Drug Delivery System For Treatment Research Articles

Mucic acid cross-linked chitosan nanoparticles as a dual drug delivery system for treatment of colorectal cancer- insilico and invitro studies

A potential drug-delivery nanocarrier was developed based on crosslinking of chitosan (CHT) by mucic acid (MA) and used as a dual drug carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) and quercetin (QUE). FTIR, SEM, and EDX techniques were used to analyse and morphologically characterize the fabricated CHT-MA nanocarrier, and TGA was used to confirm loading. At varied pH levels, two medicines' release experiments were studied. The dual drug-loaded nanocarrier was also tested in vitro against the HCT-116 human colon cancer cell line. When compared to CHT-MA, DOX, and QUE alone, CHT-MA loaded with DOX and QUE showed enhanced toxicity against cell lines. To investigate the binding affinities and formation of hydrogen bonds between medicines and cancer cell lines, AutoDock vina was used to conduct molecular docking studies. These studies revealed efficient loading and release of selected drugs with strong anti-cancer activity against cell line.

Formulation and optimization of Paliperidone palmitate biodegradable injectable microspheres using Box-Behnken design

The objective of study was to formulate and optimize poly lactic-co-glycolic acid based long-acting injectable microspheres of Paliperidone palmitate (PP) using Box- Behnken design for treatment of schizophrenia. The oral bioavailability of PP is 28%, it necessitates the formulation of PP in injectable dosage form. In this study, PP microspheres were manufactured using oil in water (O/W) emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Box-Behnken design was selected to study effect of independent variables (X) on dependent variables (Y). Independent variables in this study were drug: polymer ratio (X1), homogenization speed (X2), rate of addition (X3). While mean particle size (Y1), drug loading (Y2), entrapment efficiency (Y3), burst release (Y4) and drug release on day 21 (Y5) were considered as dependent variables. The statistical evaluation of data was performed by using Design Expert software. Size of formulated microspheres was studied using laser diffraction technique. The shape of particles was determined using digital microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Drug release was studied using controlled temperature shaking water bath apparatus. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study was carried out to detect any incompatibility. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques were used to characterize end cap and monomer ratio in developed microspheres. The prepared PP microspheres exhibited smooth surface and spherical shape. Box-Behnken design was employed for optimization of microspheres. Mean particle size of prepared PP microspheres was found to be in between 12 ± 3.7 μm and 152 ± 3.4 μm. Drug loading in prepared microspheres was found in between 19.4 ± 0.2% to 46.5 ± 0.7%. Entrapment efficiency of prepared microspheres was obtained between 58.6 ± 0.8% and 96.8 ± 1.4%. Drug release from PP microspheres was observed as near zero order. The observed and predicted values of all responses were in close agreement with each other. End cap analysis and molar ratio of Lactic acid: Glycolic acid for formulated microspheres was found to be ester end cap and ∼75:25 respectively. The optimized PP microspheres were capable of releasing drug in vitro up to 28 days. The optimized novel PP injectable microspheres are having profound advantages over conventional oral drug delivery systems in treatment of schizophrenia.

A novel sprayable thermosensitive hydrogel coupled with zinc modified metformin promotes the healing of skin wound.

A novel sprayable adhesive is established (ZnMet-PF127) by the combination of a thermosensitive hydrogel (Pluronic F127, PF127) and a coordination complex of zinc and metformin (ZnMet). Here we demonstrate that ZnMet-PF127 potently promotes the healing of traumatic skin defect and burn skin injury by promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen formation. Furthermore, we find that ZnMet could inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through activation of autophagy, thereby protecting cell from oxidative stress induced damage and promoting healing of skin wound. ZnMet complex exerts better effects on promoting skin wound healing than ZnCl2 or metformin alone. ZnMet complex also displays excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli, which could reduce the incidence of skin wound infections. Collectively, we demonstrate that sprayable PF127 could be used as a new drug delivery system for treatment of skin injury. The advantages of this sprayable system are obvious: (1) It is convenient to use; (2) The hydrogel can cover irregular skin defect sites evenly in a liquid state. In combination with this system, we establish a novel sprayable adhesive (ZnMet-PF127) and demonstrate that it is a potential clinical treatment for traumatic skin defect and burn skin injury.

