Dry Cell Research Articles

Chemoenzymatic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Triazole Fungicide (R)-Tebuconazole in High Optical Purity Mediated by an Epoxide Hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis.

Tebuconazole is a chiral triazole fungicide used globally in agriculture as a racemic mixture, but its enantiomers exhibit significant enantioselective dissimilarities in bioactivity and environmental behaviors. The steric hindrance caused by the tert-butyl group makes it a great challenge to synthesize tebuconazole enantiomers. Here, we designed a simple chemoenzymatic approach for the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole, which includes the biocatalytic resolution of racemic epoxy-precursor (2-tert-butyl-2-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl] oxirane, rac-1a) by Escherichia coli/Rpeh whole cells expressed epoxide hydrolase from Rhodotorula paludigensis (RpEH), followed by a one-step chemocatalytic synthesis of (R)-tebuconazole. It was observed that (S)-1a was preferentially hydrolyzed by E. coli/Rpeh, whereas (R)-1a was retained with a specific activity of 103.8 U/g wet cells and a moderate enantiomeric ratio (E value) of 13.4, which was remarkably improved to 43.8 after optimizing the reaction conditions. Additionally, a gram-scale resolution of 200 mM rac-1a was performed using 150 mg/mL E. coli/Rpeh wet cells, resulting in the retention of (R)-1a in a 97.0% ees, a 42.5% yields, and a 40.5 g/L/d space-time yield. Subsequently, the synthesis of highly optical purity (R)-tebuconazole (>99% ee) was easily achieved through the chemocatalytic ring-opening of the epoxy-precursor (R)-1a with 1,2,4-triazole. To elucidate insight into the enantioselectivity, molecular docking simulations revealed that the unique L-shaped substrate-binding pocket of RpEH plays a crucial role in the enantioselective recognition of bulky 2,2-disubstituted oxirane 1a.

Valorization of waste engine oil to mono- and di-rhamnolipid in a sustainable approach to circular bioeconomy.

This study aims to valorize waste engine oil (WEO) for synthesizing economically viable biosurfactants (rhamnolipids) to strengthen the circular bioeconomy concept. It specifically focuses on investigating the influence of key bioprocess parameters, viz. agitation and aeration rates, on enhancing rhamnolipid yield in a fed-batch fermentation mode. The methodology involves conducting experiments in a stirred tank bioreactor (3 L) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa gi |KP 163922| as the test organism. Central composite design and response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) are employed to design the experiments and analyze the effects of agitation and aeration rates on various parameters, including dry cell biomass (DCBM), surface tension, tensoactivity, and rhamnolipid yield. It is also essential to determine the mechanistic pathway of biosurfactant production followed by the strain using complex hydrophobic substrates such as WEO. The study reveals that optimal agitation and aeration rates of 200rpm and 1 Lpm result in the highest biosurfactant yield of 29.76g/L with minimal surface tension (28 mN/m). Biosurfactant characterization using FTIR, 1H NMR, and UPLC-MS/MS confirm the presence of dominant molecular ion peaks m/z 543.9 and 675.1. This suggests that the biosurfactant is a mixture of mono- and di-rhamnolipids (RhaC10C10, RhaRhaC10C12:1, RhaRhaC12:1C10). The findings present a sustainable approach for biosurfactant production in a fed-batch bioreactor. This research opens the possibility of exploring the use of pilot or large-scale bioreactors for biosurfactant production in future investigations.

SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) of nickel to reach global electric battery market in Indonesia

In 2025, it is projected that global sales of battery-based electric cars (electric vehicle [EV]) will reach 145 million units, exceeding those of fuel vehicle-based cars (internal combustion engine [ICE]), so that in the future the demand for electric batteries (EBs) will be even greater. In managing the large nickel resources as raw material for electric vehicle batteries, new policies, and breakthroughs are needed so Indonesian electric vehicle batteries have high competitiveness in facing the global market. This study aims to analyse the condition of the electric vehicle battery industry sector in the global competitive arena, which consists of 14 countries with the world’s largest nickel resources and reserves. The results of the analysis show that, first, it is necessary to master technology and utilise qualified and professional human resources. Second, increasing the availability of supporting infrastructure for the establishment of electric vehicle battery factories, as well as improving the quality of electric vehicle batteries so that they are highly competitive to seize global market opportunities. The analysis can be used as input for the government to improve the competitiveness of electric vehicle batteries in facing the global market and the fulfilment of nickel needs for the domestic electric vehicle battery industry.

