose To analyze tear function outcomes following collagen cross-linking (CXL) treatment in ectatic corneas. Methods Fifty-seven eyes of 34 patients were included, and patients with keratoconus who underwent epithelium-on (epi-on) or epithelium-off (epi-off) CXL were evaluated. The following tests were performed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), maximum keratometry value (Kmax), ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, slit-lamp examination, tear meniscus height, first noninvasive Keratograph breakup time (1st NIKBUT), average NIKBUT, and bulbar redness. Results BCVA improved in both epi-on and epi-off groups at most follow-up points, but was not significantly different between groups. At 12-month follow-up, Kmax in the epi-on and epi-off groups improved after CXL, but there was no significant difference between the groups. The OSDI in both groups decreased after operation compared with before surgery, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Comparing the two groups, only the change in the tear meniscus height at 6 months postoperatively was statistically significant, and the pre- and postoperative values of the two groups were within the normal range (>0.20 mm). The change was small and had no clinical significance. There was no change in the 1st NIKBUT and average NIKBUT between the epi-on and epi-off groups. A change in bulbar redness was significantly better in the epi-off group than in the epi-on group at 3 months postoperatively. Comparing the effects at 1 year postoperatively, both groups had positive results in OSDI, NIKBUT, tear meniscus height, and bulbar redness. Conclusion Both epi-on and epi-off CXL can control the progression of keratoconus, although epi-off CXL is more effective. Both methods have a positive effect on dry eye, which can improve the condition of the tear film and reduce dry eye symptoms in patients with keratoconus.

Prolonged face mask use might worsen dry eye symptoms.

Purpose:The aim of this study was to explore whether prolonged and consistent face mask use might be associated with worsening of dry eye symptoms in patients with dry eye disease (DED).Methods:Subjects with a previous diagnosis of DED. Their OSDI scores were compared with those recorded in Fall 2019 using the Wilcoxon paired test. Participants were stratified by face mask use: heavy (Group A) or standard (Group B) face mask users. Heavy use was defined as wearing any type of face mask for at least 6 hours a day, at least 5 days per week in the last 2 months.Results:67 subjects (mean age: 45.27 ± 10.06 SD years, 40% males and 60% females). Median OSDI score in Fall 2019: 18.75. Median OSDI in Spring 2020: 20.83. The Hodges-Lehmann median difference was 2.09 (95% CI [1.05, 4.17]) (P < 0.0001). The population was then stratified into heavy and standard face mask users: Group A included heavy users (31 subjects; mean age: 42.81 ± 10.48 SD years; 35% males and 65% females), Group B included standard users (36 subjects; mean age: 47.39 ± 9.31 SD years; 44% males and 56% females). The Hodges-Lehmann median difference was 5.21 (95% CI [3.13, 7.29]) in Group A (P < 0.0001), and 1.04 (95% [0, 2.08]) in Group B (P = 0.0177).Conclusion:Prolonged and consistent face mask use is associated with an increase in OSDI scores. Whether face mask use is responsible for the worsening of symptoms of DED remains to be elucidated.

Dry Eye Disease in Hemifacial Spasm Patients Treated with Botulinum Toxin Type A.

PurposeTo assess the impact of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) on signs and symptoms of dry eye (DE) in affected eye of hemifacial spasm (HFS) patients and to compare the prevalence of DE between affected and non-affected eye in HFS patients.Patients and MethodsThis prospective study included participants with unilateral HFS, who received BTX-A injection as a treatment. The eyes ipsilateral to the spasm side were used as studied eyes and the contralateral eyes were used as controls. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining, and Schirmer I test were measured at baseline, 1 and 3 months after BTX-A injection. Fluorescein clearance test (FCT) was evaluated at baseline and at 1 month after BTX-A injection.ResultsThirty-one participants (6 males and 25 females; mean age 61±10 years) were included. The prevalence of DE according to the Asia Dry Eye Society was not significantly different between affected (37.93%) and non-affected eyes (27.6%); P=0.083. At baseline, there was no significant difference in TBUT, Schirmer test, basal tear secretion, presence of delayed tear clearance, and presence of reflex tear secretion between affected and non-affected eyes, while significant difference in Oxford scheme grade was observed (P=0.031). OSDI score, TBUT, Oxford scheme grade, and Schirmer test at 1 month (P=0.817, 0.796, 0.534, 0.556), and 3 months (P=0.803, 0.904, 0.936, 0.684) after BTX-A injection did not significantly change from baseline in affected eyes. FCT results were not significantly different between baseline and at 1-month follow-up in both groups. All findings were corresponding in both naïve and long-term botulinum toxin injection groups.ConclusionWe found no significant effect of BTX-A on signs and symptoms of DE in patients with HFS. Moreover, there was no significant association between HFS and DE. However, we found significant corneal surface damage in the affected eyes, which emphasized importance of ocular surface evaluation and prompt treatment in HFS patients.

