Drum Test Research Articles

Driving range estimation for electric vehicles based on driving condition identification and forecast

With the impact of serious environmental pollution in our cities combined with the ongoing depletion of oil resources, electric vehicles are becoming highly favored as means of transport. Not only for the advantage of low noise, but for their high energy efficiency and zero pollution. The Power battery is used as the energy source of electric vehicles. However, it does currently still have a few shortcomings, noticeably the low energy density, with high costs and short cycle life results in limited mileage compared with conventional passenger vehicles. There is great difference in vehicle energy consumption rate under different environment and driving conditions. Estimation error of current driving range is relatively large due to without considering the effects of environmental temperature and driving conditions. The development of a driving range estimation method will have a great impact on the electric vehicles. A new driving range estimation model based on the combination of driving cycle identification and prediction is proposed and investigated. This model can effectively eliminate mileage errors and has good convergence with added robustness. Initially the identification of the driving cycle is based on Kernel Principal Component feature parameters and fuzzy C referring to clustering algorithm. Secondly, a fuzzy rule between the characteristic parameters and energy consumption is established under MATLAB/Simulink environment. Furthermore the Markov algorithm and BP(Back Propagation) neural network method is utilized to predict the future driving conditions to improve the accuracy of the remaining range estimation. Finally, driving range estimation method is carried out under the ECE 15 condition by using the rotary drum test bench, and the experimental results are compared with the estimation results. Results now show that the proposed driving range estimation method can not only estimate the remaining mileage, but also eliminate the fluctuation of the residual range under different driving conditions.

Study on emission characteristics of hybrid bus under driving cycles in typical Chinese city

In this study, hybrid city bus was taken as the research object, through the vehicle drum test, the vehicle emissions of hybrid bus, the transient emissions of gas pollutants, as well as the particle size and number distribution were surveyed. The results of the studies are listed as follows: First, compared to traditional fuel bus, hybrid bus could reduce about 44% of the NOx emissions, 33% of the total hydrocarbon emissions, and 51% of the particles emissions. Furthermore, the distribution of particles number concentration of test vehicle became high in middle and low in both sides. More specifically, the particle number concentration was mainly concentrated in the range from 0.021 to 0.755μm, the maximum was 0.2μm, and particle size of particulate matter (PM) less than 1.2μm accounted for 95% of the total number concentration. Particulate mass concentration was increased with increment of particle size, and the maximum of particulate mass (PM) concentration was 6.2μm. On average, whether traditional fuel bus or hybrid bus, the particle size of particulate matter(PM) less than 2.5μm accounted for more than 98% in the particles emission. It is found that the particles are more likely to deposit to the lung, respiratory bronchioles and alveoli, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Therefore, how to control the PM emissions of hybrid bus is the key factor of the study.

Effects of DOC+CDPF on Emission Characteristics of Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Based on the revolving drum test bench, an experimental study was conducted in heavy-duty diesel vehicle at China Stage Ⅲ with and without DOC+CDPF to investigate the effects of DOC+CDPF on the gaseous and particle emission characteristics under C-WTVC driving cycle. The results showed that from city circulation conditions to high way circulation conditions to high-speed circulation conditions, the CO, THC, CO2 and PM emission factors of the test vehicle without DOC+CDPF decreased while NOx and PN emission factors increased, the particle number concentration showed two peaks versus the size of the particles and accumulated particles predominated. After the test vehicle was equipped with DOC+CDPF, the emissions factors decreased and the faster the circulation speed, the greater the decreasing amplitudes of the emissions factors. Throughout the C-WTVC, the decreasing amplitudes of CO, THC, CO2, and NOx emission factors were 70.36%, 72.73%, 17.00% and 7.76%, the PM and PN emission factors decreased by 93.77% and 98.91% respectively. The particle number concentration still had two peaks versus the size of the particles and the nuclear mode particles predominated. Besides, the size of the accumulated particles peak diminished.

No.16 石炭配合がドラム試験時のコークス粉発生に及ぼす影響(熱分解・コークス(4))

No.16 石炭配合がドラム試験時のコークス粉発生に及ぼす影響(熱分解・コークス(4))

Determining the strength of coke under crushing forces

Despite the many characteristics of coal relating to its use as blast-furnace fuel, few characteristics have been proposed to predict the productivity of the furnace and its coke consumption. Drum tests of coke permit ample assessment of its ability to withstand mechanical loads (in particular, abrasive and impact forces). At the same time, models of coke failure in the blast furnace indicate that the crushing forces on the coke play an important role. Thanks to those forces, the mean piece size of the coke declines as it falls though the furnace. The method used to determine the coke’s ability to withstand abrasive and impact forces has been codified in GOST State Standards (in terms of the strength indices M 25, M 40, and M 10). However, there is no standard method for assessing the ability of the coke to withstand crushing forces. To address that deficiency, a compact system for determination of the coke’s ability to withstand crushing forces is proposed: it consists of a press for the creation of compressive forces; a matrix with a punch in which the coke sample may be placed; and an instrument for measuring the compressive force (the crushing force). Values of the compressive strength determined using the new system are presented for various coke samples.