Multi-path asymmetric reactions of racemic epoxides mediated by an engineered Escherichia coli overexpressing SfEH2, a newfound epoxide hydrolase from Streptomyces fradiae SF-2

To enrich ‘epoxide hydrolase (EH) tool cabinet’ for preparing enantiopure epoxides and 1,2-diols, a novel microbial EH, SfEH2, was identified from Streptomyces fradiae SF-2. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that SfEH2 has typical structural characteristics of α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily. Its coding gene, sfeh2, was then codon-optimized and amplified. A recombinant (re) SfEH2-expressing E. coli BL21(DE3) strain (E. coli/sfeh2) was constructed through DNA manipulations. Substrate spectrum assay including fifteen common racemic (rac-) epoxides by E. coli/sfeh2 showed that reSfEH2 displayed the highest and best complementary regioselectivities (regioselectivity coefficients, αR = 89.7% and βS = 91.4%) towards rac-14a, as well as the highest enantioselectivity (enantiomeric ratio, E = 15.3) in S-type towards rac-15a. Molecular docking simulation revealed that SfEH2 preferentially attacked Cα of (R)-14a and Cβ of (S)-14a geometrically. In kinetic parameter analysis, the KmR (5.74 mM) of purified reSfEH2 for (R)-15a was 1.76-fold lower than KmS (10.09 mM) for (S)-15a. At last, using 50 mg dry cell weight/mL E. coli/sfeh2, the scale-up enantioconvergent hydrolysis of 100 mM rac-14a at 30 °C for 6.0 h afforded (S)-14b with 80.9% eep and 90.1% yield, while the kinetic resolution of 150 mM rac-15a retained (S)-15a with >99.0% ees and 42.2% yield.

EV BMS With Charge Monitor and Fire Detection

Electric vehicles (EVs) are undoubtedly the way of the future. However, as of 2023, EV technology has not reached its full potential in terms of efficiency and safety. The cause of majority of the electric vehicle fire events is a battery explosion or fire. This paper presents an integrated approach to manage EV battery systems, which combines a Battery Management System (BMS) with charge monitoring and fire detection. The system is built to continuously monitor the battery's voltage, current, and temperature and to immediately turn off the battery's input or output if any unexpected behaviour is noticed. Keywords: EVs, BMS, Temperature Sensor

DESIGN & FABRICATION OF RETRACTABLE SEATING AND DRIVING MECHANISM ARRANGEMENT FOR TELESCOPING 3 WHEEL GO-KART

Most of the recreation parks are using 4-wheel petrol (or) diesel powered go-carts which are expensive, heavy in weight and pollutes the environment. As the fossil fuels are depreciating and cost of the fuels is also increasing rapidly in global markets, it is very much essential to develop new go-kart designs with less weight, runs on electric energy (battery) so that it is not dependent on costly imported fuels like petrol / diesel and also consumes less energy. 3 Wheel electric (battery powered) Go Kart is one of the less weight designs that consumes less energy and adds no pollution to the environment. As a part of our project dissertation, we are planning to fabricate chassis for telescopic 3-wheel go-kart. Telescopic 3-wheel go-kart has fallowing advantages when compared to 4-wheel 2-seater go- karts; Less in mass hence gives good energy economy No pollution Easy to transport as it occupies less space Project Involves; Study of various types of chassis, materials used for chassis, structural elements like pipes, plates and flats, fabrication operations like welding, cutting, drilling, etc.

