Bean Research Articles

Crop safety and control of acetolactate synthase inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with very long-chain fatty acid-inhibiting herbicides in dry edible bean

Palmer amaranth is a relatively recent arrival in Western Nebraska, where acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitor-resistant biotypes are common in the region. With limited effective postemergence (POST) herbicides for controlling ALS-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth in dry edible bean, a sequential preemergence (PRE) followed by (fb) POST program of very long-chain fatty acid (VLCFA)-inhibiting herbicides shows promise. Currently, dimethenamid-P is the only VLCFA-inhibiting herbicide registered for POST use in dry edible bean in Nebraska. The objective of this study was to assess the crop safety and effectiveness in weed control of sequential PRE fb POST programs, including pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb dimethenamid-P POST, pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST, and pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone PRE fb POST, in comparison with pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb imazamox + bentazon + fomesafen applied POST in dry edible bean. Results showed that sequential PRE fb POST programs were more effective in reducing both the density and biomass of Palmer amaranth compared to PRE-alone programs. Pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P applied PRE fb dimethenamid-P POST, along with pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST, resulted in over 85% control of Palmer amaranth, similar to the effectiveness of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-P PRE fb fomesafen + imazamox + bentazon applied POST. Pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone applied PRE-alone and the application of pendimethalin + pyroxasulfone PRE fb pyroxasulfone POST showed inconsistent control of Palmer amaranth, causing high crop injury, stand loss, and delayed maturity, ultimately leading to yield loss. Dimethenamid-P and S-metolachlor demonstrated excellent crop safety when applied either PRE-only or sequentially. Pendimethalin + S-metolachlor PRE fb S-metolachlor POST provided control of Palmer amaranth comparable to that achieved with POST applications of dimethenamid-P and imazamox + bentazon + fomesafen.

Investigating the interfacial and bulk rheological properties of emulsions containing dry bean powder

This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying proportions of dry bean powder on the rheological properties of oil-in-water emulsions. Emulsions were formulated utilizing xanthan gum or dry bean powder across a range of concentrations, including 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Additionally, a control emulsion (CTR) was formulated using xanthan gum exclusively. The rheological properties of the resulting emulsions, both linear and nonlinear, were characterized. Moreover, the correlation between microstructural attributes and the interfacial rheological response within these emulsion systems was thoroughly examined. A prominent observation was the occurrence of shear thinning, characterized by a reduction in viscosity under applied shear stress. Notably, the control emulsion (CTR) displayed the lowest interfacial viscosity values, whereas emulsions incorporating increasing proportions of dry bean powder demonstrated a proportional rise in interfacial viscosity. The highest consistency coefficient and apparent viscosity was recorded in the 7%DB sample with a value of 3.23 Pa.sn and 0.56 Pa.s, respectively. This suggests that emulsions formulated with dry bean powder may yield a more resilient interfacial film, attributed to the protein content inherent in dry beans. The establishment of a viscoelastic interfacial layer facilitated by dry bean powder in appropriate concentrations significantly contributes to the long-term stability of the emulsion. Unraveling the intricate relationship between interfacial behaviors holds paramount importance in advocating for the utilization of dry bean powder as a plant-based protein source. In conclusion, the incorporation of dry bean powder enhances the formation of interfacial films in O/W emulsions.

Assessment of genotypic variability and genome‐wide association analysis of cooking time and canning quality traits in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

AbstractDeveloping improved common bean varieties with short cooking time (CT) and good canning quality traits (CQTs) is very key for accelerating bean consumption among the urban and middle‐class population. The objective of this study was to assess the genotypic variability and identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with CT and CQTs in common bean. A total of 250 common bean accessions were evaluated under field conditions for two seasons using alpha lattice design with two replications. Three months post‐harvest, the dry bean grains were evaluated for CT and CQTs. Significant variation was observed among the 250 common bean accessions tested for both traits. CT ranged from 51 to 215 min, with 11 genotypes cooking in less than 60 min. The percentage total CQTs' score ranged from 41% to 84% with 31 genotypes scoring 76% and above. Forty‐seven significant GWAS signals were detected for CT on chromosomes Pv01, Pv04, Pv05 and Pv11 and CQTs on Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, Pv04, Pv05, Pv06, Pv07, Pv08, Pv10 and Pv11, respectively. Positional candidate genes including Phvul.005G161200 on chromosome Pv05, Phvul.007G2803001 and Phvul.007G280700 on chromosome Pv07 were associated with seed coat colour retention of the canned beans. Besides their usefulness in breeding research, the identified bean genotypes with shorter CT and good CQTs could enhance bean consumption and processing industries.