Dust exposure: a novel environmental risk factor for conjunctivochalasis?

Objective:This study aimed to determine the relationship between clinical symptoms and findings of patients diagnosed with conjunctivochalasis in our clinic and the risk factors reported in the literature, to determine new possible etiological factors, and to compare routine tear assessment methods with novel strip meniscometry in these patients.Materials and Methods:The study included patients who presented to our clinic between March 2019 and June 2019 and were diagnosed with conjunctivochalasis. The Ocular Surface Disease Index was used to assess ocular surface symptoms. Anterior segment examination included tear break-up time, corneal staining, localization of conjunctivochalasis, and the presence of pinguecula or pterygium. For each patient, tears were measured using both Schirmer and strip meniscometry. Patients with conjunctivochalasis were evaluated as lid-parallel conjunctival folds grade 1, 2, or 3.Results:There was a total of 57 participants, including 31 women (54.4%) and 26 men (45.6%). Lid-parallel conjunctival folds grade was found to be statistically significantly associated with dust exposure (p = 0.034). Multiple regression analysis revealed that dust exposure was an independent predictor of being diagnosed with lid-parallel conjunctival folds grade 2 versus lid-parallel conjunctival folds grade 1 (odds ratio = 3.515, p = 0.029). Moreover, Schirmer’s test and strip meniscometry results were positively correlated in patients with conjunctivochalasis (r = 0.302 and p = 0.022).Conclusion:We conclude that external factors are prominent in patients with conjunctivochalasis, especially dust exposure. In addition, strip meniscometry may be preferred as a more practical and noninvasive alternative to investigate dry eye symptoms in patients with conjunctivochalasis.

Evaluation of the tear parameters of ovulation induction patients in a short time period with anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

The effects of sex steroid hormones on tearparameters are known. Theaim of this studywas to examine the effects on tear parameters during exposure to high-dose sex steroids in a short period of time. Forty patients who were admitted to the infertility clinic of our hospital and planned to undergo ovulation induction with exogenous gonadotropins were included in our study. Prior tothe initiation of ovulation induction, the basal levels of estradiol were measured on day 3 of the menstrual cycle and ophthalmologic examinations were performed by the ophthalmology department of our hospital. The estradiol levels were-measured on the day ofovulation induction usinghuman chorionic gonadotropin and compared with basal estra-diol; eye examinations were also repeated. Forty women with reproductive period and average age of 33.3 ± 4.2 years were included in this study. Basal levels of estradiol were significantly (p<0.001) higher after ovulation induction than before induction. The scores in the break-up timeand after induction were 6.2 ± 2.8 sn and 8.4 ± 1.4 sn, respectively. The values of Schirmer's test were 14.3 ± 7.1 mm and 20.6 ± 6.2 mm before and after induction, respectively. Both values were significantly higher after ovulation induction (p<0.001; p=0.001, respectively). We observed impro-vemet in tear function tests following the use of estradiol even for a limited time.The use of estradiol during menopause may improve dry eye symptoms in patients.

Impact of preserved and preservative‐free 0.005% latanoprost ophthalmic formulations on human conjunctival goblet cell survival

AbstractPurposeTo compare the cell toxicity levels of preserved (P) and preservative‐free (PF) 0.005% latanoprost formulations used in glaucoma treatment, on pure cultures of human conjunctival goblet cells (GC), and to establish the physical properties of the various P and PF formulations, with respect to drop size distribution, pH, osmolarity, surface tension and the amount of latanoprost in each formulation.MethodsThe pureness of the cultured human conjunctival GC was established using PAS staining and immune‐staining specific for GC. The impact of the branded and generic P or PF latanoprost (Monoprost®). Latanoprost formulation on the GC survival was assessed using LDH cytotoxicity detection assay and MTT cell proliferation assay. Chemical properties of the ophthalmic formulations containing P or PF latanoprost was determined with respect to drop size distribution, pH, osmolarity, surface tension and the amount of latanoprost in each formulation.ResultsPAS and immuno‐staining showed the purity of the GC cultures. The GC survival was compromised when treating with P latanoprost, whereas when treating with PF latanoprost, the cells appeared not to be affected. Significant differences could be observed in regard to the pH, osmolality, surface tension, and drop size between the treatment modalities.ConclusionViability of pure GC cultures was decreased by P latanoprost formulations, whereas PF latanoprost did not cause GC death. The loss of conjunctival GC will produce dry eye symptoms in patients, which is the most described discomfort by the patient. More emphasis should therefore be placed on physicochemical properties and on the toxicity from using P latanoprost formulations when treating glaucoma patients.