DESIGN & FABRICATION OF CHASSIS FOR TELESCOPING 3-WHEEL GO-KART

Most of the recreation parks are using 4-wheel petrol (or) diesel powered go-carts which are expensive, heavy in weight and pollutes the environment. As the fossil fuels are depreciating and cost of the fuels is also increasing rapidly in global markets, it is very much essential to develop new go-kart designs with less weight, runs on electric energy (battery) so that it is not dependent on costly imported fuels like petrol / diesel and also consumes less energy. 3 Wheel electric (battery powered) Go Kart is one of the less weight designs that consumes less energy and adds no pollution to the environment. As a part of our project dissertation, we are planning to fabricate chassis for telescopic 3-wheel go-kart. Telescopic 3-wheel go-kart has fallowing advantages when compared to 4-wheel 2-seater go- karts; Less in mass hence gives good energy economy No pollution Easy to transport as it occupies less space Project Involves; Study of various types of chassis, materials used for chassis, structural elements like pipes, plates and flats, fabrication operations like welding, cutting, drilling, etc.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF DRIVE SYSTEM OF A TELESCOPIC THREE WHEEL GO-KART

3 Wheel electric (battery powered) Go Kart is one of the less weight designs that consumes less energy and adds no pollution to the environment. As a part of our project dissertation, we are planning to fabricate drive system for telescopic 3-wheel go-kart.

EVELOPMENT OF THE METHODS FOR SURVEYING THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS’ ROOFS FOR THE PLACEMENT OF ELECTRIC SOLAR BATTERIES

Problem statement. In Ukraine, green energy, in particular, solar power plants, is developing rapidly in recent years. Their power depends on the area of solar panels, so large land plots are required for powerful plants. In the context of urban development, there are almost no free plots. It is proposed to place such stations on the roofs of residential buildings. The problem is that in order to implement this, it is necessary to investigate the technical condition of the roof structures. To do this, it is necessary to develop technique for surveying the roofs’ technical state. The purpose of the work is to classify the survey objects, with further development of the visual observation methodology, instrumental measurements, selection of facts, and establishment of links between them. Method. The methods of visual observation, instrumental measurements, data accumulation, selection of facts, and establishing links between them were used to develop the classification of the survey objects. The types of residential buildings that were built from the 30s to the 80s of the last century on the territory of Ukraine were studied. The investigation of urban residential buildings for the purpose of their classification was conducted according to consumer and operational characteristics. The result of the research is the development of a technique for the application of research methods such as visual inspection, instrumental measurements. A technique for surveying the technical state of those types of roofs that were included in the classification based on the study of existing residential buildings was developed. The scientific novelty is that the technique is developing for the first time for surveying the technical state of roofs and garrets, for the tasks of placing electric solar stations on their surface. Practical value. With the help of the developed technique, it will be possible to conduct a survey of the technical condition of roofs and garrets for the placement of solar stations on their surface by all organisations that are engaged in such work and have the necessary experience and tools. Conclusions. A classification of types of roofs and garrets of residential buildings was developed for the possible location of electric solar batteries on their surface, as well as a technique for surveying the technical state of roofs and garrets structures was developed.

Comminution of Metal–Polymer Composites for Recycling

ZusammenfassungTo increase the recycling rate of components used in electric vehicles, metal–polymer composites are to be separated. As a basis, samples of polymers are ground in a hammer mill to analyze the influence of various pretreatments. The resulting particle size distributions are related to the mechanical properties of the polymers. The results can be used for a comminution of a metal–polymer composite from an electric vehicle's battery housing and show that lower temperatures perform the best for individual materials and composites. The complexity of the components and the type of joining also influence the comminution success of composite components, as a separation of the materials is easier with low complexity and force closure.

Enhancing the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Lodderomyces elongisporus

Single-cell oils (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeast hold promise as a sustainable alternative for producing nutritionally and pharmaceutically valuable lipids. However, the accumulation of oils varies substantially between yeast spp. Consequently, identifying well-suited producers with a high innate capacity for lipids biosynthesis is paramount. Equally important is optimizing culturing and processing conditions to realize the total lipids production potential of selected strains. The marine Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Lodderomyces elongisporus yeast were investigated to explore their potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) production on high glucose media (HGM) using two-stage culture mode. Both strains accumulated > 20% (w/w) of their dry cell weight as lipids when grown on HGM using a two-stage culture system. Both yeast isolates exhibited a maximal lipid/biomass coefficient (YL/X) of 0.58–0.66 mg/mg at 7 °C and 0.49–0.53 mg/mg at 26 °C when grown on 8% glucose and produced monounsaturated and PUFAs similar to that of Menhaden and Salmon marine oils. For the first time, significant amounts of Eicosapentaenoic acid (19%) and Eicosadienoic acid (19.6%) were produced by L. elongisporus and R. mucilaginosa, respectively. Thus, the SCO derived from these wild strains possesses significant potential as a substitute source for the industrial-scale production of long-chain PUFAs, making them a promising contender in the market.Graphical