Adding more beans to the US typical dietary pattern can lead to greater intake of shortfall nutrients and a higher diet quality in younger and older adults

IntroductionData on nutrient and diet quality outcomes when additional beans are consumed as part of the typical American dietary pattern are scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of increased bean consumption, in the typical American dietary pattern, on the intake of shortfall nutrients and overall diet quality. MethodsUsing data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2018, the current analyses modeled the addition of one and two servings of canned and dried beans in all adults (N = 44,574; ≥19 y), younger adults (N = 23,554; 19–50 y) and older adults (N = 21,020; ≥51 y). The beans considered were kidney beans, black beans, chickpeas, and pinto beans. ResultsThe modeling of beans to the typical American dietary pattern resulted in significant increases in the intake of several shortfall nutrients, including dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, iron, folate, and choline (p's < 0.0001). Modeling 1 and 2 servings of beans daily to the US typical dietary pattern significantly increased overall diet quality in all adult age groups considered. Total diet quality, as measured by Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores, was 15–16 % greater with an additional serving of beans and 19–20 % higher with 2 servings of beans relative to the US typical dietary pattern (p values<0.0001). ConclusionsDietary patterns that are rich in beans are associated with significantly higher diet quality scores and greater intake of shortfall nutrients, including nutrients of public health concern. Dietary guidance should consider the health benefits associated with the promotion of increased consumption of canned and dry beans in dietary patterns as benefits seen in younger adults continue to older adulthood.

PENGARUH SIFAT BIJI JARAK SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF PENGANTI MINYAK TANAH UNTUK PENGERINGAN TEMBAKAU VIRGINA LOMBOK

Virginia tobacco is the largest agro-industry component in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB). The lack of subsidized kerosene quotas for tobacco extraction, even the central government decided that in 2018 the sub-oil kerosene quota will be abolished, brings its own problems. Based on this problem, research was carried out with the title how to characterize castor beans as an alternative fuel to replace kerosene as a substitute for tobacco extraction fuel with the aim of proving that castor beans can be used as an alternative fuel for drying tobacco. process without reducing the quality and economy of tobacco. This research was carried out experimentally. From the research results it can be concluded that castor bean fuel can be used as a fuel substitute for kerosene for tobacco production as proven by the results of the characteristic test, namely the calorific value produced in this research has met the national standard (SNI), namely 5288.844 cal/gr based on the standard. which meets American standards, namely 4000-6500 (Source: Hendra, 1999 in Sunyata and Wulur, 2008). economic value aspect of fuel consumption / 1 kg of dry castor beans consumes 6.7 kg of castor beans at a price of Rp. 6,700 lower than kerosene, LPG and bioethanol. Variable standard drying temperature with a drying rate of 1 m/s produces tobacco compost with the best quality color and aroma.

Обзор върху антракнозата по фасула (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) в Бъргария

