Dry Cell Batteries Research Articles

Selective Oxidation of Biomass derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) over Spent Dry cell battery cathode material (BCM-2)

Selective Oxidation of Biomass derived 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-Diformylfuran (DFF) over Spent Dry cell battery cathode material (BCM-2)

Low-Cost Laser Security System with Intrusion Detection and Alert Mechanism

Security becomes necessary factor nowadays. The crime gang improves their technology to perform their operation along with the development of technology. Hence, technology of security should be more improved to protect the crime works. We have decided to make a security project. In this project we have used laser light for security purpose. We know laser light goes through long distance. When any person or object passes through the laser line, the security alarm will start to ring. There are two parts of the system. One is transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter side consists of a pair of dry cell batteries and an on-off switch. The receiver side, there is a focusing LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor to sense the laser ray. It is connected with the main driver circuit which has two parts. One is signal of discontinuity ray and other is alarm circuit. When anybody passes through the ray, the main circuit sense the discontinuity and turn on the alarm circuit. The alarm will be ringing until the off button is pressed. There are two methods of ringing. One is the duration of ringing depends on preset timer and another is reset manually. Any option can be set by DPDT switch. We have used second method for our project. Mirrors are attached at every corner to reflect the ray coming from the laser. The reflected ray coming from the last mirror will hit the LDR directly. The system has built with low cost and high performance. The power consumption of the system is very low.

Factors influencing management of dry cell battery waste: a case of Greater Accra Region in Ghana

Indiscriminate disposal of dry cell battery (DCB) waste contributes to environmental and public health issues in developing countries such as Ghana, due to the toxic nature of this specific waste. Accordingly, a study was conducted in Accra, Ghana, to determine the socio-economic and demographic factors influencing handling DCB waste, aiming a sustainable environment. Using a random sampling technique, a descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted, encompassing 367 respondents from the Accra-Tema Metropolitan areas and Tema West Municipal Assembly in Greater Accra, Ghana. Using descriptive and multivariate statistical methods, the survey data were analysed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. The results of this study show that female gender and residential area are likely to positively influence the use of DCB at home. Education significantly affects the use of DCB and its proper disposal. The results also suggest that 78% of the respondents disposed of DCB waste in waste bins. The mean monthly income of the respondents stands at USD 270, which is average and likely partially to positively influence the disposal of the DCB. The data collected revealed that female gender, age group, family size, and education level influence the indiscriminate disposal of DCB waste and DCB waste recycling. The results highlight that educated females above the age of 55, with a monthly income, are likely to properly segregate DCB waste. This study contributes to the knowledge gap in relation to dry cell battery waste management (DCBWM) in developing countries, aiming to advance global sustainability. This study is expected to contribute to educate and create awareness in managing DCB waste to reduce its indiscriminate disposal which leads to environmental pollution and negatively affects human health and environmental sustainability in Ghana.

Extraction of carbon and preparation of activated carbon from waste dry cell battery

The goal of this research was to synthesize activated carbon (AC) from discarded batteries, and the crystallographic characterization of the final product (AC), intermediate product, and raw sources were explored. The formation of activated carbon was confirmed by utilizing an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) that revealed the structure of activated carbon was hexagonal. The crystallite size of activated carbon was computed by applying several model equations (Linear straight-line method of Scherrer's equation, Monshi-Scherrer method, Sahadat-Scherrer method, Size-Strain plot method, Halder-Wagner method, Williamson-Hall method), and the range of calculated crystallite size was 5–28 nm. The weight loss occurred in the two stages those was explored by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) confirmed that there was no significant change in the peak position between intermediate product and activated carbon except for the intensity and peak separation difference. Field Emission Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) revealed several types of shapes of the waste source, intermediate product, and main product (AC).

Synthesis of graphene-based nanocomposites with superior doxycycline removal efficiency and antimicrobial studies

Herein, we report the successful preparation of high-quality graphene (G) nanosheets up to the kg scale using an electrochemical technique using graphite rods from scrap dry cell batteries. The as-prepared graphene was then decorated in-stiu with niobium oxide (Nb2O5) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles to prepare Nb2O5@G and Ag@G nanocomposites. Powdered X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), Fourier-transform (FT-IR) infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the as-prepared nanocomposite material. This binary Nb2O5@G nanocomposite was subsequently used to degrade doxycycline antibiotic with an efficiency of 98.5 % in 120 min under visible light conditions. To determine the optimal scope of the as-prepared composite catalyst, degradation studies were performed at different pH values, photocatalyst doses and temperatures. Kinetics studies revealed that the processes followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. In addition, the as-synthesized graphene, Nb2O5@G and Ag@G nanocomposites were used for selective application against E. coli bacterial strains. Overall, Ag@G has shown good potential application prospects in the development of antibacterial materials in comparison with Nb2O5@G and pristine graphene. This study highlights the potential of as-prepared graphene-based nanocomposites for use in waste treatment and environmental bioremediation.

