Dry Cell Batteries Research Articles

Toxicity effects of waste dry cell battery on the haematology and biochemistry of blood, gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

Toxicity effects of waste dry cell battery on the haematology and biochemistry of blood, gills and liver of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings

A colour recognition device for the visually disabled people

<p>Visually disabled people rely on the sense of touch and sense of hearing to help them recognise anything in their everyday life. Colours, however, is also important in giving information about things such as the colour of cash note (blue, green, red, orange and purple), the colour of spices (yellow turmeric, red chilli, green chilli) and colour of cloth. Without a sense of visual, they are not able to recognise colour and perceive the beauty of colour. This study was conducted to develop a colour recognizer for visually <strong><em>‎</em></strong>disabled people<strong><em>‎</em></strong>. Colour recogniser used the colour sensor to sense the colour, microcontroller to recognise the colour and notify the user using a speech generator and speaker. The device is powered by dry cell batteries and designed to be user-friendly, practical and portable. The testing is done to show that this device was able to sense and differentiate 12 primary colours in the RGB colour wheel and validated the accuracy of this devices.</p>

Hybrid Electrochemical Behaviour of La1-xCaxMnO3 Nano Perovskites and Recycled Polar Interspersed Graphene for Metal-Air Battery System

Accumulations of waste dry cell batteries create irreparable damage to the environment. To address this issue, herewith we recycle the graphite electrode from waste dry cells to serve as a precursor for synthesising graphene electrolyte additives in metal-O2 battery system. Magnesium‐O2 battery is an interesting option due to its high theoretical energy density (6800 WhKg−1) but tuning the electrode-electrolyte interfacial layer plays a major role. Utilizing La1-xCaxMnO3 (x = 0.70, 0.80 and 0.90) manganite perovskite and polar interspersed graphene as protective electrode-electrolyte passivation layers, drastically increases the battery performance. La1-xCaxMnO3 protective layer enhances the charge separation, charge transfer, reaction kinetics and reduces the charge recombination at the electrode surface. The specific discharge capacity of newly prepared La1-xCaxMnO3/interspersed graphene based Mg-air battery system is 1595.3 mAhg−1, which makes it more superior to regular Mg-O2 battery (890 mAhg−1). The interspersed graphene -based Mg/La1-xCaxMnO3 air battery shows excellent discharge capacity and notable electrochemical characteristics, which opens whole new spectrum of opportunity in modern electric vehicles.

Analisis Karakteristik Elektrik Onggok Singkong sebagai Pasta Bio-Baterai

Bio-battery is a battery with paste that is made of natural materials. Bio-battery produce electrical power by using electrolyte cassava pulp and Cu-Zn electrode. Design of bio-batteries are made by 20 cell of dry cell battery type R20S IEC/UM-1/D 1,5 volt and arranged in series. Cassava pulp variation are new cassava pulp and pulp with fermentation for 48 hours, 96 hours, and 144 hours. The measurement of the electrical characteristics using 7 watt LED DC for 12 hours. The maximum voltage when the load is released which genereted by new cassava pulp is 16,76 volt, fermented for 48 hours is 19,28 volt, fermented for 96 hours is 20,00 volt, and fermented for 144 hours is 20,30 volt. The variety of cassava pulp which has the best electrical characteristics is fermented cassava pulp for 144 hours. It could turn on the lamp with bright lights. The results showed that the longer the fermentation time of cassava pulp caused the electrical conductivity was increased.