A Qualitative Study of Defects with Enhanced Transport Properties of Graphene Exfoliated from Gum Arabic by Rapid Sonication Method

Graphene‐like materials are utilized to make electrical devices, thermal sensors, biosensors, and energy storage batteries. Herein, an efficient and cost‐effective approach is demonstrated by modulating the sonication time duration for producing a few layers of graphene using the emulsification qualities of low‐cost and environmentally friendly gum Arabic. By implementing the modified approach, the production time for graphene synthesis is significantly reduced to a short duration as compared to preliminarily reported methodologies. XRD, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopic results of graphene samples are presented in order to study the nature of defects. The flakes are thin enough (20 nm) to seem semitransparent under the FESEM. From the combination of both I2D/IG and FWHM (2D), a predominant formation of 3–7 graphene layers is observed. It is identified that mainly foreign adatom defects are present, with a density of ≈1010 cm−2, which results in an increasing Hall carrier concentration (≈2 × 1023 m−3) and mobility (≈27 800 cm2 Vs−1). Furthermore, graphene has a higher electrical conductivity of ≈550 S cm−1, which is far better than previously reported. This research opens the way for the mass manufacturing of simple, green, and cost‐effective graphene with better quality and physical attributes.

Expanding the CRISPR Toolbox for Engineering Lycopene Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum.

Lycopene represents one of the central compounds in the carotenoid pathway and it exhibits a potent antioxidant ability with wide potential applications in medicine, food, and cosmetics. The microbial production of lycopene has received increasing concern in recent years. Corynebacterium glutamicum (C. glutamicum) is considered to be a safe and beneficial industrial production platform, naturally endowed with the ability to produce lycopene. However, the scarcity of efficient genetic tools and the challenge of identifying crucial metabolic genes impede further research on C. glutamicum for achieving high-yield lycopene production. To address these challenges, a novel genetic editing toolkit, CRISPR/MAD7 system, was established and developed. By optimizing the promoter, ORI and PAM sequences, the CRISPR/MAD7 system facilitated highly efficient gene deletion and exhibited a broad spectrum of PAM sites. Notably, 25 kb of DNA from the genome was successfully deleted. In addition, the CRISPR/MAD7 system was effectively utilized in the metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum, allowing for the simultaneous knockout of crtEb and crtR genes in one step to enhance the accumulation of lycopene by blocking the branching pathway. Through screening crucial genes such as crtE, crtB, crtI, idsA, idi, and cg0722, an optimal carotenogenic gene combination was obtained. Particularly, cg0722, a membrane protein gene, was found to play a vital role in lycopene production. Therefore, the CBIEbR strain was obtained by overexpressing cg0722, crtB, and crtI while strategically blocking the by-products of the lycopene pathway. As a result, the final engineered strain produced lycopene at 405.02 mg/L (9.52 mg/g dry cell weight, DCW) in fed-batch fermentation, representing the highest reported lycopene yield in C. glutamicum to date. In this study, a powerful and precise genetic tool was used to engineer C. glutamicum for lycopene production. Through the modifications between the host cell and the carotenogenic pathway, the lycopene yield was stepwise improved by 102-fold as compared to the starting strain. This study highlights the usefulness of the CRISPR/MAD7 toolbox, demonstrating its practical applications in the metabolic engineering of industrially robust C. glutamicum.

