Droplet Morphology Research Articles

A Comprehensive Guide to the Development, Evaluation, and Future Prospects of Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems for Poorly Water-soluble Drugs.

Self-nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) are novel formulations that can enhance the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. SNEDDS are composed of lipids, surfactants, co-solvents, and drugs and can spontaneously form nanoemulsions when mixed with water under mild agitation. SNEDDS can be formulated as liquid or solid dosage forms and can improve drug absorption by increasing the interfacial area, protecting the drug from degradation, and facilitating lymphatic transport. SNEDDS is characterized by various parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, droplet morphology, emulsification efficiency, drug solubility, and stability. SNEDDS offers several advantages over conventional dosage forms, such as dose reduction, faster onset of action, reduced variability, versatility, and ease of formulation. However, SNEDDS also face some limitations and challenges, such as drug precipitation, cost-effectiveness, compatibility with capsule shells, and lack of predictive in vitro models. SNEDDS has a promising future in the field of pharmaceuticals, especially for personalized medicine and targeted drug delivery.

Role of elasticity on polymeric droplet generation and morphology in microfluidic cross-junctions

Recently, our direct numerical simulations [Duan et al., Phys. Fluids 36, 033112 (2024)] showed that fluid elasticity affects the extension length and pinch-off time of the droplet formation process, thus changing the flow pattern. However, the effect of fluid elasticity on the morphology and properties of polymeric droplets is not yet fully understood. In this work, by analyzing the stretched state of the polymer macromolecule and the velocity distribution of the flow process, we find that the increase in fluid elasticity (characterized by the relaxation time) inhibits the contraction of the dispersed phase during droplet pinching and resists the effect of surface tension after droplet generation, which significantly affects the droplet geometry, volume, and generation frequency. The results demonstrate that the length and volume of polymeric droplets increase with the relaxation time of the polymer fluid, while the generation frequency decreases. Meanwhile, the effects of polymer viscosity and the superficial velocity ratio of the continuous to the dispersed phase on the droplets' morphology are investigated. The semi-empirical models for the length, volume, and generation frequency of polymeric droplets are developed for the first time by considering the elastic interaction. The purpose of our work is to provide a better understanding and experimental guidance for controlling the parameters of polymeric droplets with viscoelasticity of different shapes and sizes.

Senp7 deficiency impairs lipid droplets maturation in white adipose tissues via Plin4 deSUMOylation

Lipid metabolism is important for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Several members of the SUMO-specific protease (SENP) family have been reported as the regulators of lipid homeostasis. However, the function of Senp7 in lipid metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we generated both conventional and adipocyte-specific Senp7 knockout mice to characterize the role of Senp7 in lipid metabolism homeostasis. Both Senp7-deficient mice displayed reduced white adipose tissue mass and decreased size of adipocytes. By analyzing the lipid droplet morphology, we demonstrated that the lipid droplet size was significantly smaller in Senp7-deficient adipocytes. Mechanistically, Senp7 could deSUMOylate the perilipin family protein Plin4 to promote the lipid droplet localization of Plin4. Our results reveal an important role of Senp7 in the maturation of lipid droplets via Plin4 deSUMOylation.

Inactivation Mechanisms of Escherichia coli in Simulants of Respiratory and Environmental Aerosol Droplets

The airborne transmission of disease relies on the ability of microbes to survive aerosol transport and, subsequently, cause infection when interacting with a host. The length of time airborne microorganisms remain infectious in aerosol droplets is a function of numerous variables. We present measurements of mass and heat transfer from liquid aerosol droplets combined with airborne survival data for Escherichia coli MRE162, an ACDP category 1 microorganism used as a model system, under a wide range of environmental conditions, droplet compositions and microbiological conditions. In tandem, these companion measurements demonstrate the importance of understanding the complex relationship between aerosol microphysics and microbe survival. Specifically, our data consist of the correlation of a wide range of physicochemical properties (e.g., evaporation rates, equilibrium water content, droplet morphology, compositional changes in droplet solute and gas phase, etc.), with airborne viability decay to infer the impact of aerosol microphysics on airborne bacterial survival. Thus, a mechanistic approach to support prediction of the survival of microorganisms in the aerosol phase as a function of biological, microphysical, environmental, and experimental (aerosol-generation and sampling) processes is presented. Specific findings include the following: surfactants do not increase bacteria stability in aerosol, while both the bacteria growth phase and bacteria concentration may affect the rate at which bacteria decay in aerosol.

