Breath Test Research Articles

Nanowire Array Breath Acetone Sensor for Diabetes Monitoring.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute complication of diabetes characterized by the accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood. Breath acetone, a ketone, directly correlates with blood ketones. Therefore, monitoring breath acetone can significantly enhance the safety and efficacy of diabetes care. In this work, the design and fabrication of an InP/Pt/chitosan nanowire array-based chemiresistive acetone sensor is reported. By incorporation of chitosan as a surface-functional layer and a Pt Schottky contact for efficient charge transfer processes and photovoltaic effect, self-powered, highly selective acetone sensing is achieved. The sensor has exhibited an ultra-wide acetone detection range from sub-ppb to >100 000ppm level at room temperature, covering those in the exhaled breath from healthy individuals (300-800ppb) to people at high risk of DKA (>75ppm). The nanowire sensor has also been successfully integrated into a handheld breath testing prototype, the Ketowhistle, which can successfully detect different ranges of acetone concentrations insimulated breath samples. The Ketowhistle demonstrates the immediate potential for non-invasive ketone monitoring for people living with diabetes, in particular for DKA prevention.

Role of H.pylori in Chronic Sore Throat by Using H.pylori Line.

Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the oropharynx. Pharyngitis may be caused by an infectious or noninfectious disease. Noninfectious diseases of pharynx include allergies, trauma, cancer, reflux and certain toxins. Infection with H. Pylori is associated with developing chronic sore throat, gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma. There are many different investigations to diagnose H pylori as H pylori antigen in blood and stool, urea breath test but, H. Pylori line is a new test for detection of the virulent strains. There are many lines of H pylori therapy in the form of PPIs and antibiotics for about two weeks. This study aimed to detect role of H pylori in chronic pharyngitis. 85 patients who had chronic pharyngitis with normal CBC, WBCS, lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophils with negative ASO titer and throat swab. These patients did H pylori line to detect H pylori virulent antigen. 77 patients with chronic pharyngitis are positive H pylori and after medical treatment 68 patients became negative. H. Pylori line is a new test for detection of the virulent strains and screening H pylori carrier at risk of developing gastric and duodenal ulcers as well as cancer.

Comparison of vonoprazan-based dual therapy with vonoprazan-based bismuth quadruple therapy for treatment-naive patients with Helicobacter pylori infection: A propensity score matching analysis.

Vonoprazan, a novel acid suppressant and the first potassium-competitive acid blocker, has the potential to enhance the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori due to its robust acid-suppressing capacity. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of vonoprazan-based dual therapy (vonoprazan-amoxicillin, VA) with vonoprazan-based bismuth quadruple therapy (VBQT) as a first-line treatment for H pylori infection. This retrospective single-center non-inferiority study was conducted in China. Treatment-naive H pylori-positive patients aged 18 to 80 received one of the 2 treatment regimens at our center. The VA group received vonoprazan 20 mg twice daily and amoxicillin 1000 mg 3 times daily for 14 days, whereas the VBQT group received vonoprazan 20 mg, amoxicillin 1000 mg, clarithromycin 500 mg, and bismuth potassium citrate 220 mg twice daily for 14 days. The eradication rate was evaluated 4 to 6 weeks after treatment using the carbon-13/14 urea breath test. Propensity score matching was used to analyze eradication rates, adverse events (AEs), and patient compliance between the 2 groups. Initially, 501 patients were included, and after propensity score analysis, 156 patients were selected for the study. Intention-to-treat analysis showed eradication rates of 87.2% (95% CI, 79.8-94.6%) for the VA group and 79.5% (95% CI, 70.5-88.4%) for the VBQT group (P = .195). Per-protocol analysis demonstrated rates of 94.4% (95% CI, 89.2-99.7%) for the VA group and 96.8% (95% CI, 92.4-100%) for the VBQT group (P = .507). Non-inferiority was confirmed between the 2 groups, with P values < .025. The VA group showed a lower rate of AEs (10.3% vs 17.9%, P = .250) compared to the VBQT group. There were no significant differences in patient compliance between the 2 groups. In treatment-naive patients with H pylori infection, both the 14-day VA and VBQT regimens demonstrated comparable efficacy, with excellent eradication rates. Moreover, due to reduced antibiotic usage, lower rate of AEs, and lower costs, VA dual therapy should be prioritized.