Bean anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is a key disease in a number of countries around the world. Depending on the varietal structure and climatic conditions, yield losses vary from 10-58% to the complete destruction of crops. For the conditions of Bulgaria, the disease has a sporadic character in the plain areas, but in the mountainous areas it occurs annually. The pathogen control is related to uninfected seed material, long crop rotation, destruction of plant residues, application of fungicides and use of resistant varieties. C. lindemuthianum is characterized by considerable virulence diversity, which makes it difficult to breeding resistant cultivars and leads to overcoming already achieved resistance. This publication summarizes research on the virulence diversity of C. lindemuthianum in Bulgaria over the last forty years. In parallel, data on the resistance of Bulgarian dry bean varieties, some of which are essential for production in the country, to a set of physiological races of C. lindemuthianum are summarized. The analysis of the identified races shows significant virulence diversity in the pathogenic populations in Bulgaria. During the period 1979-2006, 10 physiological races were identified - 2, 3, 6, 22, 23, 54, 73, 79, 81 and 131. Race 81 was dominantly prevalent (78.4% of isolates) in traditional dry bean growing areas in the country. Races 2, 6, 22, 54 and 131 are established in the Rhodopе Mountains and Pirin Mountains. Races 3, 23, 73 and 79 were incidental to Bulgaria and there is no confirmation of their distribution. Of the 17 varieties presented in the overview, resistance to 11 races of C. lindemuthianum has variety Pukliv 1. Variety GTB Blyan is susceptible to races 6 and 81 and resistant to the remaining 9 physiological races included in the test. The Pirina variety is resistant to 10 of the 11 races tested. The varieties Pukliv 1, Trakya and Pirina are resistant to race 81, which prevails in Bulgaria. All cultivars have resistance to one or more of the investigated physiological races, which makes it possible to include them as resistance donors in the breeding of dry beans, by the pyramidal accumulation of race-specific genes.

Rootstock influences on growth and bearing precocity in juvenile cocoa

Within the cocoa germplasm used for variety development in West Africa, knowledge of varieties that are suitable as rootstocks to promote growth and precocity of clones is lacking. Six cocoa varieties were used to generate 36 clones for evaluation. For each of the six scions selected as ortets from previous progeny trials, the corresponding seed-derived family was regenerated through manual pollinations. The scions were grafted in a full diallel fashion on each of the six seed-derived family, and field evaluated in four replications following a randomized complete block design. Also, seed-derived varieties were evaluated in the nursery for vigour characteristics, and under similar conditions as the 36 clones in the field. Genotype heterozygosity at 72 SNP loci was significantly correlated with vigour characteristics of the six varieties. Seed-derived varieties of high vigour benefited clone performance for vigour, and dry bean yield when used as rootstocks but not as scion. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was different among seed-derived varieties and clones in the dry season but not the rainy season. Among clones, higher Fv/Fm values were associated with higher-vigour rootstock varieties. Diallel grafting model enabled partitioning of total variance into several sub-components. The variance due to specific compatibility ability was not significant for any of the measured traits. Decomposition of the reciprocal variance revealed that significant reciprocal effects were mainly due to significant maternal (rootstock) effects. The key finding is that, for any scion, the most precocious clone is obtained by grafting on high vigour rootstock varieties.

From the seed to the cocoa liquor: Traceability of bioactive compounds during the postharvest process of cocoa in Amazonas-Peru

From cocoa harvest to chocolate, different physical and chemical transformation processes take place. In addition to changes in the main components (lipids and proteins), the content and nature of other compounds of nutritional importance, such as bioactive compounds, which are mainly responsible for chocolate being considered a superfood, are also modified. The objective of this research was to evaluate the behavior of bioactive compounds during postharvest processing of three varieties of cocoa harvested in the Amazonas region of Peru. A batch of cocoa was sampled during five stages of postharvest processing (fresh bean, fermented bean, dry bean, roasted bean and cocoa paste), and the content of phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid and caffeic acid) and alkaloids (theobromine, caffeine and theophylline) was quantified by ultra high performance liquid chromatography (U-HPLC). The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were determined using spectrophotometric techniques; Folin-Ciocalteu and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical capture. Except for roasting processing, the content of phenolic compounds increased. Theobromine is reduced with fermentation, drying and roasting. Cocoa liquor had a higher content of bioactive compounds, probably because it facilitates availability. Although a slight increase in total phenolic compounds was evident, antioxidant activity decreased to the same degree during postharvest processing of the cocoa bean. In conclusion, postharvest processing of cocoa beans affects their bioactive composition.