Dual-targeted and controlled release delivery of doxorubicin to breast adenocarcinoma: In vitro and in vivo studies

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic drug that belongs to the anthracyclines family. Cardiotoxicity is one of the main limiting factor of prescribing DOX. To reduce its side effects and enhance the drug delivery to the targeted tissues, we aimed to establish a new targeted and controlled release drug delivery system for treatment of breast cancer. In this article, we tried to synthesize a new nanoplatform consisted of DOX conjugate with hydrazide and disulfide bonds to the hyaluronic acid (HA). Firstly, 4,4′-Dithiodibutyric acid (DTBH) was conjugated with HA. Then, 3-aminophenyl boronic acid monohydrate (APBA) was conjugated with DTBH-HA. Subsequently, DOX was added to DTBH-HA-APBA. HA is a natural polymer with the ability to target CD44, a cell surface adhesion receptor, which are highly overexpressed on the surface of variety of cancer cells. Other targeting agent, APBA can target sialic acid on the cancer cells surface and improve the tumor uptake. Formation of The DTBH-HA-APBA conjugate was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Scanning emission electron microscopy (SEM) images of the DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA displayed a spherical shape with an average diameter of about 70 nm. In vitro drug release study showed considerably different release pattern of DOX from the formulation at acidic pH (5.4) which was higher than normal pH (7.4). Cellular uptake and cellular cytotoxicity analysis were examined in human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and mouse breast cancer cells (4T1) as positive cell lines and Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) as negative cell line. Results confirmed that there is a remarkable difference between dual-targeted (DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA) and single targeted (DOX-DTBH-HA) formulations in both positive cell lines regarding internalization and cytotoxicity. In vivo studies indicated that dual-targeted formulation has the best efficacy with minimum side effects in mouse model. Fluorescence imaging of organs revealed that DOX-DTBH-HA-APBA showed greater DOX accumulation compared with DOX-DTBH-HA and free DOX in tumor site. Also, pathological evaluation indicated that there is no observable cardiotoxicity with final formulation.

Boosting the anti-inflammatory effect of self-assembled hybrid lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles via hybridization with gold nanoparticles for the treatment of psoriasis: elemental mapping and in vivo modeling

Gold nanoparticles are a promising drug delivery system for treatment of inflammatory skin conditions, including psoriasis, due to their small size and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to conjugate gold nanoparticles with anti-psoriatic formulations that previously showed successful results in the treatment of psoriasis (tacrolimus-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and lecithin–chitosan nanoparticles) by virtue of their surface charges, then examine whether the hybridization with gold nanoparticles would enhance the anti-psoriatic efficacy in vivo. Successful formation of gold nanoparticles was examined by elemental mapping and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Hybrid conjugates were examined in terms of particle size and zeta potential by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Morphological features were captured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted, as well. All characterization was conducted for the conjugated nanoparticles and compared with their bare counterparts. The in vivo results on imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model showed promising anti-psoriatic effects upon application of gold conjugated tacrolimus-loaded lecithin–chitosan hybrid nanoparticles with a significant difference from the bare hybrid nanoparticles in some of the inflammatory markers. The anti-inflammatory effect of the gold conjugate was also evident by a lower spleen to body weight ratio and a better histopathological skin condition compared to other tested formulations.

Dual-targeted colon-based integrated micelle drug delivery system for treatment of ulcerative colitis

Emodin (EMO) is an active ingredient of Chinese traditional medicine with the potential to reportedly treat ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the solubility of EMO in water is poor coupled with low oral bioavailability, whilst existing conventional oral preparations of the drug lack targeting ability. Thus, this work sought to design and fabricate a mannose modified colon targeted micelle drug delivery system comprising quantum dots (QDs) and EMO to obtain Eu-CS-Man-Ps-P(HEMA-DMAM)/EMO-QDs, which exhibited stable physicochemical properties, smaller average sized droplets (226.22 ± 1.83 nm), better polydispersity (PDI = 0.060 ± 0.005), negative ζ-potential (−19.19 ± 0.89 mV) and high efficiency of encapsulation (95.14 ± 0.23%). We observed Eu-CS-Man-Ps-P(HEMA-DMAM)/EMO-QDs to be an effective approach for the improvement of EMO solubility in an aqueous medium with an increased oral bioavailability (3.23 times higher than native drug) of the drug. Besides, the micelle could increase the retention and release of EMO in colonic ulcers through multi-stage targeting, improve oral bioavailability, regulate the expression of inflammatory factors and repair damaged tissues, which helped us to achieve the design goal of integrated diagnosis and treatment of UC. Conclusively, the therapeutic effect of EMO was enhanced through an integrated micelle, which exhibited good prospects in improving solubility and oral biological availability.