Drivers of Rural Households’ Choices and Intensity of Sustainable Energy Sources for Cooking and Lighting in Ondo State, Nigeria

Poverty reduction and the promotion of sustainable human development are fundamentally dependent on having access to modern energy services. Energy supplies that are dependable, reasonably priced, and sustainable are vital to modern societies. In achieving the sustainable development goals (SDG7) and access to clean energy supplies, this study, using cross-sectional data from 180 randomly sampled rural households, analyzed the key factors determining the choice and intensity of energy sources used for lighting and cooking in rural Nigeria. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate probit (MVP) and zero-truncated Poisson (ZTP models)) were employed for the analyses. The result showed that there is evidence of fuel stacking in their choice of cooking and lighting energy, and it increases with rising income levels but is more pronounced for lighting than cooking. The result also revealed that reliable access to clean energy (9% of sampled households for LPG and 23% of the households for grid electricity) is very low, as these households still rely on fuelwood (70%) for cooking, but the predominant usage of kerosene (39%) for lighting, as reported in the literature, has drastically changed to dry cell battery (51%). The results using a multivariate probit model to capture the multiple fuel usage phenomenon among rural households show that access to clean energy, improvement in rural poverty, usage of indoor kitchens, household size, and an increase in the education of household heads’ spouses significantly influence the use of clean energy in the rural areas. In the same vein, the result of the ZTP model showed that income, access to energy sources, and occupation of the household head were the drivers of the intensity of cooking and lighting energy sources. Thus, it is recommended that any policy interventions that are targeted at encouraging rural households to use clean energy should start by improving rural access to these clean energy sources, improving their poverty status while also increasing the level of education and awareness of rural women concerning the risks of using dirty energy sources.

Management of toxic waste released by incorrectly discarded batteries in Brazil

Abstract The main difference between a dry cell battery and an alkaline one is the composition of the electrolyte. In zinc–carbon batteries, dry cell, the electrolyte is a paste formed by mixing ammonium chloride and zinc chloride, whereas in alkaline batteries, the electrolyte is a concentrated aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide containing a certain amount of zinc oxide, hence the name alkaline for this battery. Therefore, the improper disposal of these materials has numerous consequences for the environment, since the potentially toxic metals present in them can be leached, infiltrating, and contaminating the soil layers, the groundwater, as well as the fauna and flora of the regions nearby. Thus, the objective is to perform studies that aim to simulate and analyze the release of potentially toxic metals present in batteries found in normal environmental conditions, through leaching tests from regular batteries (Zn–C) on fertilized soil, simulating a landfill, in addition to tests on sandy soil in order to aid the identification of possible waste release.

Synthesis of highly efficient ternary phase graphene/Bi/SnO2 photocatalyst for degradation of organic dye pollutants

In this work, graphene nanosheets (GNs) are prepared from graphite rods obtained from waste dry-cell batteries using the electrochemical exfoliation (ECE) method. Then GNs used as a matrix to modify tin oxide (SnO2) and Bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles to prepare a binary phase SnO2@G and ternary-phase Bi@SnO2@G nanocomposite materials by wet-chemical method and used as a photocatalysts for degradation of organic dye pollutants. XRD diffraction pattern clearly confirmed the presence of tetragonal crystal system of SnO2 which was maintaining its structure in SnO2@G and G/Bi/SnO2. The stretching and bending vibrations of the functional groups were analyzed using FTIR analysis. FESEM images demonstrated the surface morphology and the texture of the as synthesized sample. Raman Spectroscopic investigation was carried out to confirm the in-plane blending of SnO2 and graphene inside the composite matrix. The as-prepared ternary-phase Bi@SnO2@G-based photocatalyst showed high degradation efficiency of 99.6% and 94.5% for direct blue (DB) and methyl blue (MB) dyes, respectively, under visible light irradiation by (i) minimizing the hole and electron recombination, (ii) providing a high surface area, and (iii) reducing the band gap energy. This study provides an effective, low-cost, and smart approach for producing GNs on a wide scale from battery waste along with nanohybrid composites with high photocatalytic efficiency.

From e-waste to eco-sensors: synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO from discarded batteries for a rapid electrochemical bisphenol A sensor.