Magic Formula Tyre Model Application for a Tyre-Ice Interaction

Magic Formula (MF) tyre model is widely used for the analysis of tyre behavior in different driving situations. The model is mostly used to fit the simulation and experimental data slip curves. As there are many modifications of the MF, this paper presents a literature analysis of MF application and fitting techniques. A short review of other empirical tyre models was also made. At the end, a simple least squares minimisation technique was used to fit the experimental data of longitudinal tyre performance on ice. Measurements were performed with the inner drum test rig in the laboratory. In general, the fitting showed a very good accuracy.

Reducing dust and allergen exposure in bakeries

Bakers have a continuing high incidence of occupational allergic asthma. In factory bakeries they are exposed not only to flour dust containing allergens, but also improvers whose ingredients enhance the strength and workability of the dough and its speed of rising. Improvers are flour-based but can contain added soya, fungal or bacterial enzymes that are also allergenic, as well as vegetable oil, calcium sulphate/silicate and organic esters. This study investigated the dustiness of the components used in factory bakeries and whether altering improver ingredients could reduce dust and allergen exposure. A standardised rotating drum test was employed on the individual components, as well as a representative improver and three practicable improver modifications by decreasing calcium sulphate, calcium silicate or increasing oil content. Levels of dust, the allergens wheat flour amylase inhibitor (WAAI) and soya trypsin inhibitor (STI) were measured in the generated inhalable, thoracic and respirable sized fractions. A “scooping and pouring” workplace simulation was also performed. Initial tests showed that dustiness of several wheat flours was relatively low, and even lower for soya flour, but increased in combination with some other improver components. All three improver modifications generally reduced levels of dust, STI and WAAI, but increasing oil content significantly decreased dust and STI in comparison to the standard improver and those improvers with reduced calcium silicate or sulphate. The simulation demonstrated that increased oil content reduced inhalable levels of gravimetric dust, STI and WAAI. Changing improver formulation, such as increasing oil content of flour by a small amount, may represent a simple, practical method of reducing bakery workers’ exposure to dust and allergens where improvers are used. It may be a useful adjunct to engineering control, changes to work practices and appropriate training in reducing the risk to bakers’ respiratory health.

THERMOGPRAHIC RESEARCHES OF TIRE INTERACTION WITH ICE / AUTOMOBILIO PADANGOS SĄVEIKOS SU LEDU TERMOGRAFINIAI TYRIMAI

A road covered with ice is one of the most dangerous driving conditions and, in this case, tire plays an important role for traffic safety. The most of nowadays tires have good grip features on ice, but sometimes it’s not enough, especially when talking about the icy road condition. Many factors have significant influence on decrease of tire’s grip – one of them is temperature. The possibilities of using thermography in researches of tire and ice interaction were investigated in this paper. Measurements of tire and ice surfaces temperature were performed at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology with inner drum test bench using an infrared thermal camera. Longitudinal tire traction (braking and accelerating) were investigated and acting forces were measured too. Also optimal settings of thermal camera were determined and measurement results and discussion were presented. Ledo danga, esanti kelio važiuojamosios dalies paviršiuje, yra viena iš priežasčių, turinti įtakos eismo saugumui. Automobilio padangos savybės taip pat lemia eismo saugumą. Dauguma šiuolaikinių žiemos laikotarpiui skirtų padangų pasižymi geromis sukibimo su kelio danga, padengta ledu, savybėmis, tačiau kartais nepavyksta išvengti skaudžių eismo nelaimių. Nemažai išorinių veiksnių lemia padangos sukibimo sumažėjimą ir vienas iš jų – temperatūra. Straipsnyje siekta atskleisti termografijos, kaip šiuolaikinio inovatyvaus padangų diagnostikos būdo žiemos sąlygomis, potencialą. Karlsrūhės technologijų instituto laboratorijoje atliktas padangos ir ledo temperatūrų matavimas su būgniniu padangų tyrimo stendu, naudojant terminę kamerą. Tyrimas atliktas nagrinėjant išilginę rato dinamiką, t. y. stabdymą ir pagreitėjimą. Nustatyti termostatinės kameros optimalūs parametrai ir pateikti temperatūrų matavimo rezultatai, kurie parodė, jog labiausiai įšyla padangos protektoriaus grioveliai.