Structural, thermal, vibrational, solubility and DFT studies of a tolbutamide co-amorphous drug delivery system for treatment of diabetes

Among the strategies for bioavailability improvement of poorly soluble drugs, co-amorphous systems have revealed to have a significant impact in the increase of the aqueous solubility of the drug, and at the same time increasing the amorphous state stability and dissolution rate when compared with the neat drug. Tolbutamide (TBM) is an oral hypoglycemic drug largely used in the treatment of type II Mellitus diabetes. TBM is a class II drug according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System, meaning that it has low solubility and higher permeability. The aim of this study was to synthesize a co-amorphous material of tolbutamide (TBM) with tromethamine (TRIS). Density functional theory (DFT), allowed to study the structural, electronic, and thermodynamic properties, as well as solvation effects. In same theory level, several interactions tests were performed to obtain the most thermodynamically favorable drug-coformer intermolecular interactions. The vibrational spectra (mid infrared and Raman spectroscopy) are in accordance with the theoretical studies, showing that the main molecular interactions are due to the carbonyl, sulfonyl, and amide groups of TMB and the alcohol and amine groups of TRIS. X-ray powder diffraction was used to study the physical stability in dry condition at 25 °C of the co-amorphous system, indicating that the material remained in an amorphous state up to 90 days. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric results showed a high increase of the Tg when compared with the amorphous neat drug, from 4.3 °C to 83.7 °C, which generally translated into good physical stability. Solubility studies demonstrated an increase in the solubility of TBM by 2.5 fold when compared with its crystalline counterpart.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Methotrexate-Polyethylene Glycol-Glutamic Acid Nanoconjugate as Targeted Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment

Introduction: Methotrexate (MTX) is used as a folic acid antagonist in the treatment of many human cancers. Attachment of hydrophilic ligands to MTX improves its efficacy due to reducing toxicity and enzymatic degradation and it also increases its in-vivo half-life. Materials and Methods: In the present study, pH-responsive nanoconjugates of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-glutamic acid methotrexate (mPEG-Glu-MTX) have been prepared and characterized using hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Glutamic acid is attached to the mPEG chain by the carboxylic group and to the MTX via an amide bond to the amine group. Results: The prepared nanoconjugate has the mean diameter ranging from 160 to 190 nm and, the drug release was significantly induced two times at the pH of 5.5 and 3.5 compared with pH 7.4 (P < 0.05). The prepared mPEG-Glu-MTX nanoconjugate showed toxicity similar to AGS, MDA, and MCF7 cell lines compared with the free form of MTX (P > 0.1), which indicates that the conjugation does not effect on the MTX cytotoxicity but is expected to be successful in the targeted delivery of MTX. Conclusion: The results show that manufactured nanoconjugates can be considered as an efficient drug delivery system in the treatment of cancer; however, further studies are needed on the targeting activity of this nanocarrier in in-vivo conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Flexible Liposome Embedded In Situ Thermoreversible Intranasal Gel of Rizatriptan Benzoate

The present study deals with formulation and evaluation of flexible liposome embedded thermoreversible in situ intranasal gel of rizatriptan benzoate. The flexible liposomes were formulated (F1-F9) and optimized with respect to percentage of ethanol and phospholipid to get optimum vesicle size and entrapment efficiency. The vesicles were characterized for their size, shape and zeta potential. The optimized stable vesicles were incorporated into in situ thermoreversible gel. The ex vivo permeation of drug through goat nasal mucosa was studied. The nasal mucosa used for drug permeation experiment was subjected to histopathological study to check for any damages. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study was carried out in Wistar rats. Vesicles size and entrapment efficiency of stable formulations (F2-F6) was varied from 71.2±14.16 to 199.3±26.03 nm and 72.98 % to 77.44 % respectively. The liposomes were nearly spherical in shape with zeta potential varied from -14.2±4.48 to -11.7±5.26 mV. The improved drug permeation and higher flux across nasal mucosa with enhancement ratio of 2.75 was observed for flexible liposomal thermoreversible gel F2 compared to normal thermoreversible hydrogel of drug. The histopathological study of nasal mucosa revealed that there was no damage to epithelial layer and was found to be intact. The area under the curve of optimized formulation (F2) was 3.98 and 1.53 times more than oral drug solution and intranasal gel respectively, confirming improvement in bioavailability. Thus present study concludes that flexible liposome enriched thermoreversible, mucoadhesive in situ intranasal gel of rizatriptan benzoate is a safe and effective drug delivery system for treatment of migraine.