Prevalence and factors associated with driving under the influence of alcohol in Brazil

Objectives To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol (DUIA) among car drivers and motorcyclists in Brazil and to evaluate the association between DUIA and self-reported Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) in these groups. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from adults aged 18 or older who participated in the 2019 National Health Survey. Probability sampling was used to recruit participants, and data collection was carried out through home visits. Data from 31,246 car drivers and 21,896 motorcyclists were analyzed. Key indicators included the proportion (%) of car drivers who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months and the proportion (%) of motorcyclists who consumed alcohol and then drove in the past 12 months. Multiple Poisson regression was used to determine factors associated with DUIA and the association of this variable with RTIs in both groups. Results DUIA prevalence was 9.4% (95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 8.8–10.0) among car drivers and 11.2% (95% CI = 10.4–12.1) among motorcyclists. Among car drivers, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those without a spouse/partner, and lower in individuals with lower income and education level. Among motorcyclists, DUIA prevalence was higher in men, young adults, those living outside the capitals and metropolitan regions, and lower in individuals with lower income. DUIA increased the prevalence of self-reported RTIs in the previous 12 months among car drivers and motorcyclists. Conclusions A high prevalence of DUIA was evident among drivers, particularly motorcyclists. The DUIA was more prevalent among men and young adults. The DUIA was associated with an increased magnitude of self-reported RTIs among car drivers and motorcyclists. Despite the extensive legislation for zero tolerance toward DUIA in the country, actions need stricter enforcement.

Sex differences and driving impairment related to psychoactive substances

Objective The first aim of the study was to identify sex differences in the use of psychoactive substances among subjects with a previous driving under the influence (DUI) episode. The secondary objective was to propose specific strategies for medico-legal improvements. Methods This was a retrospective observational study that took place between June 1, 2019, and August 31, 2023. It was conducted on DUI subjects examined for reinstatement of their driver’s license using an integrated medico-legal and toxicological approach. Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and illicit psychoactive substances were determined from hair samples. We performed descriptive statistical analyses for the entire sample as well as separately by sex. Additionally, we conducted binary logistic regression analyses separately for males and females to identify protective/risk factors associated with previous road accidents and judgments of unfitness to drive due to excessive alcohol consumption (EtG ≥ 30 pg/mg). Results The study included 2,221 subjects, comprising 1,970 men and 251 women. Men exhibited a higher prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit psychoactive substance use. Women were more frequently co-users of alcohol and psychoactive substances and involved in road accidents at the time of DUI. Among the men, being married or having a partner was found to be a protective factor concerning past traffic accidents. For both sexes, a DUI episode with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeding 1.5 g/L or the co-ingestion of alcohol and drugs was identified as a risk factor for road accident involvement. For men, smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day and, for women, having a DUI episode with a BAC over 1.5 g/L were the main factors indicating unfitness to drive, as determined through high hair EtG levels (> 30 pg/mg). Women with a previous history of road accidents were less likely to have EtG levels of 30 pg/mg or more. Conclusions The study confirmed sex differences in subjects with a previous DUI episode. A BAC exceeding 1.5 g/L or the simultaneous use of alcohol and drugs at the time of DUI necessitate careful assessment of both men and women seeking driver’s license reinstatement. In women, a BAC exceeding 1.5 g/L is considered a risk factor for a subsequent judgment of unfitness to drive. The medico-legal assessment should also involve a thorough investigation of smoking habits in men, as these habits could be related to an increased risk of excessive alcohol consumption.

Deficiencias enzimáticas intestinales y malabsorción. Intolerancias y alergias alimentarias. Otras causas de malabsorción intestinal. Síndromes linfoproliferativos y enfermedades sistémicas

Food intolerances are a group of non-immune-mediated adverse reactions to food that progress with digestive symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal distension as well as extra-digestive symptoms. In the case of lactose or fructose intolerance, a diagnosis is made with additional tests such as, for example, a breath test. In non-celiac gluten intolerance, the diagnosis is clinical after ruling out celiac disease or a wheat allergy. The treatment of these conditions involves dietary restriction of the component that generates the intolerance.There are malabsorption syndromes triggered by systemic diseases such as amyloidosis, Whipple's disease, or lymphoproliferative syndromes such as intestinal T-cell lymphoma, immunoproliferative small bowel disease, or intestinal involvement of graft-versus-host disease. Digestive symptoms usually include diarrhea, anorexia, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Treatment is aimed at the underlying disease in addition to the correction of nutritional deficiencies. Abetalipoproteinemia is a genetic disease in which there is malabsorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Its treatment involves nutrient replenishment.

Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota after bismuth quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication.

A novel regimen with high-dose dual therapy (HDDT) has emerged, but its impact on the gut microbiota is not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of HDDT on the gut microbiota and compareit with that of bismuth quadruple therapy (BQT). We enrolled outpatients (18-70 years) diagnosed with Helicobacter pylori infection by either histology or a positive 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) and randomly assigned to either the BQT or HDDT group. Subjects consented to provide fecal samples which were collected at baseline, Week 2, and Week 14. Amplification of the V1 and V9 regions of the 16S rRNA was conducted followed by high-throughput sequencing. Ultimately, 78 patients (41 patients in the HDDT group and 37 in the BQT group) were enrolled in this study. Eradication therapy significantly altered the diversity of the gut microbiota. However, the alpha diversity rebounded only in the HDDT group at 12 weeks post-eradication. Immediately following eradication, the predominance of Proteobacteria, replacing commensal Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, did not recover after 12 weeks. Species-level analysis showed that the relative abundances of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia fergusonii significantly increased in both groups at Week 2. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis significantly increased in the BQT group, with no significant difference observed in the HDDT group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the relative abundance of more species in the HDDT group returned to baseline levels. Eradication of H. pylori can lead to an imbalance in gut microbiota. Compared to BQT, the HDDT is a regimen with milder impact on gut microbiota.

Recurrence Rate and Influencing Factors of Helicobacter Pylori Infection After Successful Eradication in Southern Coastal China.

Recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection after successful eradication have gained attention. This study was to assess the recurrence rate of H. pylori infection after successful eradication in the southern coastal provinces of China and to analyze its factors. 975 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms who were diagnosed with H. pylori infection using the 13C or 14C-urea breath test (UBT) underwent eradication treatment between August 2021 and December 2022. After eight to twelve weeks, repeat UBT was performed. Besides, 824 patients with successful eradication underwent a repeat UBT by completing questionnaires after a year. The 1-year recurrence rate was calculated, and the differences were analyzed based on baseline data, sociological characteristics, and lifestyle. A total of 734 patients completed the 1-year follow-up, out of which 26 (3.5%) patients experienced a recurrence of H. pylori infection. Exposure to other individuals infected with H. pylori (χ2=12.852, P<0.001), poor hygiene conditions at dining out places (χ2=6.839, P=0.009), frequent dining out (χ2=24.315, P<0.001), smoking (χ2=7.510, P=0.006), consumption of non-purified water (χ2=16.437, P<0.001), consumption of pickled foods (χ2=5.682, P=0.017), irregular meal patterns (χ2=16.877, P<0.001) and age (χ2=9.195, P=0.010) were significant factors for H. pylori infection recurrence. Exposure to other individuals infected with H. pylori, poor hygiene conditions at dining out places, consumption of non-purified water, frequent dining out and irregular meal patterns were independent risk factors (P=0.022, 0.016, 0.002, <0.001, <0.001; 95% CI 0.146-0.861, 0.121-0.806, 1.715-10.845, 0.085-0.521, 2.291-14.556). The one-year recurrence rate of H. pylori infection post-eradication in the southern coastal provinces of China is 3.5%. Contacting with infected individuals, poor hygiene in dining places, consumption of non-purified water, frequent dining out, and irregular meal patterns were identified as significant independent factors influencing H. pylori recurrence.