Improper disposal of used dry cell batteries and the leaching of bisphenol A (BPA), a prevalent endocrine disruptor present in food packaging, into surface water pose a significant threat to both the environment and drinking water, threatening the sustainability of the ecosystem. Thus, it is imperative to manage detrimental e-waste and regularly monitor BPA using a sensitive and reliable technique. This study proposes a cost-effective reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO) nanohybrid, entirely synthesized from electronic waste, for electrochemically detecting BPA in an aqueous medium. Graphite and metallic Zn precursors obtained from discarded batteries were employed to synthesize rGO/ZnO. The successful characterization of the prepared rGO and rGO/ZnO nanohybrid was conducted through different state-of-the-art techniques. An rGO/ZnO-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibited superior conductivity and a larger surface area. Voltammetric study at the rGO/ZnO-modified GCE successfully detected BPA in an aqueous medium, demonstrating a one-electron and proton pathway for BPA oxidation. The sensor demonstrated a linear response within the concentration range of 1-30 μM, with a limit of detection of 0.98 nM and sensitivity of 0.055 μA μM-1. The developed electrode could also detect BPA in real water samples with reasonable recovery. These findings imply that the developed sensor has the potential to be a sensitive, practical, and economical monitoring system for BPA in water.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using eco-friendly synthesized rGO@ZnO nanocomposites

Industrial chemical pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) dye are released into the water body and potentially cause harm to the human and aquatic biosphere. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize eco-friendly nanocatalysts, i.e., reduced graphene oxide (rGO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and reduced graphene oxide-zinc oxide (rGO@ZnO) nanocomposites, for efficient photocatalytic degradation of MB dye. A graphite rod was obtained from waste dry cell batteries for the electrochemical exfoliation synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and rGO. For the eco-friendly synthesis of ZnO and rGO@ZnO nanocatalysts, Croton macrostachyus leaf extract was used as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanocatalysts were characterized using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray. The eco-friendly synthesized rGO, ZnO, and rGO@ZnO nanocatalysts were applied for the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye using direct sunlight irradiation. At optimum parameters, photocatalytic degradation of MB dye efficiency reached up to 66%, 96.5%, and 99.0%, respectively. Furthermore, kinetics of the photodegradation reaction based on rGO, ZnO, and rGO@ZnO nanocatalysts follow pseudo-first-order with a rate constant of 2.16 × 10–3 min−1, 4.97 × 10−3 min−1, and 5.03 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. Lastly, this study promotes a low catalyst load (20 mg) for the efficient photodegradation of MB dye.

High-performance and low-cost coin-cell supercapacitors based on waste graphite from spent dry-cell batteries

Graphite rods extracted from spent dry-cell batteries were ground into powder and subjected to chemical activation using potassium hydroxide. The activated carbon (AC) powder showed no visible pore formation but instead appeared to have been exfoliated into thin flakes. The elemental and chemical compositions of the AC are observed to be similar to those of graphene oxide, in agreement with its surface morphology. The AC was then modified with nickel oxide (NiO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and was utilized for the fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes and coin-cell supercapacitors. Increased potential window and higher overall current readings were observed in the sample with a 2:1 NiO-rGO ratio due to the redox reaction capability of NiO and fast ion transport of rGO. The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor electrode and the coin-cell supercapacitor displayed excellent electric-double layer capacitance behavior and fast ion transfer kinetics between the electrode and electrolyte surface. The specific capacitances of the supercapacitor electrode and the coin-cell supercapacitor were determined to be 27.84 F g−1 and 20.10 F g−1, respectively, at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. The highest energy density was found to be 40.20 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 1440 W kg−1.

Immunosensor for breast cancer CD44 biomarker detection based on exfoliated graphene quantum dots integrated gold nanoparticles

Breast cancer is a fatal disease caused by the abnormal development of cells in the breast, which forms tumors, and whose progression results in metastatic behavior. In this study, we present a novel electrochemical immunosensor based on graphene quantum dots decorated gold nanoparticles (GQDs-GNPs) for the early detection of breast cancer antigen Cluster of Differentiation-44 (CD44). The GQDs have been synthesized through electrochemical exfoliation of waste dry cell batteries and a simple chemical process was employed for the synthesis of GQDs-GNPs nanocomposite. It has been characterized for its electrochemical properties. The immunosensor was created utilizing GQDs-GNPs nanocomposite cross-linked via EDC/NHS coupling procedure to immobilize anti-CD44 antibodies. The resultant electrode surface was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). TEM analysis revealed an average spherical GQD size of 3 nm and a GNP size of 15 nm. In phosphate buffer saline (PBS), the immunosensor had a low detection limit of 1.17 fg/mL. The findings suggest that the generated GQDs-GNPs nanocomposite exhibits favorable properties for usage as a successful nanomaterial in biosensing and other applications. According to these findings, our newly built immunosensor has a lot of potential to be a valuable alternative diagnostic tool for identifying various cancer biomarkers, particularly CD44 that exist in biological materials. The results indicate that the synthesized GQDs-GNPs nanocomposite possesses desirable properties for use as an effective nanomaterial in biosensing and other applications.