Combined integrin \u03b1v\u03b23 and lactoferrin receptor targeted docetaxel liposomes enhance the brain targeting effect and anti-glioma effect

The integrin αvβ3 receptor and Lactoferrin receptor (LfR) are over-expressed in both cerebral microvascular endothelial cells and glioma cells. RGD tripeptide and Lf can specifically bind with integrin αvβ3 receptor and LfR, respectively. In our study, RGD and Lf dual-modified liposomes loaded with docetaxel (DTX) were designed to enhance the brain targeting effect and treatment of glioma. Our in vitro studies have shown that RGD-Lf-LP can significantly enhance the cellular uptake of U87 MG cells and human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) when compared to RGD modified liposomes (RGD-LP) and Lf modified liposomes (Lf-LP). Free RGD and Lf competitively reduced the cellular uptake of RGD-Lf-LP, in particular, free RGD played a main inhibitory effect on cellular uptake of RGD-Lf-LP in U87 MG cells, yet free Lf played a main inhibitory effect on cellular uptake of RGD-Lf-LP in hCMEC/D3 cells. RGD-Lf-LP can also significantly increase penetration of U87 MG tumor spheroids, and RGD modification plays a dominating role on promoting the penetration of U87 MG tumor spheroids. The results of in vitro BBB model were shown that RGD-Lf-LP-C6 obviously increased the transport of hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers, and Lf modification plays a dominating role on increasing the transport of hCMEC/D3 cell monolayers. In vivo imaging proved that RGD-Lf-LP shows stronger targeting effects for brain orthotopic gliomas than that of RGD-LP and Lf-LP. The result of tissue distribution confirmed that RGD-LF-LP-DTX could significantly increase brain targeting after intravenous injection. Furthermore, RGD-LF-LP-DTX (a dose of 5 mg kg−1 DTX) could significantly prolong the survival time of orthotopic glioma-bearing mice. In summary, RGD and LF dual modification are good combination for brain targeting delivery, RGD-Lf-LP-DTX could enhance brain targeting effects, and is thus a promising chemotherapeutic drug delivery system for treatment of glioma.Graphical abstract

Polymeric nano- and microparticulate drug delivery systems for treatment of biofilms.

Now-a-days healthcare systems face great challenges with antibiotic resistance and low efficacy of antibiotics when combating pathogenic bacteria and bacterial biofilms. Administration of an antibiotic in its free form is often ineffective due to lack of selectivity to the infectious site and breakdown of the antibiotic before it exerts its effect. Therefore, polymeric delivery systems, where the antibiotic is encapsulated into a formulation, have shown great promise, facilitating a high local drug concentration at the site of infection, a controlled drug release and less drug degradation. All this leads to improved therapeutic effects and fewer systemic side effects together with a lower risk of developing antibiotic resistance. Here, we review and provide a comprehensive overview of polymer-based nano- and microparticles as carriers for antimicrobial agents and their effect on eradicating bacterial biofilms. We have a main focus on polymeric particulates containing poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), chitosan and polycaprolactone, but also strategies involving combinations of these polymers are included. Different production techniques are reviewed and important parameters for biofilm treatment are discussed such as drug loading capacity, control of drug release, influence of particle size and mobility in biofilms. Additionally, we reflect on other promising future strategies for combating biofilms such as lipid-polymer hybrid particles, enzymatic biofilm degradation, targeted/triggered antibiotic delivery and future alternatives to the conventional particles.

Nanotechnology and Nanocarrier-Based Drug Delivery as the Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Glioblastoma Multiforme: An Update.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant brain tumor with poor prognosis. The heterogeneous and aggressive nature of GBMs increases the difficulty of current standard treatment. The presence of GBM stem cells and the blood brain barrier (BBB) further contribute to the most important compromise of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Current suggestions to optimize GBM patients' outcomes favor controlled targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to GBM cells through the BBB using nanoparticles and monoclonal antibodies. Nanotechnology and nanocarrier-based drug delivery have recently gained attention due to the characteristics of biosafety, sustained drug release, increased solubility, and enhanced drug bioactivity and BBB penetrability. In this review, we focused on recently developed nanoparticles and emerging strategies using nanocarriers for the treatment of GBMs. Current studies using nanoparticles or nanocarrier-based drug delivery system for treatment of GBMs in clinical trials, as well as the advantages and limitations, were also reviewed.

