Dry Crease Recovery Angle Research Articles

Sustainable Cationic Cotton with Keratin Hydrolysate

In this research work, the keratin hydrolysate was obtained from waste wool by using alkaline hydrolysis. The extracted keratin hydrolysate was treated to the cotton fabric, and then reference and treated fabrics dyed with direct dyestuffs in neutral medium without salt. It was revealed that there was improvement in treated fabric in terms of dyeability and dry crease recovery angle compared to untreated fabric and that wet fastness values and tensile strength values of treated fabric remained same compared to those of untreated fabric. The structural change of treated surfaces was confirmed by SEM, FTIR, XPS and TEM analyses.

The prediction of optimal conditions for the surface grafting of β-cyclodextrin onto silk fabrics by an artificial neural network (ANN)

PurposeThe purpose of this study is the chemical grafting of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) onto silk fabrics by the use of butane tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a crosslinking agent and nano-TiO2 (NTO) as a catalyst. The effects of different parameters involved in this particular process, e.g. β-CD, BTCA and NTO concentrations, are examined using the artificial neural network (ANN). The method is evaluated for its ability to predict certain properties of treated fabrics, including grafting yield, dry crease recovery angle (DCRA) and wet crease recovery angle (WCRA), tensile strength, elongation at break and methylene blue dye absorption.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted to describe the cross-linking of silk with 1,2,3,4-BTCA as a crosslinking agent in a wet state at low temperatures using NTO catalyst to improve the dry and wet wrinkle recovery (DCRA and WCRA) of silk fabrics. An ANN was also used to model and analyze the effects of BTCA, β-CD and NTO concentrations on the grafting percentage and some properties of the treated samples.FindingsAccording to the results, the wet and dry wrinkle recovery of the silk fabrics was improved for about 38% and 11%, respectively, as compared to the non-cross-linked fabrics, without significantly affecting the tensile strength retention of the fabrics.Originality/valueThis research model and analyze the effects of BTCA, β-CD and NTO concentrations on the grafting percentage and some properties of the treated samples for the first time.

Citric acid as environment friendly crease-resistance finishing agent for silk fabric combined by ß-cyclodextrin

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the possibility of cross-linking silk fabric using citric acid (CA) as the cross-linking agent and nano-TiO2 (NTO) particles as a catalyst at low temperature and under UV irradiation. This paper also assesses the possibility of treated samples with suitable combinations of CA and NTO to impart multiple functional properties such as self-cleaning and antimicrobial properties.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD) grafted onto silk fabric using CA as a crosslinking agent and NTO particles as a catalyst through a pad-dry-cure technique and with UVA irradiation. The effects of different concentrations of CA, ß-CD and NTO particles on some properties of the treated samples are evaluated, and the optimum finishing conditions are obtained. The author also investigated the washing durability of the modified product after ten times of washing.FindingsThe results showed that CA plays the role of a linking agent through an esterification reaction with the hydroxyl groups of both ß-CD and silk fabrics and improves the durability of materials on the textile surface. Also, the silk fabrics treated with CA only were found to have excellent photocatalytic properties and better antibacterial activity than the control sample and the fabrics treated with a mixture of ß-CD/CA.Originality/valueThis study was conducted to achieve multiple functions such as antibacterial and photocatalytic activities, good dry crease recovery angle and wet crease recovery angle behavior without a significant adverse effect on the Yellowness index and tensile properties for treated silk fabrics.

MULTIFUNCTIONALIZATION OF A CELLULOSIC MATERIAL BY MEANS OF A MULTIPLE-STEP COATING PROCESS APPLYING ORGANOTRIALKOXYSILANES

The sol-gel process is an excellent process for coating various substrates and thus imparting new functionalities to the treated material. Cotton fabrics were finished with various silicon alkoxides: tetraethoxysilane, (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)succinic acid anhydride, and (3-glycidyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane in a one-, two-, and three-step process, applying the pad-dry-cure method. The physico-mechanical parameters: dry crease recovery angle, tensile strength, flexural rigidity, air permeability, abrasion resistance, whiteness index (WI), and water vapor permeability of the as-prepared cotton samples were evaluated. In addition, the coated samples were analyzed by means of Fourier transform-infrared/attenuated reflection spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and 3D laser confocal microscopy. To study the wettability, selected alkoxysilane-treated specimens were coated with octyltriethoxysilane. The impregnation with titanium tetraisopropoxide significantly increased the ultraviolet protection factor. The findings make evident that the wrinkle resistance could be improved.