Investigation of maximum temperatures in lithium-ion batteries by CFD and machine learning

Alternative fuels are becoming more popular as awareness of fossil fuel depletion, pollution, and climate change grows. Numerous industrial companies are producing electric automobiles for use worldwide. Electric vehicles’ battery packs’ cooling causes firing due to high temperatures. In this study, the surface temperatures of a single electric battery with dimensions of 160 mm × 210 mm within a battery pack were investigated using computational fluid dynamics and, subsequently, Levenberg-Marquardt machine learning as a function of ambient temperature, convective heat transfer coefficient, nominal capacity of the electric battery, and discharge rate. The transport coefficient has been calculated for a rechargeable electric battery with a nominal capacity ranging from 14.6 to 20 Ah and a discharge rate varying between 1 and 15, taking into account conditions of stagnant air at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 35°C and values between 5 and 20 W/m2.K. Insufficient or absent cooling of battery temperatures can lead to them reaching combustion temperatures of electric vehicle batteries, typically from 50°C to 80°C, depending on the operational circumstances. An artificial neural network was utilized in machine learning to forecast maximum temperatures based on operating conditions without requiring simulation. The neural network achieved an estimated mean squared error of 0.00552 and a calculated coefficient of determination of 0.99. The neural network model can predict outputs with mean and standard deviation rates below 0.237. The anticipated artificial neural network model can accurately forecast the maximum surface temperature of an electric vehicle battery.

Recovery of engine waste heat in low temperature environment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

The performance and life of electric vehicle power batteries will be reduced at low temperatures, and the lower temperature in the electric vehicle will also affect the comfort of drivers and passengers. Taking into account the winter temperatures and the unique drive structure of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, a specially designed driving mode for low-temperature environment is implemented. Based on this drive mode, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) integrated thermal management structure is proposed to heat the battery and the passenger compartment, thereby improving energy efficiency. A mathematical model is used to establish the entire vehicle thermal management system, which is then experimentally validated. Under the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) at ambient temperatures of −5°C, −10°C, −15°C, and −20°C, the calculation results of engine waste heat utilization and PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) heating are compared and analyzed. The results show that the average heating rate of the thermal management system proposed in this study is 23% faster than that of PTC heating at low temperature. The SOC decreases to 63.43% when engine waste heat utilization is adopted. When PTC heating is used, the SOC decreases to 49.18%. However, the advantage of the faster rate of engine waste heat compared to PTC heating becomes less pronounced as the ambient temperature decreases.

Electrochemical-Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries under Fast Charging

Thermal runaway and volume expansion caused by temperature rise under fast charging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the major reasons of battery explosion and cycle performance degradation. In this work, considering the radiation heat transfer on the battery surface, an electrochemical-thermal-mechanical coupling model of cylindrical LIBs under fast charging (state of charge (SOC) ≤80%) is developed in order to investigate the distributions of the temperature and stress. Then, choosing 18650 LIBs as the object, the charge efficiency, temperature, and stress distributions are compared between fast charging and galvanostatic operation under SOC≤80%, respectively. Finally, the influences of the thickness, particle radius, the maximum lithium-ion concentration of the cathode, and initial electrolyte concentration on the temperature, radial stress, and hoop stress of LIB during charge are explored, respectively. Numerical results show that fast charging improves 20.8% of the charge efficiency. Increasing the cathodic thickness and decreasing the cathodic maximum lithium-ion concentration or initial electrolyte concentration can reduce the temperature of LIB during the charge. The results of this work will provide some reference value for the design of LIBs under fast charging.

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Enhanced thermal management of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries with Al2O3–MWCNT–ethylene glycol hybrid nanofluid-based helical coiled pulsating heat pipe (HC-PHP)

Comparison of frontal crash compatibility metrics between battery-electric and internal-combustion-engine passenger vehicles