Development of a miniaturized photometer with paired emitter-detector light-emitting diodes for investigating thiocyanate levels in the saliva of smokers and non-smokers

A simple, small and inexpensive photometer that uses a pair of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a simple operational amplifier was developed for investigating thiocyanate levels in saliva obtained from smokers and non-smokers. The photometer is based on paired emitter-detector diodes (PEDDs), and the entire system can be purchased for less than a hundred US dollars. The PEDD-based photometer can measure the transmittance of a solution in a 1-cm disposable polystyrene cuvette using only rechargeable dry-cell batteries, which makes it suitable for analysis outside of equipped laboratories. The metal complex formation between Fe (III) and thiocyanate ions in an acidic condition permits colorimetric detection of thiocyanate ions using LEDs emitting at 465 nm, because the complex shows maximum absorption at 457 nm. The developed photometer exhibits excellent performance with linearity ranging from 0.05 mmol L−1 to 0.75 mmol L−1 and a correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 mmol L−1 and 0.05 mmol L−1, respectively. Both intra- and inter-day precision were obtained with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 1% in the determination of thiocyanate. The proposed method is simple, facile, and sensitive enough to investigate the levels of thiocyanate in the saliva samples of smokers and non-smokers with centrifugation being the only special treatment for samples. The results showed that the concentrations of thiocyanate were approximately 5-fold higher in smokers than in non-smokers.

Peak expiratory flow rate in dry cell battery manufacturing workers in Nellore district

Background: Carbon block is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of carbon black dust may produce discomfort to the upper respiratory tract, through mechanical irritation. Aims and Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the carbon block on the peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) using Wright’s peak flow meter. Materials and Methods: Peak flow meter was done by Wright’s peak flow meter. The paired t-test was done to determine the significant difference between the employees and controls. Results: Peak flow rate was decreased with the duration of the work exposure in the workers compared to controls. Conclusion: Impairement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate in carbon rod making workers due to long term exposure of carbon dust.

Graphene from discharged dry cell battery electrodes.

Utilization of extracted graphite rods from discharged dry cell batteries for synthesis of graphene oxide / graphene serves two purposes, one is waste management which supports environmental safety and the second is low cost production of graphene oxide / graphene which are highly promising 2D materials in various fields of research. In the present work, a sustainable feasibility for the synthesis of graphene oxide / graphene from graphite rods of waste dry cell batteries is demonstrated. The graphite rods separated from the waste dry cell batteries were subjected to electrochemical exfoliation (ECE) in an acidic media. The graphene oxide (GO) obtained from this method was subjected to reduction heat treatment under argon atmosphere at suitable temperature and time period. Finally, the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) i.e., graphene was characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, TGA, BET, SEM and TEM. The few layer graphene structure is supposed to be less defective in comparison to similar exfoliation techniques due to less oxygen-functional groups associated with the intermediate graphene oxide.

Markov Chain and Techno-Economic Analysis to Identify the Commercial Potential of New Technology: A Case Study of Motorcycle in Surakarta, Indonesia

LiFePhO4 (lithium iron phosphate) batteries, with their advantages compared to common current motorcycle batteries, are considered as an alternative in substituting wet and dry cell battery. The huge demand for motorcycles along with their batteries in Indonesia also make them an interesting product for business. To assess the commercial potential for such a new technology, market share needs to be estimated as well as the techno-economic feasibility. Hence, market share prediction using the residents of Surakarta Region and techno-economic analysis using Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Payback Period (PP) indicators were conducted in this study. Calculations using Markov chain method show that lithium iron phosphate batteries tend to dominate the market after certain period. Techno-economic analysis also finds that the commercialization is feasible in three conditions: first mover, even with market leader and equilibrium point. Therefore, there is a great commercial potential for lithium iron phosphate batteries, especially in Indonesia.

ZnO nanoparticles preparation from spent zinc–carbon dry cell batteries: studies on structural, morphological and optical properties

ABSTRACTRecovery and recycling of valuable materials from battery waste is challenging as well as important from economic and environmental point of view. In this work, spent zinc–carbon batteries were processed with HCl and NaOH to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. ZnO nanopowders were also prepared by using ZnCl2 as precursors with varying amount of NaOH using sol–gel method. In both cases, ZnO nano particles were characterized with XRD, XRF, FESEM, EDAX, particle size analyzer and UV–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The purity of the synthesized ZnO from spent zinc–carbon batteries was found to be 99.69%. FESEM micrographs showed the reduction in particle size from 50 nm to 20 nm with a decrease in NaOH concentration. UV–Vis study showed significant peak shift with maximum absorption between 365 nm and 359 nm region of the visible spectrum. Because of these remarkable properties, as prepared ZnO nanoparticles can find applications in biomedicine, nanoelectronic devices, sensors, nanomedicine, GATE dielectrics, photovoltaic devices, etc.