A compact internal drum test rig for measurements of rolling contact forces between a single tread block and a substrate

A novel test rig design is presented which enables detailed studies of the three force components generated in the impact and release phase of rolling contact between a tyre tread block and a subst ...

On the reduction behavior, structural and mechanical features of iron ore-carbon briquettes

The utilization of Ferro-coke briquettes is increasingly being considered as a process to reduce CO2 emissions and energy consumption in blast furnace. The briquettes were prepared using iron ore, charcoal, lime, a binder and three different coals of poor coking properties. The coals have Gieseler maximum fluidity below 100ddpm and are vitrinite-rich with inertinite content close to 30%. The briquettes were carbonized up to 1000°C in a laboratory-scale oven and in a thermogravimetric analyzer which permitted a detailed evaluation of the weight loss at each stage of carbonization. Iron reduction, strength (both compression and drum tests) and optical properties of the carbon matrix were evaluated in the carbonized briquettes.The carbonization process caused significant differences in the optical textures of the carbonized materials, in particular in higher rank coals, where there was a greater range of optical texture sizes compared to the cokes from single coals. The best resistance to compression was observed in the briquettes with the larger optical texture, whereas the best resistance in a drum was that of the briquettes having larger proportion of mosaics. Furthermore, the Fe-coke briquettes produced by cold briquetting and carbonization show self-reducing properties of iron oxides.

Multivariate statistical approach to re-evaluate the slake durability index test (ASTM 4644–08)

The slake durability index test is designed to quantify durability of mainly weak rocks. The test is basically tumbling 10 pieces of rocks each weighing 40–60g for a two ten minute cycles in a water submerged mesh drum (2mm mesh size). Second cycle slake durability index values (Id2) are the percentage of the fraction of material retained in the drum after the second cycle test is completed. The difference in Id2 values between durable vs. non-durable mudrocks can sometimes be very small, due to the fact that fragments of material retained in the test drum can be larger than 2mm making the slake durability test inadequate to quantify durability of mudrocks. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate if other mesh sizes can better quantify durability and discriminate between durable and non-durable mudrocks. For this purpose, the grain size distribution of the material retained in the mesh drum after the slake durability test was sieved by #2 (6.3mm), #4 (4.75mm), #5 (4.0mm), and #10 (2mm) sieves. Multivariate/bivariate statistics was used to investigate which grain size fraction better correlates with the degree of disintegration. To quantify the degree of disintegration of the retained material, the fragmentation index is introduced. Another parameter used as a descriptor of the degree of disintegration is the sieved slake durability index. The results showed that the %>6.3mm size fraction has the highest control on both dependent variables. Discriminant analysis was also performed to identify which sieve size best discriminates between durable and non-durable mudrocks such as between shales and claystones/mudstones. Similar to the result of the linear regression analysis, the discriminant analysis showed that the %>6.3mm size is more sensitive than the %>2mm size to discriminate between the durable and non-durable mudrocks. We recommend sieving the retained material with the 6.3mm mesh and using a modified the slake durability index equation to better reflect the disintegration of mudrocks during the slake durability index test.

Theoretical and experimental analysis of the contact between a solid-rubber tire and a chassis dynamometer

We consider the problem of modeling the test where a solid-rubber tire runs on a chassis dynamometer for determining the tire rolling resistance characteristics.We state the problem of free steady-state rolling of the tire along the test drum with the energy scattering in the rubber in the course of cyclic deformation taken into account. The viscoelastic behavior of the rubber is described by the Bergstro m–Boyce model whose numerical parameters are experimentally determined from the results of compression tests with specimens. The finite element method is used to obtain the solution of the three-dimensional viscoelasticity problem. To estimate the adequacy of the constructed model, we compare the numerical results with the results obtained in the solid-rubber tire tests on the Hasbach stand from the values of the rolling resistance forces for various loads on the tire.