Quantitative Analysis of Eugenol in Clove Extract and Nanoparticle Formulation by a Validated High-Performance Thin-layer Chromatographic Method

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the aromatic compound of the essential oil with the potential to modulate neuronal excitability. Nose to brain route of drug delivery via nanoparticle formulation has emerged as an alternative route drug delivery system for treatment of epilepsy. A selective and sensitive analytical method is required for evaluation of eugenol-based novel drug delivery systems. The objective of present study is to develop and validate a high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the quantitative analysis of eugenol as bulk, in clove extract and in developed eugenol-loaded nanoparticle formulation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on silica gel pre-coated TLC aluminium plates 60F254, using methanol:distilled water (6:4, v/v) as the mobile phase. Quantitative analysis was carried out by densitometry at a wavelength of 280 nm. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines, to analyse eugenol in clove extract and to evaluate eugenol-loaded nanoparticles. Eugenol spots were observed at Rf value 0.58 ± 0.02. The detector response was linear (r = 0.9991) between 0.5 and 5.0 ng/spot. The intra- and inter-day precisions were 1.08–2.17 and 1.95-3.86 %, respectively. The limit of detection was 50 ng/spot and the limit of quantification was 150 ng/spot. The method proved to be simple, accurate, reproducible and rugged for eugenol. Evaluation of eugenol-loaded nanoparticle formulation demonstrated drug loading of 35.0%, encapsulation efficiency of 47.0% and sustained drug release following biphasic pattern. The present method is useful for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of eugenol and eugenol-loaded nanoparticle formulation. It provides significant advantages in terms of greater specificity and rapid analysis. © 2020 iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation. All rights reserved.

Drug release kinetics and biological properties of a novel local drug carrier system.

Background:The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate drug release kinetics and cytotoxicity of a novel drug delivery system for treatment of periodontitis.Materials and Methods:This in vitro study addresses the fabrication of a polycaprolactone/alginic acid-based polymeric film loaded with metronidazole, as a basic drug in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Films were prepared by solvent casting technique. Four formulations with different percentages of drug by weight (3%, 5%, 9%, and 13%) were prepared. Drug release kinetics were investigated using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy during (one week). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Cytotoxicity of drug-loaded system extracts was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using L929 cells after 24-h incubation. The results were evaluated according to ISO standard 10993-5 and assessed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests at a significance level of P < 0.05.Results:All polymeric films showed a burst drug release followed by a gradual release. Drug release data were fitted well with the first-order kinetic model in all drug-containing formulations indicating that drug release is a fraction of remaining drug in the matrix. Drug release is mainly driven by diffusion of medium into the composite matrix. 3%wt metronidazole-containing formulation exhibited the best MTT result.Conclusion:The findings of this study supported the synthesis of drug-loaded periodontal films with 3% metronidazole due to better biological properties along with the ability of acceptable drug release to eradicate anaerobic periodontal bacteria.

Current status of sorafenib nanoparticle delivery systems in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Advanced HCC displays strong resistance to chemotherapy, and traditional chemotherapy drugs do not achieve satisfactory therapeutic efficacy. Sorafenib is an oral kinase inhibitor that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis and induces cancer cell apoptosis. It also improves the survival rates of patients with advanced liver cancer. However, due to its poor solubility, fast metabolism, and low bioavailability, clinical applications of sorafenib have been substantially restricted. In recent years, various studies have been conducted on the use of nanoparticles to improve drug targeting and therapeutic efficacy in HCC. Moreover, nanoparticles have been extensively explored to improve the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib, and a variety of nanoparticles, such as polymer, lipid, silica, and metal nanoparticles, have been developed for treating liver cancer. All these new technologies have improved the targeted treatment of HCC by sorafenib and promoted nanomedicines as treatments for HCC. This review provides an overview of hot topics in tumor nanoscience and the latest status of treatments for HCC. It further introduces the current research status of nanoparticle drug delivery systems for treatment of HCC with sorafenib.