Weed control efficacy and dry bean response to preemergence herbicide incorporation timing

AbstractField experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of irrigation timing on S‐ethyl‐N,N‐dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC), flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone weed control efficacy and safety in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Treatments consisted of EPTC (3430 g ai ha−1), flumioxazin (53.6 g ai ha−1), pyroxasulfone (119 g ai ha−1), and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone (70.4 + 89.3 g ai ha−1) incorporated with overhead irrigation at 1, 4, and 8 days after herbicide treatment (DAT). A nontreated and hand‐weeded check were included for comparison. Delaying irrigation until 8 DAT resulted in 11% and 19% injury in the pyroxasulfone and flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone treatments, respectively, but the crop recovered within 5 weeks after treatment. Delaying irrigation until 8 DAT increased total weed dry weight by 52%. Generally, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone provided better weed control compared to flumioxazin or pyroxasulfone applied alone. Irrigation timing did not influence dry bean yield. Seed yield was 160 kg ha−1 in the nontreated check and 2521 kg ha−1 in the hand‐weeded check. Seed yield in the flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone treatment (2425 kg ha−1) was similar to the hand‐weeded check. Flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone provided very good weed control with acceptable crop safety. While irrigation timing may play a role in flumioxazin or pyroxasulfone injury, other soil and environmental factors may influence dry bean response to these herbicides.

Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings in Irish Wolfhounds eating high-pulse or low-pulse diets.

Apparently healthy dogs of various breeds eating nontraditional, high-pulse diets can have larger left ventricular diameter, lower systolic function, and more ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) compared with dogs eating traditional, low-pulse diets. It is unknown whether Irish Wolfhounds eating high-pulse diets have similar cardiac abnormalities. To compare electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings between Irish Wolfhounds eating high- or low-pulse diets. Ninety-seven Irish Wolfhounds. Retrospective study of Irish Wolfhounds that had echocardiography performed at dog shows between October 2018 and May 2021. Demographic information, echocardiographic measurements, cardiac rhythm (1-minute lead II rhythm strip), and main diet were recorded retrospectively. Diets were classified as high-pulse or low-pulse based on the presence and location of pulses (peas, lentils, chickpeas, or dry beans) on the ingredient list. Thirty-five of 97 Irish Wolfhounds (36%) were eating high-pulse diets and 62 of 97 (64%) were eating low-pulse diets. There were no significant differences between diet groups in echocardiographic measurements. A significantly higher percentage of dogs in the high-pulse diet group (6/35 [17%]) had VPCs compared with those in the low-pulse diet group (1/62 [2%]; effect size = 0.15 [95% confidence interval: 0.004-0.31]; P = .005). In this retrospective study of apparently healthy Irish Wolfhounds, high-pulse diets were associated with a higher prevalence of VPCs which could represent early cardiac abnormalities.

Cropping system typologies perform differently under climate stress in Manitoba, Canada: multi-criteria assessment

Information is required to understand how novel biodiversity strategies can improve cropping system resilience to climate change. A “business as usual” (BAU) rotation (wheat–canola–wheat–soybean) was compared with a “warm-season crop” (WS) rotation (corn–sunflower–dry bean–canola); a “biodiverse” (BD) rotation (fall rye with cover crop– corn/soybean intercrop—pea/canola intercrop–green fallow mixture); a “perennial grain” (Kernza) rotation (Kernza grain intermediate wheatgrass); and an organic (ORG) rotation (millet-green fallow mixture-wheat). Drought conditions prevailed in both study years. The BAU rotation had the lowest average yield (1821 kg ha−1 compared with 2533 and 3083 kg ha−1 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively), less post-harvest residual biomass, and a lower net return than the WS rotation. The WS rotation was limited by herbicide-resistant weeds in dry beans. Kernza seed yield was five times lower than for spring wheat. ORG wheat yielded the same as other wheat and had a higher net return. Live roots days, a measure of soil health potential, were 95 for the BAU rotation and 174 and 113 for the BD and WS rotations, respectively; the most were recorded for Kernza (365). Seasonal crop growth duration was increased by including Kernza and fall rye for early season growth, and corn, sunflower, a corn–soybean intercrop, a cover crop, and fall-seeded rye for late season growth. WS and BD rotations outperformed the BAU rotation and the BD system accomplished this with half the N fertilizer. Results demonstrate the potential of biodiverse rotations; barriers to their adoption should be addressed.