Objective The objective of this study was to determine if there are any emerging issues related to battery-electric vehicles’ (BEVs’) geometry, force distribution, and extra weight that may make them more aggressive partners in front-to-front crashes through comparisons of stiffness metrics derived from crash tests. Methods We examined load cell wall data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s (NHTSA’s) New Car Assessment Program full-width frontal crash test at 56 km/h. Fourteen BEVs, ranging in class from small cars to large SUVs, were compared with 92 internal-combustion-engine (ICE) vehicles, ranging in class from small cars to midsize pickups. We selected vehicles based on the test results available in the NHTSA Vehicle Crash Test Database, and there were no tests of battery-electric (BE) pickups. Data included load-cell-wall force-time histories and longitudinal vehicle acceleration from the body structure. We constructed force-displacement diagrams and calculated static, dynamic, energy-equivalent, and initial front-end-stiffness metrics from load cell wall forces, vehicle acceleration, and static front-end crush measurements for each vehicle. Linear regression models were applied to the metrics for comparison between powertrains. Results BE cars and BE SUVs weighed more than their ICE counterparts, on average 369 kg and 286 kg more, respectively. Initial (200 mm and 400 mm), energy-equivalent and dynamic front-end-stiffness metrics, average height of force, and individual maximum forces, when compared with vehicle shadow, were not statistically different between powertrains. Static stiffness (p = 0.04) and initial stiffness (300 mm; p = 0.05) decreased for BEVs with greater shadow and increased with greater shadow for ICE vehicles. When controlling for vehicle shadow, dynamic crush was greater (p = 0.01), the percentage of center force was lower (p < 0.001), and maximum peak force was higher (p = 0.01) for BEVs compared with ICE vehicles. For the Kia Niro BEV and ICE pair, the 329 kg heavier BEV had a 165 mm longer crush distance, which resulted in lower forces and stiffness metrics compared with the traditional ICE counterpart. Conclusion Overall, this study indicates that current BEVs are not excessively aggressive in terms of stiffness metrics for frontal crash compatibility compared with ICE vehicles.

METHODOLOGY FOR EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF THE FIRE HAZARD OF POWER LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A HEATING PANEL

Even though lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the subject of various tests and research at the production stage, there are no isolated cases of electric vehicle fires, and the development dynamics are unpredictable. The particular danger of such fires lies in the oxygen release during an irreversible exothermic reaction in LIBs, which creates new challenges for fire and rescue services when extinguishing such fires. The study aims to develop the main provisions of the methodology for experimental studies of electric vehicle power batteries in terms of fire hazards using an electric heating panel. The ultimate goal of the study is to determine the temperatures at which an irreversible exothermic reaction, the opening of ventilation holes, and the combustion (explosion) of electric vehicle power batteries begin, as well as the time parameters at which such processes occur. Taking into account the peculiarities of the occurrence and course of the irreversible exothermic reaction, we have developed a methodology, the essence of which is to determine the temperatures of the onset of the irreversible exothermic reaction of the electric vehicle power battery, the opening of ventilation holes, and the combustion (explosion) of electric vehicle power batteries, the combustion temperatures of ventilation gases, as well as the time parameters at which these processes occur, which may change during battery operation and not correspond to the declared parameters of the manufacturer. For this purpose, we exposed LIBs to thermal energy from an electric heating panel and recorded the temperature and time during which an irreversible exothermic reaction occurs from the moment of an internal short circuit to a fire or explosion. The use of the proposed methodology of experimental studies of the elements of power batteries of electric vehicles regarding the fire hazard of an electric heating panel will make it possible to determine the temperature limits of the occurrence of irreversible exothermic reactions in LIBs, as well as the time parameters under which these processes occur. Keywords: electric vehicle fire, irreversible exothermic reaction, lithium-ion battery.

Enhancing battery cell safety and lifespan through strategic application of insulating and phase change materials utilizing critical thickness for enhanced heat transfer

Efficient and secure operation of electric vehicles relies significantly on the cooling system for lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries, a key component in electric vehicle technology. One of the critical challenges faced by electric vehicle is battery cooling to ensure optimal performance, extended battery life, and enhanced safety. The excessive heat generated during battery operation can lead to decrease in performance and potential safety hazards. Conventional cooling systems, such as air or liquid cooling, have limitations in terms of their cooling capacity, weight, and complexity. Therefore, there is a need to explore innovative cooling techniques that can effectively reduce the thermal issues associated with Electric Vehicles LiFePO4 batteries. Employing a thermal insulating coating and phase change material at the critical thickness emerges as an innovative approach to mitigate the surface temperature of battery cells. This is evident during the charging phase, where the bare cell, Teflon-insulated, and paraffin wax-coated cells reached respective peak temperatures of 69 °C, 57 °C, and 53.3 °C. Notably, the Teflon-coated cell exhibited a 17.39% reduction in peak temperature compared to the bare cell, while the paraffin wax-coated cell displayed a more substantial 23.18% reduction. A similar temperature reduction trend is observed during the discharging phase of the battery cell. Utilizing insulating materials or phase change materials with a critical thickness significantly lowers surface temperatures, enhancing the safety of the battery cell and ensuring prolonged life.