Development of Mn recovery process from waste dry cell batteries

High-purity Mn is necessary for high strength steel production. However, the availability of metal Mn is limited to a few countries. Therefore, as an alternative to direct purchasing of metal Mn, a process for Mn recovery was investigated. Waste dry cell batteries are considered to be one of the most feasible Mn sources. We have developed a high efficiency chemical separation system. This system consists of a three-phase chemical treatment. In the first phase, the metal components of the waste dry cell batteries were dissolved by acid, along with a reducing agent. Afterward, the undissolved carbon particles were separated by filtration. In the second phase, the dissolved Mn was selectively precipitated as manganese oxide by O3 oxidation. Then, the precipitated manganese oxide was separated from the other metal components by filtration. Finally, in the third phase, the manganese oxide was reduced to high-purity Mn using an electric furnace.

"環境技術"の課題研究 V : 廃乾電池の合剤成分の使い捨てカイロへの利用

"環境技術"の課題研究 V : 廃乾電池の合剤成分の使い捨てカイロへの利用

Effectiveness of Dry Cell Microscopic Simulation (DCMS) to Promote Conceptual Understanding about Battery

Electricity is a concept that is abstract and difficult to see by eye directly, one example electric shock, but cannot see the movement of electric current so that students have difficulty by students. A computer simulation designed to improve the understanding of the concept of the workings of the dry cell (battery). This study was conducted to 82 students (aged 18-20 years) in the experimental group by learning to use the Dry Cell Microscopic Simulation (DCMS). The result shows the improving of students’ conceptual understanding scores from post test were statistically significantly of the workings of batteries. The implication using computer simulations designed to overcome the difficulties of conceptual understanding, can effectively help students in facilitating conceptual change.

The lighting transition in rural Africa — From kerosene to battery-powered LED and the emerging disposal problem

People without electricity access, numbering today more than 500 million in rural Africa alone, have been using dim and sooty kerosene lamps and candles for their lighting purposes for decades. In the present paper, current lighting usage patterns are systematically assessed using detailed new survey data from seven countries across Sub-Saharan Africa. The data makes evident that a transition has taken place in recent years, both unnoticed by and without external support from governmental or non-governmental organizations: the rural population without electricity in Africa has replaced kerosene lights and candles by simple, yet more efficient and cleaner LED lamps powered by non-rechargeable batteries. Nevertheless, we also show that the discharged batteries are generally disposed of inappropriately in latrines or the nature. The toxic content of many dry-cell batteries and their accumulation at local litter hotspots may have harmful repercussions on health and the environment. We conclude by suggesting that rapid action is needed to, first, install an effective monitoring system on batteries that enter the continent and, second, put in place an appropriate waste management system.

Decreasing incidence of cutaneous chemical burns in a resource limited burn centre: is this a positive effect of modernization?

BackgroundBurns present a devastating injury to patients. Burns caused by chemical agents, present a worse scenario. In a resource limited country like Nigeria, readily available sources of these corrosive agents are mainly from lead-acid battery vendors and to some extent local small scale soap manufacturers who use caustic soda. We hypothesized that with the reduction in small scale soap manufacturing and increasing trend towards modernization in the use of dry cell batteries, chemical burns may be on the decline, and we sought to investigate this.MethodsThe records of all acute burn patients seen at the Burns and Plastic Department of the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu Nigeria between January 2011 and December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The results were compared to similar studies carried out at the same centre. A questionnaire was administered to corrosive chemical (sulphuric and caustic soda) vendors to assess the trends in product sales and use in recent times.ResultsA total of 624 acute burn cases were treated during the period; among which, 12 cases (1.9%) were chemical burns. When compared with previous studies at the centre, Chemical burn cases were recorded as the lowest rate. The median age of patients was 24 years. There were eight males and four females. Interpersonal assault was the commonest mechanism of injury with sulphuric acid suspected to be the commonest agent in 83.3% of the cases, while 16.7% of the cases were from accidental use of caustic soda. The head and neck as well as the upper limbs were the most affected (30%).Twenty-six questionnaires to lead-acid vendors were analyzed and revealed that all respondents noticed a marked downward trend in the sale of either sulphuric acid or caustic soda, and they attributed this to the ready availability of imported alternatives to locally manufactured soap or wet lead-acid batteries. Ease of use, durability and convenience of the dry cell batteries were cited as principal reasons.ConclusionThere appears to be a downward trend in the prevalence of chemical burns in our study compared to previous studies in the centre which may be due to reduced availability and access of corrosive chemicals to the general public. Further prospective multicentre studies to confirm this are recommended.

A Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recover Zinc and Manganese from Spent Zn-C Batteries

This study addresses the recovery of recovery of zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) from spent dry cell (Zn-C battery) batteries using a hydrometallurgical approach. Every year, a significant number of Zn-C dry cell batteries are consumed and disposed worldwide. Zn-C dry cell batteries constitute more than 60% of Zn and Mn together. Higher amount of Zn and Mn present in Zn-C dry cells shows an industrial interest in recycling and recovering Zn and Mn. In this study the recovery of Zn and Mn from spent dry cells was investigated through an energy efficient hydrometallurgical route. Zn-C batteries were manually dismantled to collect the battery paste. Neutral leaching was carried out to remove potassium and non-metal contents. The battery powder was leached in sulfuric acid medium with glucose as reducing agent. The experiments were conducted according to ‘24 full factorial design’. The purpose of the design was to identify the most effective and optimum condition for Zn and Mn recovery from spent Zn-C batteries. Using the optimum operating condition, up to 86.54 % of Mn and 82.19% of Zn were recovered from the original battery powder.

Metal Sorption Capabilities of Two Common Plants in Tropical Wetlands - Bambusa vulgaris and Raffia bambusa

In most developing countries, careless disposal of waste dry cell batteries and Ni-Cd batteries from mobile phones and rechargeable lamps has led to an increase in some metal contaminants including copper, lead, nickel and cadmium in soils and water bodies. These metals have the potential to cause serious, and sometimes, irreversible health effects if they are consumed. Unfortunately, in most cases, either the water bodies are not treated prior to consumption or the water treatment methods do not target the removal of these metals. This study therefore sought to mimic the bio-filtering effect of wetlands by assessing the capabilities of two common plants in tropical wetlands; Raffia bambusa and Bambusa vulgaris to remove Cu2+, Pb2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ from wastewater. Spectroscopic characterisation indicated that some of the functional groups on the biomass were the OH, C=O and COOH, and R. bambusa appeared to have more pronounced groups than B. vulgaris. The results show maximum sorption of 95% Cu and Pb by biomass derived from roots of these plants. Sorption of Cd and Ni were lower at about 40%. By using a 3-stage sorption system of live plants, sorption of Cd and Ni increased up to 80%. Keywords: Heavy Metals, Sorption, Biomass, Bambusa vulgaris, Raffia bambusa

Does Large-Scale Infrastructure Investment Alleviate Poverty? Impacts of Rwanda’s Electricity Access Roll-Out Program

The objective of the United Nations Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4All) is to provide electricity by 2030 to the 1.1 billion people in developing countries that hitherto lack access. The OECD/IEA quantifies the investment requirements of this to be at 640 billion USD. Little evidence exists on socio-economic impacts of electrification. The present paper is the first to causally investigate the effects of electrification in Africa on all beneficiary groups. The electrification program under research, the Rwandan Electricity Access Role-Out Program (EARP), is one of the largest in the world. Our analysis is based on a panel of 974 households, a full-census survey among health centers, and qualitative surveys among 83 micro-enterprises and 50 schools. We find that EARP has been remarkably effective in increasing the connection numbers among all beneficiary types. Around 3.5 years after electrification, the quantity of consumed electricity and the uptake of appliances, though, remain low. Noteworthy impacts are decreasing energy expenditures and a considerable reduction in dry-cell battery consumption with potential environmental benefits. Beyond this, electricity mostly facilitates people’s life, but there is only weak evidence for impacts on classical poverty indicators such as income, health, and education. We conclude by calling for more research on the comparison of on-grid and off-grid electrification with respect to impact potentials, costs, and people’s willingness to pay in order to inform the way forward within the SE4All endeavor.