Calibration and validation of a large scale abrasive wear model by coupling DEM-FEM

Abstract Handling of granular materials like rocks, pebbles and sand can expose equipment to abrasive wear that can result in local failure. In some cases this can have far reaching economic significance such as the costs of replacement, the costs from machine downtime and lost production. Models for predicting wear can be found from lab scale tests, but are difficult to apply in large scale applications. An important property is the flow behaviour of granular material during its transportation in a granular material handling system. In order to effectively predict abrasive wear in large scale applications, models for solid structure, granular material flow and wear behaviour have to be coupled. In this work; the finite element method is used to model the structure of the tipper body and the discrete element method is used to model the granular material. To couple the structure response to granular flow behaviour a contact model is used. A calibration of the wear constant in Archard's wear law is obtained from measurement data of rotating drum tests, using the representative material combination used in a tipper unloading case. This wear model is then used in a full scale tipper body simulation to predict the absolute wear and validated against field measurement. A good agreement between numerical calculation and field measurement regarding the spatial position and size of wear areas were found. This combination of numerical methods gives new possibilities to understand the wear process and is one step towards more physically correct models for large scale predictions between tipper bodies and granular material. Numerical tools can give future opportunities to optimise material selections and geometry with the intension to increase functionality, life of large scale wear applications and avoid local failure.

A new methodology to assess sound power level of tyre/road noise under laboratory controlled conditions in drum test facilities

Abstract Tyre/road interaction is the main source of noise emission caused by road traffic when cruising at speeds over 30 km/h. Several methods such as the Coast-By, the Close-Proximity, the Statistical Pass-By or the Controlled Pass-By have been used over recent decades to measure noise emission. However, since Regulation (EC) No. 1222/2009 on the labelling of tyres was published, only the method described in UNECE Regulation 117 concerning the approval of tyres with regard to rolling sound emissions, can be used in order to obtain tyre/road noise emission approved values. All these conventional methods have several disadvantages such as the lack of repeatibility, the influence of environmental factors or the different results that can be obtained depending on the test track or the vehicle upon which the tests are carried out. A new methodology based on drum tests and the ISO 3744:1994 has been developed in order to avoid these limitations. This paper describes the new method including the positioning of microphones, calculating correction factors, characterising the background noise caused by the drum and obtaining the sound power level of a tyre when rolling against a drum.

Failure of metallurgical sinter

Strength tests of sinter associated with the optimization of sinter production have certain deficiencies, whose analysis calls for models of sinter failure. The theory of melt mixing in sintering and structure formation in the sinter cake is reviewed. A model for the failure of metallurgical sinter is proposed on the basis of a model of the stress state of the solid inclusions in the matrix and a failure model based on the Rittinger law. The load in the sinter pieces in the test drum is determined, and a method is proposed for adapting the model of sinter failure by means of granulometric data regarding the test products. The adaptation employs the probability distributions of the model parameters. The dependence of these parameters on the sinter basicity, the carbon content in the batch, and the size of the limestone pieces is determined.

Validation and application of the personnel factor for the garment used in cleanrooms.

The cleanroom environment has many potential sources of contamination, including: operators, equipment, structures, and any surface that can create particles via friction, heat, exhaust, outgassing, and static electricity charge. Operatives working in the cleanroom are the major source of particles. While cleanroom operators work, they emit millions of particles from every activity. Particles migrate up the cleanroom garment to the head and drop to the legs during cleanroom movements. Specialized textile fabrics have been used in cleanroom garments for many years. The need for this type of fabric has increased mainly due to the need to protect critical operations in cleanrooms as well as creating comfort for operators and other personnel. This study covers the general static wind-driven method, the Helmke Drum method and the dispersal chamber to measure particle penetration, shedding, and generation, in regards to the filtration efficiency of cleanroom fabrics and garments. Firstly, particle penetration is shown to increase with increasing face velocity and decreasing particle size below 1 μm. Secondly, that a recommended upper particle-size limit should be 5 µm. Using the Helmke drum test, the size distribution of particles released from the garment is shown to follow a power law distribution, with a slope of less than 1. Furthermore, the study introduces dynamic body box for testing fabrics as well as cleanroom garments. It is more practical and sensitive when compared to traditional methods and is based on a more concise technical approach. The life-time cycle performance of a typical cleanroom garment coverall is examined, particularly looking at the implications of pre-use steralization.

FRACTURE MODEL OF METALLURGICAL SINTER

The paper covers specifi c features of up-to-date test methods for metallurgical sinter strength, defi ciencies of these methods, related to issues of overall improvement of sintering and blast-furnace production processes requiring application of sinter fracture models. Theories of liquid melt migration upon sintering as well as features of sinter cake formation are reviewed; a model of metallurgical sinter fracture is suggested as well, which is based on combined use of the model for hard inclusion tension in the matrix along with the fracture model based on Rittinger’s law. Forces applied to sinter lumps in a test drum are determined and a method for adjustment of the sinter fracture model is suggested with use of granulometric properties of products under testing. It is suggested to use probability distribution of fracture model parameters for the purpose of adjustment. Dependences of these parameters from sinter basicity, carbon content in the charge material and limestone lump size are determined.