Assessment of Some Physicochemical Properties of Cellulosic Fabric Esterified Using Varying Volume of Jatropha curcas Seed Oil

This paper presents the results of the assessment of some physicochemical properties of cellulosic fabric esterified using varying volume of Jatropha curcas seed oil. The oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus under reflux with hexane as solvent. The percentage yield and moisture content was 47.25% and 0.56% respectively. The fabric (10 cm x 10 cm and 21 cm x 2.5 cm) was identified to be cellulose; it was subjected to purification processes before esterification. The purification processes are scouring, bleaching and mercerization, after which the fabrics were esterified using 10 cm3 through 60 cm3 of oil. The results of esterification gave improvement in dry and wet crease recovery angles, and yarn twist. The highest values of dry crease (130º warp and 122º weft), wet crease (74º warp and 68º weft) and yarn twist (25 TPI warp and 23 TPI weft) were obtained with 50 cm3 of oil. The unesterified (control) fabric recorded lower values of dry crease recovery angles (50º warp and 45º weft), wet crease (37º warp and 35º weft) and yarn twist (14 TPI warp and 12 TPI weft). These revealed that esterification is the reason for the observed improvements and was generally better in warp direction than in weft direction. This may be attributed to the difference in the fabric construction. There was increase in bending properties but did not optimize within the volume of oil used. The air permeability and percentage water imbibition was reduced compared to the control fabric; revealing a structural modification and the formation of a hydrophobic ester bond. This may be an indication that the esterified fabric will be more resistant to the formation of mildew during storage. Hence the seed oil of Jatropha curcas is recommended for easy care finish in textile industries.

Crease Resistance Finishing Optimization of Citric Acid and Fibroin Solution for Cotton Fabrics

ABSTRACT Wrinkling effect in cellulose fiber–made fabrics has a major setback for their use as apparels necessitating the use of crease resistance finish. For a while, formaldehyde-based-finished dimethyl dihydroxy ethylene urea has been used as crease resistance finish. DMDHEU finished fabric will releases formaldehyde during its application, that affects both user’s health and the environment. This research optimized citric acid (CA) and silk fibroin solution as a crease resistance finishing agent. CA was identified as a non-formaldehyde-based cross-linking agent but causes yellowing in cotton fabrics. To steer clear of this, silk fibroin solution was added with CA to increase the crease resistant in avoiding yellowing of the fabric caused by CA. The optimum combination of the processing parameters obtained was 6% silk fibroin solution, 30 g/L of CA, and 6% sodium dihydrogen phosphate, at a finishing bath at pH of 5.5 with curing temperature of 150°C. These optimized finishing parameters achieved a dry crease recovery angle of 252° while obtaining an 84% tensile strength retention, 96% tearing strength retention, and 75 WI (93%) whiteness index.

Formaldehyde-free, crease-resistant functionalization of cellulosic material modified by a hydrolyzed dicarboxylic acid based alkoxysilane/melamine finishing system

Cotton fabrics show the tendency to wrinkle. Various chemical agents have been used to convey crease-resistance to cellulosic material in an attempt to replace the formaldehyde-releasing crosslinking agent DMDHEU. A novel non-formaldehyde organic–inorganic hybrid material synthesized via the sol–gel route is investigated. The hydrolyzed trialkoxysilane (3-triethoxysilylpropyl)succinic anhydride was reacted with 2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-triazine (melamine, MEL) at elevated temperature. The as-prepared aqueous solutions were applied to cotton fabrics, which were cured at 160 °C and 220 °C. The physicomechanical data: dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), flexural rigidity, whiteness index (WI), water retention, water vapor permeability were evaluated. An increase in the DCRA can be observed. However, the thermal treatment results in a reduction of the WI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirm the formation of an imide group. X-ray powder diffraction analysis makes evident that the crystallinity index increased. SEM images make evident that depositions can be observed on the surface.Graphical abstract

Thermal, Mechanical and Optical Features of Aluminosilicate-Coated Cotton Textiles via the Crosslinking Method.