Predicting airborne ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through machine learning and statistical methods

AbstractA main biological constraint of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) production in Canada is white mould, caused by the fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The primary infectious propagules of S. sclerotiorum are airborne ascospores and monitoring the air for inoculum levels could help predict the severity of white mould in bean fields. Daily air samples were collected in commercial dry bean fields in Alberta, Manitoba and Ontario and ascospores were quantified using quantitative PCR. Daily weather data was obtained from in‐field weather stations. The number of ascospores on a given day was modelled using 63 different environmental variables and several modelling methods, both regression and classification approaches, were implemented with machine learning (ML) (random forests, logistic regression and support vector machines) and statistical (generalized linear models) approaches. Across all years and provinces, ascospores were most highly correlated with ascospore release from the previous day (r ranged from 0.15 to 0.6). This variable was also the only variable included in all models and had the greatest weight in all models. Models without this variable had much poorer performance than those with it. Correlations of ascospores with other environmental variables varied by province and sometimes by year. A comparison of ML and statistical models revealed that they both performed similarly, but that the statistical models were easier to interpret. However, the precise relationship between airborne ascospore levels and in‐field disease severity remains unclear, and spore sampling methods will require further development before they can be deployed as a disease management tool.

Calidad física y sensorial del café secado en tres prototipos de secadores solares tipo invernadero

Reducing the drying time of coffee without causing negative effects on cup quality has been the subject of several investigations. The objective was to determine the effect of three variants of a greenhouse-type solar dryer prototype on the physical, sensory and microbiological quality of coffee. The solar dryer prototype with three variants, prototype 1 (P1) greenhouse solar dryer, prototype 2 (P2) solar dryer with air extractor and prototype 3 (P3) solar dryer with air extractor and solar powered heaters, was compared to traditional drying (T0) (cement floor). Drying time, physical grain defects, yield, sensory and microbiological quality were evaluated. The best results were obtained in P3 with a drying time of 52 h (2 ¼ days), with dry parchment coffee beans without primary defects, higher yield in exportable gold coffee (83.24 %), sensory profile of 84.25 points qualified as specialty coffee (with Q Premium grade) and better safety than coffee obtained by traditional drying; demonstrating that the greenhouse type solar dryer with air extractor and solar energy heaters is a sustainable alternative to improve the efficiency of coffee drying while preserving its sensory quality, an essential value for producers to achieve better prices.

Applying coal char to cattle pens for sustainable agriculture in the semiarid US High Plains

AbstractApplying high carbon (C) additive to cattle pens and land application of the resultant manure mix offers a potential strategy for optimizing manure and soil management while mitigating environmental concerns. An experiment was conducted in western Nebraska from 2019 to 2022 to evaluate the effect of adding coal char (∼290 g C kg−1 by wt.) on feedlot manure's properties and stability and the interacting effect of manure‐char on crop yields in a corn (Zea mays L.)–dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)–corn rotation. Treatments in the crop field included manure from pens with or without char (each at 34 and 68 Mg ha−1; low and high rate), urea at 100% recommended nitrogen (N) rate with or without 45 Mg char ha−1, and a control. Applying char to pens kept them drier following snowfall events. The high surface area and cation exchange capacity of char improved soil and manure nutrient retention. The 100% urea‐N plus char treatment had a greater corn yield than the low‐rate char–manure mix or high‐rate manure in 2020. In 2021, there was a trend for higher bean yields with the high char–manure rate treatment than the control. In 2022, all the fertilized treatments had greater grain yields than the control. A one‐time high‐rate char–manure mix or manure application could replace 314 kg N ha−1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha−1 over 2 years without any yield penalty. This study underscores the synergy between char and manure or chemical fertilizers to improve nutrient balance and supply, ultimately enhancing crop production.

Significant potential of tape yeast and plant leaves as a cover for fermented cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans to generate qualities of dry cocoa beans