A facile hydrothermal recovery of nano sealed MnO2 particle from waste batteries: An advanced material for electrochemical and environmental applications

This work deliberates a method for manganese (Mn) recovery as manganese oxide obtained by leaching of waste batteries with 3M sulphuric acid. The Experimental test for the recovery of Mn present within the waste dry cell batteries were carried out by a reductive leachant. Elemental composition of leached sample was confirmed by Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Surface morphology of the recovered MnO2 was examined by using Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). Phase composition was confirmed from X-ray Diffractro meter (XRD). The obtained leached solution was treated with 4M NaOH, yielded to Manganese Dioxide with high extraction degree, while it do not touches the Zn content within the solutions. The recovered samples were characterized using XRD, EDAX, SEM and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The electrochemical properties of the as-recovered sample from leached solution was examined used cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Remarkably, the 80 wt.% MnO2 displays reversibility, diffusion constant, smaller equivalent series resistance and charge transfer resistance in 0.5M NaOH showed superior results as compared to alternative electrolytes. The ideal capacitive behaviour of MnO2 electrode and nano particle was applied to photocatalytic degradation of dyes.

Electro chemical and photo catalytic studies of MnO2 nanoparticle from waste dry cell batteries

Electro chemical and photo catalytic studies of MnO2 nanoparticle from waste dry cell batteries

A global portrait of the manganese industry—A socioeconomic perspective

In 2013/14, Risk & Policy Analysts Ltd undertook the first global study on the socio-economic value of Manganese (Mn). Based on a top-down analysis of the key supply chains for Mn, it outlined the economic importance of Mn ore and alloys in terms of their direct and indirect economic value, as well as their effects on employment (jobs and wages). In 2013, global production of Mn ore was worth an estimated US$ 10.2–11.1 billion. Taking into account multiplier effects in the supply chain, the total economic value of Mn ore production globally in 2013 is estimated at US$ 21–23 billion. Direct employment related to Mn ore production is estimated at 44,000–78,000 people worldwide (with total wages estimated at US$ 2.7–4.6 billion per year), plus 33,000–59,000 jobs are created through indirect and induced employment effects. Meanwhile, the production of Mn alloy contributes around US$ 23 billion per year to the global economy (based on global production of around 19 million mt and 2013 market prices). In total, the value of Mn alloy production worldwide, taking into account downstream multiplier effects in the supply chain, is estimated at around US$ 146 billion per year. Direct employment related to Mn alloy production is estimated at 67,000–86,000 jobs worldwide (with total wages estimated at US$ 613–796 million per year), plus 217,000–278,000 jobs created through indirect & induced employment effects.In addition, numerous industries/sectors, products and/or applications are heavily dependent on Mn production and use. Mn is a critical raw material input and alloying element for the steel industry, for which there are no known alternatives. It can be argued that without Mn the entire steel industry (based on the current physico-chemical properties of steel) would not exist and, as a result, the value of the steel industry – an estimated US$ 964 billion to US$ 1446 billion in 2013 – is reliant on the continued supply and use of Mn. Besides its use in steel, Mn is also a critical element in the manufacture of dry cell and other batteries (notably, those used in electric vehicles) and the production of aluminium alloys (e.g. for beverage cans). Mn is also a micronutrient needed for plant growth and plays a vital role in agricultural production. It is also essential for maintaining the health and well-being of the human body and is used in food supplements and medicines. Furthermore, its use in developing applications (such as advanced steel products in automotive applications and batteries for electric vehicles) has the potential to provide socio-economic and environmental benefits in the future through enhancing vehicle safety and reducing fuel use/emissions.