Effect of in situ and ex situ magnetic field on the microstructural transformation of the thermally reduced graphene oxide

The control over microstructural characteristics of graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most serious issues in the domain of graphene synthesis as this affects the graphene’s properties, and functionality. In this study, the primary objective is electrochemical synthesis graphene in the presence of magnetic field that is applied externally. During the synthesis process, the magnetic field was applied in a direction that was perpendicular to the applied potential. This causes the electrolyte to spin flow around the cell. Subsequently, the goal is to provide a comparative analysis between the microstructural characteristics of graphene that has been synthesized in situ and ex situ magnetic field. The cylindrical graphite was used as an anode, and a carbon electrode that had been recovered from a waste dry cell battery was used as a cathode. The pre-oxidized graphite was sonicated (synthesized under magnetic field, and without magnetic field) in sterilized water for 10[Formula: see text]min with a probe-type sonicator and thermally reduced at same temperature i.e., 850∘C followed by furnace cooling. The findings of the Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterizations indicate that the magnetic flux that was applied has a significant influence on the surface height and roughness, microstructure, and surface state, a structural disorder in comparison to when there was no magnetic field applied to the thermally reduced graphene oxide (rGO). On the other side, from the data obtained by XRD and TGA analysis, the applied magnetic field seems to have very little effect on phase, lattice parameter and thermal stability.

Recyclable waste Dry-cell batteries derived carbon dots (CDs) for detection of Two-fold metal ions and degradation of BTB dye

In modern era, electronic wastes are one of the major threats around us, most of them are reused with less efficiency instead of re-usage, and conversion into valuable products is highly recommended. In this work, we report an innovative approach for the synthesis of highly photoluminescent CDs from waste dry-cell batteries through one-step hydrothermal treatment for the detection and degradation of environmental pollutants. The as-prepared CDs were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), HR-TEM studies, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectrometer, FTIR spectroscopy, UV–visible spectrophotometer, and spectrofluorometric measurements. The calculated quantum yield for synthesized CDs was around 13 %. The CDs have uniform particle size distribution, strong photoluminescent behavior, and possess high stability against various environmental conditions. Also, CDs display the selective and sensitive detection of Cr6+ and Co2+ and ions with a detection limit of around 0.11 µM and 0.10 µM respectively. The possible mechanism of CDs was also examined. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of CDs with Bromothymol Blue (BTB) dye was studied. The degradation efficiency of BTB dye can be achieved at around 84 % over 180 min under the irradiation of direct sunlight in presence of H2O2. To date, it’s the first time we have recycled waste dry-cell batteries into CDs as an effective probe for the detection and decomposition of environmental pollution. Furthermore, this work provides not only an easier route to make good quality and improved photoluminescent CDs from waste material like used batteries and also paves way for the reconversion of global treating waste. Finally, the outstanding detection capability with multiple properties of as-prepared CDs provides various environmental applications like the detection of pollutants and carcinogenic polluted water treatment.

Influence of the strategic techniques implementation on competitive advantage of dry cell battery manufacturers in Kenya: A Case Study of Eveready East Africa Limited

Influence of the strategic techniques implementation on competitive advantage of dry cell battery manufacturers in Kenya: A Case Study of Eveready East Africa Limited

Extraction of excessively reduced graphene oxide from discarded dry cell batteries by anodic exfoliation method

Extraction of excessively reduced graphene oxide from discarded dry cell batteries by anodic exfoliation method

Evaluation on the Availability of the Electrometer Inspection by Users Using a Newly Developed Current Source

If we try to perform the inspection for an electrometer, two types of electronic signals energized to the electrometer can be used. One is the signal that occurs in the ionization chamber irradiated by radiation. The other is the signal that is derived from a current source. The former signal is changed by radiation output, so we need to use two or more sets of the chambers and the electrometers in the inspection. In addition, the high-performance current source is relatively expensive. Therefore, it is difficult for users to inspect the electrometer simply. To deal with these, we have developed a new current source that allows users to perform highly accurate electrometer inspections at their own facilities. The purpose of this study was to verify that users can perform electrometer inspections with high accuracy in their own facilities by using a new current source. A newly current source equips a dry cell battery as a charge generator. Current, polarity, and energized time can be changed by the source setting. We conducted an inspection by energizing the electrometer using the developed current source. The coefficient of variation of the charge amount in the measurement using the new current source was within 0.05%. The electrometer calibration coefficients measured by sensitivity comparison using this current source could be obtained based on electrometers calibrated at a certified facility of the Japan Calibration Service System. We have shown that the new current source can be used as a relative current value by using a calibrated electrometer as a reference, indicating that the user can check the electrometer.