Validation and application of the personnel factor for the garment used in cleanrooms

The cleanroom environment has many potential sources of contamination, including: operators, equipment, structures, and any surface that can create particles via friction, heat, exhaust, outgassing, and static electricity charge. Operatives working in the cleanroom are the major source of particles. While cleanroom operators work, they emit millions of particles from every activity. Particles migrate up the cleanroom garment to the head and drop to the legs during cleanroom movements. Specialized textile fabrics have been used in cleanroom garments for many years. The need for this type of fabric has increased mainly due to the need to protect critical operations in cleanrooms as well as creating comfort for operators and other personnel. This study covers the general static wind-driven method, the Helmke Drum method and the dispersal chamber to measure particle penetration, shedding, and generation, in regards to the filtration efficiency of cleanroom fabrics and garments. Firstly, particle penetration is shown to increase with increasing face velocity and decreasing particle size below 1 μm. Secondly, that a recommended upper particle-size limit should be 5 μm. Using the Helmke drum test, the size distribution of particles released from the garment is shown to follow a power law distribution, with a slope of less than 1. Furthermore, the study introduces dynamic body box for testing fabrics as well as cleanroom garments. It is more practical and sensitive when compared to traditional methods and is based on a more concise technical approach. The life-time cycle performance of a typical cleanroom garment coverall is examined, particularly looking at the implications of pre-use steralization.

Investigations on Winter Tire Characteristics on Different Track Surfaces Using a Statistical Approach

ABSTRACT The availability of reliable tire simulation models is necessary for performing accurate vehicle-handling simulations. Parameterizing of tire models, such as the Magic Formula (MF) tire model, means extensive measurement and complex fitting procedures. In addition, a general problem is that parameterized MF models are not simply adaptable to other track surfaces (e.g., dry, wet, or snowy tracks), which is a problem, especially for winter tire modeling. To face this drawback, a research project in cooperation between BMW and the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology, has been initiated. The institute's internal drum test bench provides the opportunity to perform measurements on different track surfaces and various operating conditions. To identify main effects on tire performance and tire characteristics, comprehensive measurements on snow, ice, wet asphalt, and dry Safety-Walk surfaces have been carried out using three different winter tires. Experimental designs have been worked out using the method of design of experiments (DoE) to reduce the number of measurements and to decrease measuring expenditure, especially on snow track surfaces. By using DoE, all statistic effects can be analyzed despite reducing the number of measurements. Measurement data have been analyzed using extensive statistical methods. Thereby, effects on the tire characteristics have been empirically identified, and general predications will be presented in the article. We show identified main effects of track and ambient conditions on tire performance and tire characteristics. Furthermore, this article demonstrates the approach of using DoE to perform lean measurements as well as illustrates the realization of executing the measurements on different track surfaces on the test bench. These results will also be a starting basis for establishing a novel empirical model for adopting tire characteristic curves and MF tire models on alternative road and ambient conditions.

Wear on overlay welded HCWI vs. quenched and tempered low alloyed carbon steels evaluated with granite in a laboratory drum test machine

This present test evaluates wear resistance of overlay welded High Chromium White Iron (HCWI) in comparison with quenched and tempered low alloyed carbon steels within a hardness range between 400 and 700HBW. The HCWI overlay material had a carbon content in the range of 3–5% and a chromium content of 20–25%. The wear performance was evaluated by the use of two different sizes of granite rocks. This test was undertaken in a laboratory drum machine, which aimed to resemble typical conditions expected within raw material flows in mines and quarries. The secondary aim of the investigation was to further evaluate the material selection process by comparing ore, residuals and aggregates from real-world mining sites with the respective wear resistant materials being employed. The drum machine used had a diameter of 800mm and a width of 100mm. The drum rotated on a horizontal axle, which lifted the aggregate to a certain height, thus creating a sliding motion. Each test evaluated 34 samples, attached at the inner side of the drum shell. The samples were installed inside a depressed holder to protect against unwanted edge wear. The holders were specifically designed to fit hard materials such as HCWI. The HCWI overlay material was ground flat at the top and cracks were sealed with epoxy. The experimental results demonstrated how different size of abrasives resulted in significantly different wear responses on the tested materials and that the developed test method can provide valuable information in the selection of wear resistant material.