On the effective thermal conductivity of gallium-based liquid metal filled elastomers

Gallium based alloys are liquid at ambient temperature, combining both metal-like high thermal conductivity and fluidity characteristics, which contributes to their applications in thermal management, soft robotics, stretchable electronics and etc. A great number of experimental researches have been performed in preparing Ga-based liquid metal filled elastomers (LMFEs) with various constituent systems, processing techniques, droplet morphology and filler sizes in attempt to obtain the best thermal conductive efficiency. The thermal conductive mechanisms in these LMFEs are still lacking a comprehensive understanding up to date, and therefore the present work aimed to conduct a thorough analysis on this topic using both theoretical models and finite element method (FEM) simulations. The predictability of four classic micromechanics models was compared with the experiments and FEM simulations, and their relevant thermal conductive principles were identified from the simulated thermal flux evolution. Some deficiencies of these analytical models are identified and amended by reconsidering their special architectures. This work is favorable for establishing a general and quantitative relationship between the effective thermal conductivity and microstructures for most of the synthesized LMFEs available in the literatures.

Scale-Resolving Simulation of Shock-Induced Aerobreakup of Water Droplet

Two different scale-resolving simulation (SRS) approaches to turbulence modeling and simulation are used to predict the breakup of a spherical water droplet in air, due to the impact of a traveling plane shock wave. The compressible flow governing equations are solved by means of a finite volume-based numerical method, with the volume-of-fluid technique being employed to track the air–water interface on the dynamically adaptive mesh. The three-dimensional analysis is performed in the shear stripping regime, examining the drift, deformation, and breakup of the droplet for a benchmark flow configuration. The comparison of the present SRS results against reference experimental and numerical data, in terms of both droplet morphology and breakup dynamics, provides evidence that the adopted computational methods have significant practical potential, being able to locally reproduce unsteady small-scale flow structures. These computational models offer viable alternatives to higher-fidelity, more costly methods for engineering simulations of complex two-phase turbulent compressible flows.

Influence of physico-chemical properties of two lipoxin emulsion-loaded hydrogels on pre-polarized macrophages: a comparative analysis.

Inflammation, a crucial defense mechanism, must be rigorously regulated to prevent the onset of chronic inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Specialized pro resolving mediators (SPMs) such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4) have demonstrated their ability to facilitate the resolution of inflammation by orchestrating a transition of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. However, the hydrophobic and chemically labile nature of LXA4 necessitates the development of a delivery system capable of preserving its integrity for clinical applications. In this study, two types of emulsion were formulated using different homogenization processes:mechanical overhead stirrer (MEB for blank Emulsion and MELX for LXA4 loaded-Emulsion) or Luer-lock syringes (SEB for blank Emulsion and SELX for LXA4 loaded-Emulsion)). Following characterization, including size and droplet morphology assessment by microscopy, the encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). To exert control over LXA4 release, these emulsions were embedded within silanized hyaluronic acid hydrogels. A comprehensive evaluation, encompassing gel time, swelling, and degradation profiles under acidic, basic, and neutral conditions, preceded the assessment of LXA4 cumulative release using LC-MS/MS. Physicochemical results indicate that H-MELX (Mechanical overhead stirrer LXA4 Emulsion loaded-Hydrogel) exhibits superior efficiency over H-SELX (Luer-lock syringes LXA4 Emulsion loaded-Hydrogel). While both formulations stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and promoted a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, LXA4 emulsion-loaded hydrogels displayed a diminished pro-inflammatory activity compared to blank emulsion-loaded hydrogels. These findings highlight the biological efficacy of LXA4 within both systems, with H-SELX outperforming H-MELX in terms of efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first successful demonstration of the biological efficacy of LXA4 emulsion-loaded hydrogel systems on macrophage polarization. These versatile H-MELX and H-SELX formulations can be customized to enhance their biological activity making them promising tools to promote the resolution of inflammation in diverse clinical applications.