The presented study focuses on the development of a pad-dry-thermofix functional coating process using a mixture of microporous aluminosilicate particles in diverse bath formulations to impart UV-ray-blocking, thermal stability and easy-care properties to the cotton fabric. The results of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray powder Diffraction (XRD) revealed the presence of three different types of zeolites within the examined sample, i.e., the largest amount being zeolite A, followed by the zeolite X, and the zeolite ZSM-5. The surface characterization results of zeolite-coated/cross-linked textiles provided evidence of acceptable UV-ray-blocking properties and increased thermal stability, as well as enhanced tensile strength and breaking tenacity without considerably decreasing the whiteness degree. Moreover, the dry crease recovery angle increased for the cotton fabric cross-linked via an mDMDHEU, and decreased significantly using 30 g/L zeolites negatively influencing qualitative values. TG/DTA results have proven the enlarged thermal stability of aluminosilicate-coated cotton, although combustion was not prevented.

Simultaneous Fixation of Wrinkle-Free Finish and Reactive Dye on Cotton Using Response Surface Methodology

In printing and resin finishing of cotton fabrics, the curing step is involved twice, firstly for fixation of reactive dye and secondly for the fixation of resin for proper cross-linking. In developing country like Pakistan, where cotton is a major portion of textile exports, the elimination of one fixation stage is economical and advantageous. This study dealt with the simultaneous fixation of wrinkle-free finish (resin) and reactive dye printing for cost effectiveness. The processed route of treatment imparted a maximum dry crease recovery angle of 230° and color strength up to 89.89%. The produced fabrics were characterized using crocking fastness (dry and wet), color strength sum %, color fastness to laundry, crease recovery angle, and wrinkle recovery by appearance method. Response surface optimizer gave good composite desirability value (0.08300) with color strength % of up to 73.73 and dry crease recovery angle up to 218°.

Exceptional wearability of multifunctional TiO2-coated hybrid silk fabric with controllable ultraviolet-protection properties

Ultraviolet (UV)-protective textiles have attracted significant attention because of their wide applicability. However, the anti-UV coatings of such textiles have an adverse effect on their wearing comfort, and other properties related to luster, softness and handle were also ignored. In this study, TiO2-coated silk fabric with controllable UV-protection properties was successfully fabricated via atomic layer deposition (ALD). The luster, bending properties, crease recovery, mechanical properties, air permeability and anti-UV properties of the TiO2-coated silk fabric were investigated. The results showed that the thickness, whiteness, bendability, tensile strength and anti-UV properties of the silk fabric increased progressively while its air permeability, wet crease recovery angle and dry crease recovery angle decreased with an increase in the thickness of the TiO2 coating. However, the coating did not have a negative effect on the usability of the fabric. Thus, the proposed ALD method is a promising one for modifying the surfaces of elastic textile materials in order to accord them with UV-protection properties.

Modification of cotton fabrics with a hydrolysed organotrialkoxysilane/metal alkoxide system: multifunctionalisation and mordant dyeing

Untreated cotton fabrics and cotton samples pretreated with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid were functionalised with an organotrialkoxysilane [(3‐glycidyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane] in conjunction with a metal alkoxide (aluminium isopropoxide, titanium tetraisopropoxide, or zircon tetrabutoxide). Evaluation of the physicomechanical properties revealed that the dry crease recovery angle was significantly increased in the case of aluminium isopropoxide, whereas the tensile strength and the tear strength were reduced. The application of alkyltrialkoxysilanes resulted in an enhanced contact angle. As the cotton samples were treated with hydrolysed metal alkoxides, which can function as mordants, the cotton fabrics were dyed with alizarin. The dyeing behaviour was determined from colorimetric data.

Effect of finishing resins on mechanical and surface properties of cotton Denim fabrics

The effect of two famous finishing resins; acrylic resin (Resacryl M), and Glyoxal resin (Resinol AM), applied by the same Pad Dry Cure Process PDC but according to various conditions, on the mechanical and surface properties of different cotton denim fabrics is studied in this paper. The treated samples which are characterized at two steps of the treatment process: before and after washing (BW and AW) were characterized in terms of surface morphology observations by SEM, geometrical roughness measurements with Kawabata Evaluation System KES, thickness and Dry crease recovery angle DCRA measurements, and mechanical testing properties. It resulted that Resinol AM improves dry crease recovery angle, but causes a loss of strength in the warp direction. Nevertheless, Resacryl M improves handless and preserves the mechanical properties fabric before and after washing. Studying the effect of resins type, concentrations and curing temperature on the mechanical behavior and surface of the cotton fabrics is very important in textile laundering, because it allows choosing the best finishing agents and conditions. Furthermore, the results of this report will be in workable data to predict the properties of the treated fabrics after resin finishing.