The purpose of this study was to determine the response to the addition of tape yeast and various cover leaves in the fermentation process of quality cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research was conducted at PT Perkebunan Nusantara (PTPN) XII, Ngrangkah Pawon plantation, Kediri Regency and Laboratory of Agrotechnology, Universitas Darussalam Gontor in April-August 2020. The research design used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). The first factor was the addition of tape yeast (R) which consisted of 5 levels, namely: no yeast (R0), the addition of 0.5% tape yeast (R1), 1.0% (R2), 1.5% (R3), and 2.0% (R4). The second factor was plant leaves (D) which consisted of 5 levels, namely: D1 (banana leaves), D2 (teak leaves), D3 (taro leaves), D4 (papaya leaves) and D5 (bamboo leaves). Observation parameters included fermentation temperature of cocoa beans, pulp acidity (pH) of cocoa beans, the account of cocoa beans per 100 g, moisture content, sugar content, cut test and, phytochemical qualitative test. Observation data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and further tested with LSD 5%. The addition of tape yeast and plant leaves as a cover for fermented cocoa beans improved the quality of the dry cocoa beans. There was no interaction between the addition of tape yeast and plant leaves as a cover for fermented cocoa beans in all observations of the quality of dry cocoa beans. The addition of 1% tape yeast improved the quality of fermented cocoa beans on the parameters of fermentation temperature on day 2 (43.2℃), the account of cocoa beans per 100 g (93.8 cocoa beans), sugar content (2.8°Bx) and brown seed color (99.2%). Teak leaves, taro leaves, papaya leaves and bamboo leaves can be used as a cover for fermenting cocoa beans such as banana leaves which are commonly used by farmers.

Seed yield improvements in slow‐darkening pinto bean: Registration of ‘ND Rodeo’

Abstract‘ND Rodeo’ (PVP no. 202300270; Reg. no. CV‐356, PI 703020) is a new slow‐darkening (SD) pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed by the Dry Edible Bean Breeding Program at North Dakota State University and released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Pinto bean is the largest market class grown in the United States, representing over 47% of the total US production for dry beans, and more than 70% is produced in North Dakota. SD pinto beans offer a good alternative to commercial cultivars of regular darkening (RD) pinto beans, which are typically subject to the risk of economic losses due to seed coat darkening. However, reaching seed yields comparable to RD pintos has been challenging. Between 2017 and 2022, ND Rodeo was tested across 25 environments in North Dakota, where seed yield was significantly higher than the SD pinto cultivars ‘ND Palomino’ and ‘Vibrant’ (18% and 22%, respectively), and comparable with RD pinto cultivars ‘La Paz’ and ‘Monterrey’. ND Rodeo is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus and has intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight, but similar to the commercial checks, it is susceptible to local races/strains of white mold, anthracnose, and rust pathogens. ND Rodeo has an average height of 56 cm which is significantly higher than the average of ND Palomino, Vibrant, and La Paz, and exhibits a desirable upright architecture to facilitate direct harvest. It has a 100‐seed weight of 36.2 g and matures in 102 days. Canning quality was rated as acceptable.

Improved disease tolerance, higher seed yield and shape in dark red kidney bean: Registration of ‘ND Redbarn’

Abstract‘ND Redbarn’ (PVP. no. 202300271; Reg. no. CV‐357, PI 703021) is a new dark red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar developed by the Dry Edible Bean Breeding Program at North Dakota State University and released in 2023 by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Compared to other market classes, kidney beans usually command higher prices. However, kidney beans are less productive than other market classes. Minnesota is the largest dark red kidney bean producer in the United States, accounting for ∼90% of the total production in 2022. ND Redbarn was released based on its good adaptation to this region, higher seed yield, large seed size, and desirable seed shape characteristics. Between 2012 and 2021, ND Redbarn was tested across 16 environments in Minnesota, where seed yield was significantly higher than commercial checks ‘Montcalm’, ‘Red Hawk’, and ‘Talon’ (14%, 27%, and 9%, respectively) and comparable with ‘Dynasty’. ND Redbarn is resistant to Bean common mosaic virus and has intermediate resistance to common bacterial blight. ND Redbarn exhibits higher field tolerance to the root rot fungal complex infection compared to Montcalm, Red Hawk, and Talon, and is similar to Dynasty. ND Redbarn has shown higher levels of tolerance to white mold than Montcalm and Red Hawk. Under Minnesota environments, ND Redbarn shows an average plant height of 51 cm, has a 100‐seed weight of 50.4 g, and matures in approximately 99 days. The canning quality for Redbarn is within acceptable commercial ranges.