Study on the influence of collision conditions on the surface morphology of compound droplets

In this study, a three-dimensional compound droplet collision numerical model is established by using volume of fluid. The morphological evolution of compound hollow droplets affected by high-speed solid droplet was studied in detail. Parameterized analysis is conducted on the velocity VS, center distance ϕ, and diameter ζ of high-speed small droplets. Through the analysis of the compound droplets flow field, it is found that the broken mode of compound droplets is caused by the increase in Pn (dimensionless pressure) and θ (velocity angle). The results show that the surface Pn of compound droplets is positively correlated with the velocity VS of high-speed small droplets, while there is a more complex relationship with the dimensionless center distance ϕ and dimensionless diameter ζ. When the values of ϕ and ζ are appropriate, Pn can reach its maximum value. The broken mode of compound droplets can be divided into three categories: shear deformation, shear crushing, and violent crushing.

Morphological analysis of mechanically recycled blends of high density polyethylene and polypropylene with strong difference in melt flow index

Polyolefin (PO) blends are difficult to separate due to density and chemical structure similarities. The associated waste treatment in the context of mechanical recycling is therefore complicated by the establishment of multi-phase morphologies that are not yet fully understood. In the present work, a high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a very high melt flow index (MFI) and a polypropylene (PP) with a very low MFI are deliberately mingled to better understand the full spectrum of morphological variations for PO blending. The linkage with the control over injection mold-based mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength is made. This is done supported by the connecting of experimental analyses at different scales, including (i) the molecular scale via size exclusion chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and (ii) the meso-scale via scanning electron and polarized light microscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry, including a differentiation between the bulk and surface region. Emphasis is both on blends processed once and re-processed either once, twice or three times. For the single processing, it is demonstrated that in most cases a droplet morphology is obtained, with smaller droplets in case HDPE is the minor component and with a dominance of HDPE at the surface even for 60% PP, due to a better HDPE flowability. It is further shown that the scission of PP chains and crosslinking of HDPE chains respectively facilitates and inhibits crystallization, at least if meso-scale -mixing as more evident during re-processing is not taking over. It is also highlighted that the properties of PP can be enhanced by adding up to 10 wt% HDPE, acting as a filler, and that the (ideally) reprocessed blends remain suitable for application.

Kinetics-based wetting properties of microdroplets impacting respirable coal dust particles

The removal of respirable coal dust particles has been the focus of domestic and foreign research, and the spray dust suppression technology has been adopted for the prevention and control process; it is based on the mechanism whereby liquid droplets impact dust particles. To further study the wetting properties of microdroplets impacting respirable coal dust particles based on kinetics, this study focused on the droplet morphology, and mathematical and physical models of a microdroplet impacting a respirable coal dust particle were established to explore the variation laws of the droplet spreading and wetting under central and non-central impacts, for which the CLSVOF numerical simulation approach was adopted. The results showed the occurrence of gas retention at the phase interface, which affected the droplet wetting characteristics on the coal dust surface, after the contact between the liquid and dust particles. The influence of the impact velocity, particle size ratio, contact angle, and offset distance on the droplet spreading behavior was investigated by comparative analysis of 12 working conditions with different parameters. The droplets can completely wrap the coal dust particles under only one working condition parameter (V = 5m/s,Φ = 2,θ = 90°,L = 0 μm). The microdroplets are extremely difficult to wet respirable coal dust particles and the spreading behavior of the final droplet could be divided into three states: static adsorption, complete encapsulation and permanent escape. Our results can help better understand the wetting relationship between microdroplets and respirable coal dust particles, serving as a basis for dust prevention and control.