Cardio-Hepatic Interaction in Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Background: Congestion is associated with poor prognosis in cardiac amyloidosis (CA). The cardio-hepatic interaction and the prognostic impact of secondary liver affection by cardiac congestion in CA are poorly understood and require further characterisation. Methods: Participants of the amyloidosis cohort study AmyKoS at the Interdisciplinary Amyloidosis Centre of Northern Bavaria with proven transthyretin (ATTR-CA) and light chain CA (AL-CA) underwent serial work-up including laboratory tests, echocardiography, and in-depth hepatic assessment by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and 13C-methacetin breath test. Results: In total, 74 patients with AL-CA (n = 17), ATTR-CA (n = 26) and the controls (n = 31) were analysed. ATTR-CA patients showed decreased microsomal liver function expressed by maximal percentage of dose rate (PDRpeak) related to hepatic congestion. Reduced PDRpeak in AL-CA could result from altered pharmacokinetics due to changed hepatic blood flow. Liver stiffness as a combined surrogate of chronic liver damage and congestion was identified as a predictor of all-cause mortality. Statistical modelling of the cardio-hepatic interaction revealed septum thickness, NT-proBNP and PDRpeak as predictors of liver stiffness in both CA subtypes; dilatation of liver veins and the fibrosis score FIB-4 were only significant for ATTR-CA. Conclusions: Non-invasive methods allow us to characterise CA-associated hepatic pathophysiology. Liver stiffness might be promising for risk stratification in CA.

Carbon 13 urea breath test as a novel technique in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis

BackgroundThe Urea Breath Test (UBT) is the golden standard of investigation for Helicobacter pylori. Tuberculosis is common and endemic in Iraq, with limited investigations. This study was conducted to determine the safety and importance of UBT as a method for the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and methodA prospective, case-control study trial was conducted to determine the safety of 75 mg of inhaled C13-urea in 50 healthy participants. Then, in national TB, Over the course of a one-year study at a medical city in Baghdad, 50 participants with confirmed active pulmonary tuberculosis were enrolled. The safety of inhaled C13-urea was assessed by physical examination and spirometry. The C13-urea was administered by using a jet nebulizer, followed by the collection of exhaled breath at 15 and 30 min’ post-inhalation. A double-beam infrared spectrophotometer examined the isotopic ratio of (C13) CO2 to (C12) CO2. ResultsThe lung function test, which included forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), did not show any changes that were clinically significant when healthy people and people with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) were compared to their baseline values. Additionally, there was no recorded incidence of adverse events among both healthy individuals and those with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). After 15 min of the nebulization process, the delta over baseline (DOB) means of the control group and PTB patients were −1.2381 ± 1.8392 and 4.8215 ± 5.1889, respectively. After 15 min of the nebulization process, the DOB means of the control group and PTB patients were −1.9628 ± 3.0717 and 3.5686 ± 3.8484, respectively. ConclusionInhaling 13 C-urea seemed safe. DOB values in PTB patients were greater than in controls. Preliminary data suggest that DOB values at 15 min were higher than 30 min. This has potential for diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

High magnitude of road traffic accident among traumatized patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A facility-based cross-sectional study

Background: Globally, road traffic accidents cause around 50 million injuries and disabilities and close to 1.35 million deaths every year. In Ethiopia, approximately five thousand deaths are estimated to occur annually due to road traffic accidents. However, there is limited data on the precise burden of the problem in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of road traffic accidents and associated factors among traumatized patients who visited the emergency units of selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on 381 trauma patients who visited the emergency department of three public hospitals in Addis Ababa between June 1 and July 12, 2022. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire, entered into Epi-data, and exported to SPSS for statistical analysis. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors contributing to road traffic accidents at a significant level of P &lt; 0.05. Results: The majority of participants were males (73.5%), between 20 and 39 years old (65.1%), and married (45.7%). The prevalence of road traffic accidents among traumatized patients was 37.3% (95% CI: 32.5, 42.3) in public hospitals in Addis Ababa. After adjusting for potential confounders, being male [AOR (95% CI) = 2.77 (1.6, 4.8)], traveling in the afternoon [AOR (95% CI) = 0.6 (0.3, 0.9)], and alcohol-drinking before travel [AOR (95% CI) = 2.50 (1.6, 4.0)] were factors contributing to road traffic accidents. Conclusion: The prevalence of road traffic accidents was very high in Addis Ababa public hospitals. Being male, traveling in the afternoon, and drinking alcohol before travel were significantly associated with an increased risk of road traffic accidents. Community awareness creation, strict traffic flow control in the morning, and alcohol breath tests will ultimately decrease road traffic accidents. In the meantime, expansion and strengthening of pre-hospital care and post-crash trauma care services.