Non-formaldehyde, crease-resistant modification of cellulosic material by means of an organotrialkoxysilane and metal alkoxides

Cellulosic material is chemically modified to impart crease-resistant properties to textile products. Due to health considerations formaldehyde-free chemicals are preferred. For this purpose, (3-glycidyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) in combination with metal alkoxides aluminium isopropoxide (AIP), titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTP), zircon tetrabutoxide (ZTB) were applied to cotton raw material and cotton fabrics which were pre-treated with butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)/sodium hypophosphite. The as-prepared samples were tested for dry crease recovery angle, tensile strength, tear strength, air permeability, contact angle and whiteness index. The application of GPTMS/AIP resulted in excellent crease resistance values, whereas TTP and ZTB provided a moderate improvement of the wrinkle resistance. The application of the hydrophobic methyltriethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane and Dynasylan F8815 (fluoroalkylfunctional water-borne oligosiloxane) caused a significant increase in the contact angle. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy proved the formation of an ester-linkage between BTCA and the cellulose.

Non-formaldehyde, crease resistant agent for cotton fabrics based on an organic–inorganic hybrid material

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was reacted with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to a poly(amic)acid (PAA). The molar ratios of BTCA and APTES were 1/1 (B/A-1/1), 1/2 (B/A-1/2), 1/3 (B/A-1/3), and 1/4 (B/A-1/4). The as-prepared precursor solution was applied to cotton substrates. After thermal treatment (180°C) the physical–mechanical properties of the cotton samples were tested by means of dry crease recovery angle and tensile strength. For B/A-1/1 treated fabrics a significant improvement of the crease resistance was observed. FT-IR spectra revealed the formation of an imide group and an ester linkage, indicating the cross-linking of the cellulosic material. SEM images showed a smooth surface. As evidenced by TGA data the thermal stability of the cotton samples was not increased. No hydrophobicity could be observed. For B/A-1/3 and (B/A-1/4) modified cotton samples no crease resistant properties were detected. However, enhanced contact angle values were measured. A reaction mechanism for the formation of the ladder-like polysilsesquioxane and the cross-linking reaction is proposed.

Optimisation of concentration of ingredients for simultaneous dyeing and finishing using response surface methodology

In the present study, simultaneous reactive dyeing and easy care finishing of cotton with a non-formaldehyde and environment-friendly compound (citric acid [CA]) was successfully optimised using a statistical model. An optimised recipe was formulated based on the half factorial central composite design and numerical optimisation solution by Design-Expert 6.0 software. The optimised conditions were investigated for the concentration of CA, catalyst, reactive dye, alkali and urea. Evaluation of the recipe was made with respect to K/S, percent fixation of reactive dye, dry crease recovery angle and tensile strength. The simultaneous dyeing and finishing using theoretical optimised recipe was carried out and performance of the sample was compared with the sample using conventional two-step dyeing and finishing process.

Cellulase Pretreatment on Mercerized Cotton to Enhance X-Linking, Self-cleaning, and Antibacterial Properties Using Nano TiO2/CA/BTCA: Statistical Approaches

In this study, cellulase pre-treated mercerized cotton (EMC) fabrics were treated with citric acid (CA), butane tetra carboxylic acid (BTCA) and nano TiO2 (NTO) to produce fabric with enhanced cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties. However treatment of EMC fabrics with NTO/CA/BTCA has not been reported. The NTO particles were stabilized on the cotton surface using CA/BTCA cross-linking agents. In order to create optimum dry crease recovery angle (DCRA), self-cleaning based on (ΔE*) and bacteria reduction against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the appropriate models were obtained based on Design of Expert software. The roles of CA, BTCA and NTO concentrations in cross-linking, self-cleaning, and antibacterial properties of the EMC fabric were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). Overall, the cellulase pre-treatment of the mercerized cotton fabrics improved the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria, and also enhanced DCRA and self-cleaning properties significantly as compared with control samples. Also, reflectance spectra analyses (200–400 nm) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the NTO particles on the EMC fabric surface.