Dynamically reconfigurable complex liquid crystal emulsions

ABSTRACT Complex emulsions, containing liquid crystals (LCs) and immiscible oils such as fluorocarbon or silicone oils, present innovative functionalities in soft materials. These emulsions exhibit dynamic reconfiguration in droplet morphology and internal LC organisation, expanding applications in optics, sensing, and active matter. This review highlights the evolution and potential of LC-containing complex emulsions. Emphasis is placed on emulsions featuring dynamic and reversible morphological transformations and LC reorganisation, underpinning their suitability for tunable micro-lenses, chemical sensing, and biosensing. Nematic LCs within complex emulsions allow for topological defect-driven functionalization, attaching antibodies to induce substantial changes in the LC director field upon interfacial recognition events. This feature may facilitate the development of ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensors. Moreover, cholesteric LCs, through their selective reflection, enable the rapid and sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens. The controlled assembly of magnetic nanoparticles at interfaces illustrates advancements towards magnetic field-responsive and active colloids. Future perspectives include exploiting these properties for intelligent colloidal systems capable of autonomous behaviour, and furthering applications in dynamic photonic devices, high-security identification tags, and responsive lens systems.

Droplet coalescence in coupled shear and electric fields: A molecular dynamics study

Water droplet coalescence in coupled flow and electric fields is a phenomenon extensively observed in petrochemical, microfluidic, and chemical synthesis processes; however, the existing research in this domain lacks the necessary depth. This paper employs a molecular dynamics approach to elucidate the microscopic mechanisms governing droplet aggregation in water-in-oil emulsions. The investigation spans various shear rates and droplet angles, considering droplet morphology and molecular interactions. The study reveals an interrelation between shear rate and droplet angle effects on droplet coalescence, both seeking to understand the impact of the flow field's shear effect on the electrocoalescence of water droplets. Increasing the shear rate proves advantageous to droplet aggregation up to a certain threshold; however, complete coalescence is hindered beyond the critical shear rate, γ = 7.5 × 109 s−1. Augmenting the droplet angle amplifies the shear force exerted by the flow field on the droplets, while diminishing the radial electric field force. Consequently, an optimal droplet angle of θ = 25° facilitates comprehensive droplet merging. The analysis of the coalescence process, interaction energy, charge density and radial distribution function shows that the approximate process of droplet motion is as follows: the shear effect drives the droplets to approach, and then the directional migration of charge and electrostatic attraction between water molecules drive the coalescence. The existence of a moderate shear effect enables complete droplet coalescence. This study offers theoretical guidance for the exploration of dynamic electrocoalescence technology.

Wetting Behavior of Kerogen Surfaces: Insights from Molecular Dynamics.

In this study, the wettability of a kerogen surface, a key component of shale reservoirs, is investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we examined the impact of droplet size and morphology as well as surface roughness on the water contact angles. The findings highlighted that the contact angle dependency on the droplet size intensifies with increased rigidity of the surface. Conversely, as the surface becomes more flexible and rougher, it gains hydrophilicity. The higher hydrophilicity stems from the ability of water molecules to penetrate the kerogen corrugations and form more hydrogen bonds with heteroatoms, particularly oxygen. Notably, the contact angle of kerogen hovers between 65 and 75°, thereby crossing the transition from an underoil hydrophilic to an underoil hydrophobic state. Consequently, minor alterations in the kerogen nanostructure can dramatically alter the wetting preference between water and oil. This insight is of paramount significance for refining strategies in managing fluid interactions in shale reservoirs such as geological carbon storage or oil extraction.

Unraveling Partial Coalescence Between Droplet and Oil-Water Interface in Water-in-Oil Emulsions under a Direct-Current Electric Field via Molecular Dynamics Simulation.

When the electric field strength (E) surpasses a certain threshold, secondary droplets are generated during the coalescence between water droplets in oil and the oil-water interface (so-called the droplet-interface partial coalescence phenomenon), resulting in a lower efficiency of droplet electrocoalescence. This study employs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the droplet-interface partial coalescence phenomenon under direct current (DC) electric fields. The results demonstrate that intermolecular interactions, particularly the formation of hydrogen bonds, play a crucial role in dipole-dipole coalescence. Droplet-interface partial coalescence is categorized into five regimes based on droplet morphology. During the contact and fusion of the droplet with the water layer, the dipole moment of the droplet exhibits alternating increases and decreases along the electric field direction. Electric field forces acting on sodium ions and the internal interactions within droplets promote the process of droplet-interface partial coalescence. High field strengths cause significant elongation of the droplet, leading to its fragmentation into multiple segments. The migration of hydrated ions has a dual impact on the droplet-interface partial coalescence, with both facilitative and suppressive effects. The time required for droplet-interface partial coalescence initially decreases and subsequently increases as the field strength increases, depending on the competitive relationship between the extent of droplet stretching and the electric field force. This work provides molecular insights into the droplet-interface coalescence mechanisms in water-in-oil emulsions under DC electric fields.