Concentraciones de glifosato y 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en granos, hojas y suelos en cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la región San Martín, Perú

El objetivo de la investigación se centró en identificar parcelas cacaoteras con presencia de glifosato y 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético; así como cuantificar estas moléculas en suelos, hojas y granos fermentados secos de cacao en 16 zonas productoras de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la región San Martín. Las muestras se analizaron mediante cromatografía líquida de ultra alta resolución (UHPLC). Encontrándose concentraciones de glifosato en suelos entre 0,1751 y 0,5925 ppm; por su parte en hojas de cacao se encontraron concentraciones entre 0,0015 y 0,2639 ppm. En granos secos fermentados de cacao se obtuvieron valores de glifosato entre 0,0427 y 0,5518 ppm. En lo referente a valores de 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, los suelos presentaron concentraciones desde 0,2248 hasta 0,7201 ppm; mientras que en hojas se reportaron valores entre 0,0011 y 0,3307 ppm. En granos secos de cacao la cuantificación fue desde 0,0708 hasta 0,6491 ppm. Se estableció que existen contrastes significativos (p &lt; 0,05) entre las cantidades de glifosato y 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en suelos, hojas y granos secos de cacao. Afinando que los valores de glifosato y 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético encontrados en granos secos de cacao en el 93,75% de las parcelas superan los LMR que dicta la NTS No 128-2016/MINSA/DIGESA que es de 0,1 ppm para dichos analitos.

Using soil amendments and mycorrhiza to improve chemical properties of degraded calcareous soil and yield of sorghum in dryland

Optimized use of calcareous soil in dryland areas needs to begin with rehabilitation efforts using soil amendments, including organic fertilizer and biochar. This study sought to determine whether kinds of soil amendments and mycorrhizal biofertilizers may enhance the chemical quality of calcareous soils and increase the yield of sorghum on dry land. The study was conducted at the experimental garden of the Agricultural Extension Center located in Oelnasi Village from April to August of 2023. Two criteria included in the study were the kind of soil amendment and mycorrhizal biological fertilizer, both of which were arranged in a randomized block design. The parameters observed were soil chemical properties, plant N and P nutrient uptake, and sorghum yield. The research results showed that the application of three types of soil amendments (P1 = cow dung, P2 = rice straw compost, and P3 = corncob biochar) improved the chemical quality of calcareous soil. This application of corncob biochar could significantly reduce soil pH from 7.85 (slightly alkaline) to 7.19 (neutral) and increase soil organic C to 2.55% C, followed by treatment with cow dung and rice straw compost. Other soil chemical properties, i.e., N, P, K, and soil CEC, also improved, which differed from the control treatment. The mycorrhizal biofertilizer provided could also improve the chemical properties of calcareous soil. Providing mycorrhizal biofertilizer could increase the N and P nutrient uptake of sorghum plants by 3.79% dry weight-1 and 2.18% dry weight-1, respectively, as well as increased sorghum yields, respectively by 4.04 t ha-1, 3.97 t ha-1 and 3.87 t ha-1 dry beans, higher than the control which only achieved 2.32 t ha-1 dry beans.

Evaluating the Performance of Voting Classifier in Multiclass Classification of Dry Bean Varieties

This study explores the application of a voting classifier, integrating Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and Gaussian Naive Bayes models, for the multiclass classification of dry bean varieties. Utilizing a dataset comprising 13,611 images of dry bean grains, captured through a high-resolution computer vision system, we extracted 16 features to train and test the classifier. Through a rigorous 5-fold cross-validation process, we assessed the model's performance, focusing on accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score metrics. The results demonstrated significant variability in the classifier's performance across different data subsets, with accuracy rates fluctuating between 31.23% and 96.73%. This variability highlights the classifier's potential under specific conditions while also indicating areas for improvement. The research contributes to the agricultural informatics field by showcasing the effectiveness and challenges of using ensemble learning methods for crop variety classification, a crucial task for enhancing agricultural productivity and food security. Recommendations for future research include exploring additional features to improve model generalization, extending the dataset for broader applicability, and comparing the voting classifier's performance with other ensemble methods or advanced machine learning models. This study underscores the importance of machine learning in advancing agricultural classification tasks, paving the way for more efficient and accurate crop sorting and grading processes.