Morphological analysis of mechanically recycled blends of high density polyethylene and polypropylene with strong difference in melt flow index

Abstract

Polyolefin (PO) blends are difficult to separate due to density and chemical structure similarities. The associated waste treatment in the context of mechanical recycling is therefore complicated by the establishment of multi-phase morphologies that are not yet fully understood. In the present work, a high density polyethylene (HDPE) with a very high melt flow index (MFI) and a polypropylene (PP) with a very low MFI are deliberately mingled to better understand the full spectrum of morphological variations for PO blending. The linkage with the control over injection mold-based mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity modulus, elongation at break, and impact strength is made. This is done supported by the connecting of experimental analyses at different scales, including (i) the molecular scale via size exclusion chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and (ii) the meso-scale via scanning electron and polarized light microscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry, including a differentiation between the bulk and surface region. Emphasis is both on blends processed once and re-processed either once, twice or three times. For the single processing, it is demonstrated that in most cases a droplet morphology is obtained, with smaller droplets in case HDPE is the minor component and with a dominance of HDPE at the surface even for 60% PP, due to a better HDPE flowability. It is further shown that the scission of PP chains and crosslinking of HDPE chains respectively facilitates and inhibits crystallization, at least if meso-scale -mixing as more evident during re-processing is not taking over. It is also highlighted that the properties of PP can be enhanced by adding up to 10 wt% HDPE, acting as a filler, and that the (ideally) reprocessed blends remain suitable for application.