Effect of Surfactants on the Splashing Dynamics of Drops Impacting Smooth Substrates.

We present the results of a systematic study elucidating the role that dynamic surface tension has on the spreading and splashing dynamics of surfactant-laden droplets during the impact on hydrophobic substrates. Using four different surfactants at various concentrations, we generated a range of solutions whose dynamic surface tension were characterized to submillisecond timescales using maximum bubble-pressure tensiometry. Impact dynamics of these solutions were observed by high-speed imaging with subsequent quantitative image processing to determine the impact parameters (droplet size and speed) and dynamic wetting properties (dynamic contact angle). Droplets were slowly formed by dripping to allow the surfactants to achieve equilibrium at the free surface prior to impact. Our results indicate that while only the fastest surfactants appreciably affect the maximum spreading diameter, the droplet morphology during the initial stages of spreading is different to water for all surfactant solutions studied. Moreover, we show that surfactant-laden droplets splash more easily than pure liquid (water). Based on the association of the splashing ratio to our tensiometry measurements, we are able to predict the effective surface tension acting during splashing. These results suggest that droplet splashing characteristics are primarily defined by the stretching of the equilibrated droplet free surface.

Stability of n‐hexadecane phase change material emulsions using sugar‐based surfactants and the HLD platform

AbstractStoring thermal energy and using renewable energy are some of the most important challenges humanity faces today. Using phase change materials (PCM) is a suitable solution to prevent heat loss. PCM emulsions (PCMEs) have several advantages and are specifically applied in heat exchangers. Here, the formulation of these emulsions, the type of surfactants, and their composition based on freeze–thaw cycle stability are investigated. The Hydrophilic–Lipophilic‐Deviation (HLD) platform is used for this purpose. Considering the importance of stability during temperature changes in PCMEs, three types of surfactants that have different behaviors with respect to temperature are used: ethoxylates, ionics, and sugar‐based surfactants. By performing freeze–thaw cycles on emulsions made by individual surfactants, after 10 freeze–thaw cycles it was observed that the oil separation in each of the samples containing polysorbate80, AOT, lauryl‐myristyl‐alcohol‐polyethylene‐glycol‐ether, SDS, sorbitan‐monooleate, and decylglucoside occurred at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 10th‐cycle, respectively. Therefore, the sorbitan‐monooleate and decylglucoside had better freeze–thaw cycle stability compared to the others because of their non‐sensitivity to temperature. We also applied the emulsion cycle stability with two combinations of surfactants: (1) polysorbate80 and sorbitan‐monooleate, (2) decylglucoside and sorbitan‐monooleate. The former, despite the effect of temperature, showed no oil phase separation in the nine freeze–thaw cycles, but in the latter, the oil phase separation occurred in the 5th‐cycle. This study shows that synergism of surfactants is the most important factor in the stability of emulsions. To better explore these emulsion systems, the storage stability, freeze–thaw stability, droplet morphology, and viscosity tests were performed on different samples at various HLD values.

Evaporation of nonspherical droplets on chemically patterned substrate considering gravity: A computational study

A liquid–solid interaction-based dynamic mesh model simulated evaporation of nonspherical droplets on a patterned substrate. The model includes contact angle hysteresis, ensuring droplets’ initial morphology follows minimum energy principles. The evaporation model was validated against experiments with both spherical and nonspherical droplets. Investigation of 70μL droplets under three gravity conditions revealed distinct morphological behavior: the sessile droplet exhibited increasing interfacial curvature radially, the pendant droplet showed decreasing curvature, and the microgravity droplet maintained nearly constant curvature. Droplet morphology affected flow and temperature distributions during the CCR mode at different substrate temperatures. The pendant droplet exhibited higher interfacial temperature difference and average velocity at Tw=298.15K, while the sessile droplet had the highest values at Tw=328.15K. Evaporative flux distribution differed, with the pendant droplet having higher flux near the top, and the sessile droplet near the contact line. Entering the CCA mode reduced morphology’s influence on evaporation, converging evaporative flux and rate among droplets. This study confirms that gravity enhanced droplet evaporation, and a proportional relationship exists between evaporation rate and the square root of the evaporative surface area for droplets in the same evaporation mode.