A Combination of Glyoxal and Glycol as an Ecofriendly Crosslinking Agent for Cotton

Textile finishing is the heart of textile processing. It aims to improve aesthetic appeal, dimensional stability, serviceability and alike. The object of resin finishing is to improve crease recovery. Conventional resin pre-condensates are effectively used for this purpose. Most of these resin pre-condensates are not eco friendly due to the presence of free or released formaldehyde. Due to eco awareness and green technology, it has been imperative to use eco-friendly crosslinking agents for resin finishing. Polycarboxylic acids like BTCA, PTA, etc. can be used as eco-friendly crosslinking agents. However, they are costly, and not easily available. Thus, an attempt has been made in the present study to explore the possibility of using a combination of glyoxal and glycol as a crosslinking agent at various concentrations to finish 100% cotton fabric. These treated fabric samples have been cured at various temperatures (1400C, 1500C & 1600C) for periods of 1, 2 and 3 min. Moreover, various formulations have been tested by using various additives, like PE, PEG-200, TEA, DEA, and their combinations, to improve the strength and the whiteness of finished fabrics. Various tests to determine crease recovery, strength, whiteness index, durable press rating, and bending length have been carried out to assess the quality of the finished fabric. Very encouraging results in terms of dry crease recovery angle, bending length, % strength retention and durable press rating have been obtained.

Eco-friendly Rot and Crease Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric using Citric Acid and Chitosan

Citric acid (CA) along with chitosan was used on bleached jute fabrics to impart anti crease and rot resistance properties in one step. The treatment was carried out by pad-dry-cure method in presence of sodium hypophosphite monohydrate catalyst. Curing at 150° Centigrade for 5 min delivered good crease resistant property (dry crease recovery angle is 244°) and high rot resistance simultaneously by a single treatment, which are durable for five washings with distilled water. Strength retention of jute fabric after 21 days soil burial was found to be 81 % and the loss (%) in strength due to this treatment was 15–18 %. The results showed that chitosan and CA treated-fabric exhibited higher rot resistance (as indicated by soil burial test) when compared to either CA or chitosan by individual treatment. The effect of CA and chitosan combination on the resistance to rotting of jute fabric was found to be synergistic which is higher than the sum of the effects of individual chemicals. CA possibly reacts with hydroxyl groups in cellulose or chitosan to form ester. The CA and chitosan finished fabric has adverse effect on stiffness. Thermal studies showed that final residue left at 500° C was much higher for CA and chitosan treated fabric than untreated jute fabric. FTIR spectroscopy suggested the formation of ester cross-linkage between the jute fibre, CA and chitosan and hence it is understood that this rot resistant finish on jute fabric become durable by this mechanism.

Reactive Printing and Crease Resistance Finishing of Cotton Fabrics-Effects of Fixation Modes by 2<SUP>2</SUP>.4<SUP>1 </SUP>Mixed Factorial Design

A single step fixation for reactive printing and crease resistance finishing of cotton fabric has been exp lored in this research work using an experimental design technique (DOE).2 2 .4 1 mixed factorial design have been conducted to efficiently identify the act ive set of factors and their interaction. A ll of the three factors namely chro ma, concentration of crease resistant and fixation conditions were found to be significant.The results further show that apart from the influence of individual factors, the said properties of cotton fabric are also reliant on the interaction effect of the significant factors. The influence of individual factors and their interactions on color yield (K/S) and Dry Crease Recovery Angle (DCRA) has been critically examined using software Design Expert 7.0.The results showed that combination of the Econtrol* process at 130˚C without urea has been verified experimentally to be the best selection for the single step fixation of reactive printing and crease resistance finishing for the cotton fabric using the pad-dry-print-fix method. The uncertainty analyses for measurements shows that the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data and are sufficiently accurate.

Introducing covalent and ionic cross-linking into cotton through polycarboxylic acids and nano TiO2

In this study, cationized cotton (CC) fabrics were treated with polycarboxylic acids and nano titanium dioxide (NTO) to produce fabrics with enhanced cross-linking property. The CC cross-linking with butane tetra carboxylic acid and citric acid in the presence of sodium hypophosphite catalyst and NTO co-catalyst under different curing methods were optimized using a statistical approach. The central composite design was used for variables based on Design of Expert software. The appropriate models to create optimum dry crease recovery angle were obtained for each condition. The results show that the covalent and ionic linkages lead to the cross-linking improvement of CC. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were also applied to indicate the NTO particles on the cotton surface with the size of nano particles and their crystallinity.