Morphological and cytological changes of meibomian glands in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

To observe the changes of microcellular structure of meibomian glands (MGs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), and to explore its correlation with the duration of diabetes. The study assessed 132 eyes of 132 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM group) and 100 eyes of 100 non-diabetic participants (NDM group). All patients underwent the examination of the Keratograph 5M system to obtain the meibography which were used to evaluate the structure dropout of the MGs. And then laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) was performed for observing the acinar cells and ducts of the MGs to obtain the following parameters: the MG acinar unit density (MGAUD), MG acinar longest diameter (MGALD) and MG acinar shortest diameter (MGASD). The examination results of the right eye were selected for analysis. Compared with that in NDM group, the meiboscore was significantly higher (Z=-4.057, P<0.001), and there were more MGs dropout in DM group. With the prolongation of the course of diabetes, the absence of MGs aggravated and the MGs dropout score increased (r=0.596; P<0.001). LSCM showed that there were various cytological alterations in acinar cells of MGs with the progress of diabetes duration, such as expansion, atrophy or fibrosis of MG acinar units, decreased density of MG acinar units, deposition of lipid substances, infiltration of inflammatory cells, proliferation of fibrous tissues, etc. And the opening of the glandular duct changed from smooth at the beginning to narrow, blocked, fibrotic and so on. Compared with that in NDM group, the MGAUD in DM group was significantly lower (Z=-9.713; P<0.001), the MGALD and MGASD were significantly larger (Z=-9.751, -6.416; P<0.001). With the duration of diabetes, the MGAUD reduced, the MGASD increased (r=0.860, 0.364, P<0.001); but the MGALD had no correlation with diabetic duration (r=0.133, P=0.151). With the progress of diabetes, the meibomian glandular acinar cells of diabetic patients show various manifestations. Those changes may result in the dysfuction of the MGs, tear film instability and dry eye symptoms in patients with type 2 DM.

Photophobia and sensations of dryness in patients with migraine occur independent of baseline tear volume and improve following botulinum toxin A injections

BackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) in reducing photophobia and dry eye symptoms in individuals with chronic migraine. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate tear film volume as...

Changes in Contrast Sensitivity in Young Adults with Diabetes

Background: This study compared contrast sensitivity and visual acuity of young adults with diabetes to that of controls and attempted to identify predictors of dry eye symptoms in patients with diabetes. Methods: This cross-sectional study, which included 37 patients with diabetes and 37 age-matched controls, was conducted in the Optometry Clinic of Kulliyyah Allied Health Science. All participants were aged between 19 and 39 years. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of diabetes without any evidence of ocular disease, abnormalities in colour vision or media opacity. Results: The contrast sensitivity significantly differed between patients and controls (p = 0.045). A multiple regression analysis showed that contrast sensitivity was a significant predictor of ocular symptoms in patients with diabetes, and this was statistically significant (p = 0.002). Conclusions: Contrast sensitivity may be affected during early ocular changes among young adults with diabetes. It may also predict the occurrence of dry eye symptoms in such patients.

Plasma Rich in Growth Factors for the Treatment of Dry Eye after LASIK Surgery

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) eye drops in patients with dry eye disease after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery. Material and Methods: This is a longitudinal, retrospective, comparative, and descriptive study of 77 eyes of 42 patients with dry eye disease following LASIK surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of PRGF treatment compared to conventional therapy (control group). Outcome measures including signs and symptoms of dry eye disease were evaluated before and after treatment. The percentage of change before and after treatment for each clinical variable measured was compared between both groups. Results: There were 1–4 treatment cycles with PRGF eye drops (1 cycle = 6 weeks). Results showed a statistically significant improvement in the Ocular Surface Disease Index (38.12%), visual analogue scale scores for frequency (41.89%) and severity (42.47%), and the Schirmer test scores (88.98%) after PRGF treatment (p < 0.05). No adverse events were reported after PRGF treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that PRGF eye drops are effective for the improvement of dry eye symptoms in patients who underwent LASIK surgery in comparison to the conventional therapy. The treatment with PRGF is an alternative for patients who suffer from postoperative dry eye.

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Thyroid Functions and Dry Eye Symptoms in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Evaluation of the Relationship Between Thyroid Functions and Dry Eye Symptoms in Patients with Hashimoto Thyroiditis