Drug-likeness Parameters Research Articles

Effects of substituents on the NMR features of basic bicyclic ring systems of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and the relationships between NMR chemical shifts, molecular descriptors and drug-likeness parameters

In the present study, the NMR spectroscopic features of trovafloxacin (TVA) mesylate, pefloxacin (PFX) mesylate dihydrate and ciprofloxacin (CIP) hydrochloride monohydrate were studied in DMSO-d6 solution with the aim of investigating the effects of substituents and the type of salt on the NMR parameters of basic bicyclic fluoroquinolone and fluoronaphthyridone ring systems. For this purpose, the 1H- and 13C- one- and two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear NMR methods were used. The analysis of 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra confirmed the structures of investigated fluoroquinolone salts. Relationships between 1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts of fluoronaphthyridone and fluoroquinolone ring systems, calculated molecular descriptors (MDs) and drug-likeness scores (DLSs), computed for monoprotonic cations of investigated fluoroquinolone salts (TVAH+, PFXH+ and CIPH+), were also explored. The topological polar surface area (TPSA), the parameter of lipophilicity (miLogP), the relative molecular mass (Mr) and the volume (V) of computed molecular descriptors (MDs), as well as the G protein-coupled receptor ligand-likeness (GPCR ligand-ls), the ion channel ligand-likeness (ICL-ls), the kinase inhibitor-likeness (KI-ls) and the nuclear receptor ligand-likeness (NRL-ls) were used in this study. The 1H-NMR chemical shifts of protons in COOH, H5 and NHn+, as well as 13C-NMR chemical shifts of C4, C5 and C11 shown to be good parameters in exploration of property-property and property-drug-likeness relationships for investigated fluoroquinolone salts. Thus, collinear relationships of 1H-NMR chemical shifts of protons in COOH, H5 and NHn+ with TPSA and miLogP, as well as with GPCR ligand-ls, KI-ls and NRL-ls were revealed (δ, ppm H in COOH vs. TPSA, R = -0.9421; δ, ppm H in COOH vs. NRL-ls, R = -0.9216; δ, ppm H5 vs. miLogP, R = 0.9962; δ, ppm H5 vs. KI-ls, R = 0.9969; δ, ppm NHn+vs. TPSA, R = -0.9875 and δ, ppm NHn+vs. NRL-ls, R = -0.9948). The collinearities between, 13C-NMR chemical shifts of C4, C5 and C11 with KI-ls and NRL-ls, as well as with TPSA, miLogP, Mr and V were also revealed (δ, ppm C4 vs. TPSA, R = 0.9964; δ, ppm C4 vs. miLogP, R = 0.9487; δ, ppm C4 vs.Mr, R = 0.9629; δ, ppm C4 vs. KI-ls, R = 0.9461; δ, ppm C4 vs. NRL-ls, R = 0.9996; δ, ppm C5 vs. miLogP, R = 0.9994; δ, ppm C5 vs. KI-ls, R = 0.9990; δ, ppm C5 vs. NRL-ls, R = 0.9510; δ, ppm C11 vs. TPSA, R = -0,9958; δ, ppm C11 vs. NRL-ls, R = -0.9994 and δ, ppm C11 vs. KI-ls, R = -0.9481).

Preclinical characterization of anticancer gallium(III) complexes: Solubility, stability, lipophilicity and binding to serum proteins

The discovery and development of gallium(III) complexes capable of inhibiting tumor growth is an emerging area of anticancer drug research. A range of novel gallium coordination compounds with established cytotoxic efficacy have been characterized in terms of desirable chemical and biochemical properties and compared with tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46), a lead anticancer gallium-based candidate that successfully finished phase I clinical trials (under the name FFC11), showing activity against renal cell cancer. In view of probable oral administration, drug-like parameters, such as solubility in water, saline and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, stability against hydrolysis, measured as the rate constant of hydrolytic degradation in water or physiological buffer using a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) assay, and the octanol–water partition coefficient (logP) providing a rational estimate of a drug’s lipophilicity, have been evaluated and compared. The differences in bioavailability characteristics between different complexes were discussed within the formalism of structure-activity relationships. The reactivity toward major serum transport proteins, albumin and transferrin, was also assayed in order to elucidate the drug’s distribution pathway after intestinal absorption. According to the values of apparent binding rate constants determined by CZE, both KP46 and bis(2-acetylpyridine-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazonato-N,N,S)gallium(III) tetrachlorogallate(III) (KP1089) bind to transferrin faster than to albumin. This implies that transferrin would rather mediate the accumulation of gallium antineoplastic agents in solid tumors. A tendency of being faster converted into the protein-bound form found for KP1089 (due possibly to non-covalent binding) seems complementary to its greater in vitro antiproliferative activity.

METAPRINT: a metabolic fingerprint. Application to cassette design for high-throughput ADME screening.

METAPRINT, a metabolic fingerprint, has been developed by predicting metabolic pathways and corresponding potential metabolites. Calculated drug-likeness parameters (log P and MW) have been incorporated into METAPRINT to allow the encoding of metabolic diversity within a chemical library. The application of METAPRINT in the design of cassette dosing experiments is demonstrated using a library of alpha-1a antagonists synthesized at Glaxo Wellcome. Results obtained by Ward's clustering algorithm suggest that METAPRINTs are able to discriminate between low- and high-clearance compounds. Cassette design was performed by maximizing the intracassette Euclidean distances between compounds in METAPRINT space, using simulated annealing. Calculated distances in METAPRINT space were in accordance with experimental data.