Droplet evaporation on two-tier hierarchical micro-pillar array surface

As surface modification becomes a promising approach to thermal management, quantifying effects of surface structure geometrical dimension is of great significance to optimize heat transfer performance. In this paper, we emphatically report droplet evaporation on three types of two-tier hierarchical micro-pillar array (THM) surfaces. Utilizing the lattice Boltzmann model, evaporation characteristics including droplet morphology, triple-phase contact line (TPCL) behavior, liquid–vapor interface evolution and heat flux distribution are elucidated. In comparison to single-tier micro-pillar array (SM) surfaces, THM surfaces enable remarkable enhancement in heat transfer when secondary pillars are configured on the side of the primary pillar or configured parallelly to the primary pillar on the substrate, which is attributed to the synergistic effect of TPCL evaporation and liquid–vapor interface evaporation. The varying trend of droplet lifetime with the primary pillar geometrical dimension on all THM surfaces are also summarized, giving a guideline for optimization of heat dissipation by tailoring structures.

In-situ quantification of dispersity and sphericity of uranyl nitrate sol droplets using holographic imaging

Uniform-sized and highly spherical nuclear fuel microspheres are pivotal components in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors. In the manufacturing process of microspheres through external gelation, monodispersed droplets with high sphericity at the dispersion stage establishes the fundamental basis for the subsequent production of superior-quality microspheres. Addressing the monitoring requirements for droplet size and sphericity in dispersion process, this study develops a measurement apparatus based on digital in-line holography. The apparatus records droplet holograms within distances ranging from 96 mm to 183 mm, achieving imaging resolutions between 64 lp/mm to 32 lp/mm. Droplet measurements are conducted for nine operational conditions encompassing varied excitation frequencies and liquid flow rates. Observation under various dispersion parameters reveals diverse droplet morphologies. Polydisperse conditions manifest an abundance of satellite droplets, agglomerated droplets, coalesced droplets, and deformed droplets. The statistical results indicate that at 100 Hz, monodisperse droplets with high sphericity are produced, exhibiting a standard deviation below 30 μm. Moreover, droplet sizes demonstrate a deviation from theoretical calculations within 2.5%. Additionally, preliminary measurements are conducted during the dispersion process of a six-nozzle head, confirming the accuracy on locating droplets of the holographic system within a depth range of more than 30 mm.

Electric manipulation on deformation of ionic ferrofluid sessile droplets.

Active electric-driven droplet manipulation in digital microfluidics constitutes a promising domain owing to the unique and programmable wettability inherent in sessile ionic droplets. The coupling between the electric field and flow field enables precise control over wetting characteristics and droplet morphology. This study delves into the deformation phenomena of ionic sessile ferrofluid droplets in ambient air induced by uniform electric fields. Under the assumption of a pinned mode throughout the process, the deformation is characterized by variations in droplet height and contact angle in response to the applied electric field intensity. A numerical model is formulated to simulate the deformation dynamics of ferrofluid droplets, employing the phase field method for tracking droplet deformation. The fidelity of the numerical outcomes is assessed through the validation process, involving a comparison of droplet geometric deformations with corresponding experimental results. The impact of the electric field on the deformation of dielectric droplets is modulated by parameters such as electric field strength and droplet size. Through meticulously designed experiments, the substantial influence of both field strength and droplet size is empirically verified, elucidating the behavior of ionic sessile droplets. Considering the interplay of electric force, viscous force, and interfacial tension, the heightened field intensity is observed to effectively reduce the contact angle, augment droplet height, and intensify internal droplet flow. Under varying electric field conditions, droplets assume diverse shapes, presenting a versatile approach for microfluidic operations. The outcomes of this research hold significant guiding implications for microfluidic manipulation, droplet handling, and sensing applications.