Palladium and platinum complexes of folic acid as new drug delivery systems for treatment of breast cancer cells

Cisplatin is administrated as an agent in treatment of various cancers by intercalation between DNA strands and inhibition of DNA replication. Among the various factors, two important reasons like inhibition of apoptosis by anti-apoptotic mechanisms and inability to distinguish normal cells from cancerous led us to synthesize two new complexes of platinum and palladium containing folic acid (FA). Following, the cytotoxic effects of complexes were studied using MTT assay in MCF-7 cells, then expression levels of Bak1, Bclx and Caspase-3 genes were elucidated by Real-time RT-PCR technique. Also, the behavior of complexes in the binding sites of folate receptor was described by molecular docking. All experiments have confirmed that presence of FA could improve cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cellular uptake of cisplatin in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, formation of 2,2′-bipyridine palladium(II) chelate with FA decreased the anti-apoptotic Bclx levels in comparison with cisplatin.

Oral erosive lichen planus with desquamative gingivitis: A case report- Innovative approaches and review of treatment modalities

Oral Lichen planus is a common immunological inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder. A 38-year-old female patient reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with the chief complaint of burning sensation of oral cavity and bleeding gums since one year. A provisional diagnosis of erosive lichen planus with desquamative gingivitis was given. After initial treatment, drug delivery tray for increased efficacy of drug at local level was considered. Maxillary and mandibular drug delivery trays were made and trimmed upto the level of marginal gingiva. 10mg Prednisolone tablet was crushed and mixed with normal saline and applied on the margins of both the trays. The trays were placed in the oral cavity such that the paste comes in contact with the marginal gingiva. The trays were kept in mouth in same position for 20 minutes. The patient was given instructions to repeat the procedure three times daily and was asked to report after 7 days. After 7 days there was 50% reduction in gingival erythema and burning sensation was reduced to (VAS 1/10). The patient was kept under periodic follow up since one year and is free of lesions. In the present case report we have explored the use of local drug delivery system for treatment of desquamative gingivitis in OLP and also have reviewed other new treatment modalities. Continuous development in management protocol for OLP is required due to recent in¬crease in the incidence of malignant transformation rate even in the non-risk population group. Keywords: Erosive OLP, Desquamative gingivitis, Local drug delivery trays, Newer treatment modalities.

Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles in Hypertension-Associated Kidney Disease.

Hypertension-mediated organ damage frequently includes renal function decline in which several mechanisms are involved. The present review outlines the state of the art on extracellular vesicles in hypertension and hypertension-related renal damage. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles, small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell communication and are key players mediating biological processes such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction or fibrosis, mechanisms present the onset and progression of hypertension-associated kidney disease. We address the potential use of extracellular vesicles as markers of hypertension-mediated kidney damage severity and their application as therapeutic agents in hypertension-associated renal damage. The capacity of exosomes to deliver a wide variety of cargos to the target cell efficiently makes them a potential drug delivery system for treatment of renal diseases.

Microneedles Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Cancer: A Recent Update.

Microneedles (MNs) are tiny needle like structures used in drug delivery through layers of the skin. They are non-invasive and are associated with significantly less or no pain at the site of administration to the skin. MNs are excellent in delivering both small and large molecules to the subjects in need thereof. There exist several strategies for drug delivery using MNs, wherein each strategy has its pros and cons. Research in this domain lead to product development and commercialization for clinical use. Additionally, several MN-based products are undergoing clinical trials to evaluate its safety, efficacy, and tolerability. The present review begins by providing bird’s-eye view about the general characteristics of MNs followed by providing recent updates in the treatment of cancer using MNs. Particularly, we provide an overview of various aspects namely: anti-cancerous MNs that work based on sensor technology, MNs for treatment of breast cancer, skin carcinoma, prostate cancer, and MNs fabricated by additive manufacturing or 3 dimensional printing for treatment of cancer. Further, the review also provides limitations, safety concerns, and latest updates about the clinical trials on MNs for the treatment of cancer. Furthermore, we also provide a regulatory overview from the “United States Food and Drug Administration” about MNs.

Recent progress in therapeutic drug delivery systems for treatment of traumatic CNS injuries.

Most therapeutics for the treatment of traumatic central nervous system injuries, such as traumatic brain injuryand spinal cord injury, encounter various obstacles in reaching the target tissue and exerting pharmacological effects, including physiological barriers like the blood-brain barrier and blood-spinal cord barrier, instability rapid elimination from the injured tissue or cerebrospinal fluid and off-target toxicity. For central nervous system delivery, nano- and microdrug delivery systems are regarded as the most suitable and promising carriers. In this review, the pathophysiology and biomarkers of traumatic central nervous system injuries (traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury) are introduced. Furthermore, various drug delivery systems, novel combinatorial therapies and advanced therapies for the treatment of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury are emphasized.