Green synthesis of flower shape ZnO-GO nanocomposite through optimized discharge parameter and its efficiency in energy storage device

Numerous solution-based methods are used to prepare zinc oxide (ZnO) and graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite (ZnO-GO NCs) such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, and precipitation. These methods require lots of reagents and involve many stages. In this study, a novel one-step solution-based discharge method is used to prepare ZnO-GO NCs through an electrochemical discharge process (ECDP) without the use of any catalyst or toxic chemical reagent. This study focused on analyzing the effects of input parameters on the production rate of ZnO-GO NCs. The experiment was performed by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Materials removal rate (MRR) is considered as output response. The results reveal that voltage is the most significant factor, followed by temperature and duty cycle for obtaining higher MRR. The optimum parameters obtained from the Minitab software for higher MRR are 40 V, 30%, and 45 °C. Further, the morphology of the nanoparticles (NCs) produced at optimum parameters is analyzed which shows flower shape NCs with multilayer graphene oxide, confirmed by the FESEM and TEM images. The XRD peak at 11.27° and Raman spectroscopy peak of G and D bands reveal GO formation. The prepared ZnO-GO NCs tested as supercapacitor activity in the KOH solution. At the optimum parameter, the specific capacitance is observed to be 523.4 F/g at 2A/g current density. The NCs electrode shows good cyclic stability, with 86% retention of specific capacitance after 5000 cycles. This study shows a promising future of converting the e-waste product into valuable nanomaterials such as GO and ZnO from used dry cell batteries.

Recent advancements in thermoelectric generators for smart textile application

Electro-textiles are the future of wearable technology and have the potential to revolutionise numerous industries. However, electro-textiles require a power source to sense, analyse, react, and adapt to various stimuli. While current power sources feature dry cell batteries, the research into alternative power sources, such as self-powered textiles, is growing due to the use of nanotechnology. These new textiles harness their own electrical energy to power sensors and other electronic devices. One system being investigated is thermoelectric generation because it uses human body waste heat to create electrical energy. Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) can passively harvest energy and have the capacity to offer continuous electrical energy. Optimisation of its design parameters, fabrication methods, and materials used are necessary for this system to be commercially viable. This manuscript analyses recent advancements in textile-based TEGs, their application towards various industries, and the future of self-powered electro-textiles. • The future for smart textiles relies on sustainable energy • Thermoelectric generation offers reliable, sustainable energy • Specific materials and structures can emphasize the efficiency of the system • Wearable systems that can match the power of batteries are being researched

Extractive desulfurization of fuels using modified ionic liquids with magnetic graphene oxide from refused dry cell batteries

• This research is designed to tackle the remediation of sulfur content from model fuels and from commercial fuels. • This research is aiming to add a novel magnetic graphene oxide ionic liquids that have unique anion and cation combination (not reported previously). • The employed method for the desulfurization using HPLC is quite fast. convenient and most accurate to amplify the results. • The study is environmental friendly and it utilizes the refused dry cells as a source of graphite. Humanity is facing the biggest hazard in the form of systematic pollution of environment. Significant dwindling resources is a sign of rapid population explosion. Due to increasing human population, the burden on environment is also increasing exponentially leaving serious concerns about greenhouse gases induced climate change, energy security as well as the air, land and water quality deterioration. These concerns are driving the development of alternate energy solutions and to modify fuels with high sulfur and nitrogen content to mitigate cleaner fuel crises in the developing countries like Pakistan. To this end, Graphene oxide-GO (synthesized from refused dry cell batteries) and Magnetic Graphene oxide-MGO based ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized and fabricated with cellulose acetate (CA) for their potential applications in desulfurization of fuel. Synthesized ILs were characterized by different techniques such as Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Close batch experiments were designed to evaluate the desulfurization and adsorption capabilities of prepared liquids under varying parameters. Moreover, HPLC and UV–Visible spectrophotometer were used to determine the reduction of thiophene peaks and extent of desulfurization (%R > 98.9 % and 91 % for Model fuel and Crude fuel, respectively). The proposed study offers an economical and eco-friendly material that have open up a wider application window and owing to the surface modifications these hybrid materials with multi-functional groups are expected to reduce the pollution load from multi-compartment simultaneously.