Alteration of gut microbiota in post-stroke depression patients with Helicobacter pylori infection

Background: Several studies have identified an association between the gut microbiome and post-stroke depression(PSD), and Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection cause significant alterations in the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome. However, evidence regarding the role of the H. pylori infection in promoting PSD is still lacking. Here, we conducted a retrospective study to explore risk factors associated with PSD.Methods: Patients with cerebral infarction were consecutively enrolled from December 2021 to October 2022. The diagnosis of PSD is based on the DSM-V criteria, and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HAMD) was used to identify patients with PSD. White matter lesions were evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) and H. pylori infection was detected by 13C-urea breath test. Further, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to evaluate the changes in gut microbiota composition of fecal samples from PSD patients. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS).Results: Multivariate regression analysis showed that deep white matter lesions(DWMLs) [odds ratio(OR) 3.382, 95% confidence interval(CI) 1.756–6.512; P = 0.001] and H. pylori infection(OR 2.186, 95% CI 1.149–4.159; P = 0.017) were the independent risk factors for PSD. Patients with H. pylori infection had more severe depressive symptoms than patients without infection. Intestinal microbiota was significantly different between H. pylori-positive PSD[H. pylori(+)] patients and H. pylori-negative PSD[H. pylori (−)] patients. Fecal SCFAs concentrations were significantly reduced in the H. pylori(+) group compared to the negative ones.Conclusion: DWMLs and H. pylori infection may play important roles in the development of PSD. H. pylori infection is likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of PSD by altering the intestinal flora.

Breath of Health: spectroscopy-based breath test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2

Background Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are considered the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. These tests require professional manpower and equipment, long processing and swab sampling which is unpleasant to the patients. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified in the breath of COVID-19 patients. Detection of these VOCs using a breath test could help rapidly identify COVID-19 patients. Objective Assess the accuracy of ‘Breath of Health’ (BOH) COVID-19 Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) Spectroscopy-based breath test. Methods Breath samples from patients with or without symptoms suggestive for COVID-19 who had NAAT results were collected using Tedlar bags and were blindly analysed using BOH FTIR spectroscopy. BOH Measures several VOCs simultaneously and differentiating positive and negative results. BOH results were compared to NAAT results as gold standard. Results Breath samples from 531 patients were analysed. The sensitivity of BOH breath test was found to be 79.5% and specificity was 87.2%. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 74.7% and negative predictive value (NPV) 90.0%. Calculated accuracy rate was 84.8% and area under the curve 0.834. Subgroup analysis revealed that the NPV of patients without respiratory symptoms was superior over the NPV of symptomatic patients (94.7% vs 80.7%, P-value < 0.0001) and PPV of patients with respiratory symptoms outranks the PPV of individuals without symptoms (85.3% vs 69.2%, P-value 0.0196) Conclusion We found BOH COVID-19 breath test to be a patient-friendly, rapid, non-invasive diagnostic test with high accuracy rate and NPV that could efficiently rule out COVID-19 especially among individuals with low pre-test probability.

Diabetic Gastroparesis: Navigating Pathophysiology and Nutritional Interventions

Diabetic gastroparesis (DGP) delays gastric emptying in diabetes patients, notably impacting those with type 1 and long-standing type 2 diabetes. Symptoms include early satiety, fullness, appetite loss, bloating, abdominal pain, and vomiting, arising from slow stomach-to-intestine food movement. DGP’s unpredictable nature complicates diagnosis and blood glucose management, leading to severe complications like dehydration, malnutrition, and bezoar formation. Understanding DGP’s mechanisms is crucial for effective management. Vagal dysfunction, disturbances in the interstitial cells of Cajal, reduced neural nitric oxide synthase, and increased oxidative stress contribute to the complex pathophysiology. Accurate diagnosis demands a comprehensive approach, utilizing tools like gastric scintigraphy and the Gastric Emptying Breath Test. Considering the complex relationship between DGP and glycemia, managing blood glucose levels becomes paramount. Nutritional interventions, tailored to each patient, address malnutrition risks, emphasizing smaller, more frequent meals and liquid consistency. DGP’s complex nature necessitates collaborative efforts for enhanced diagnostic strategies, improved pathophysiological understanding, and compassionate management approaches. This comprehensive approach offers hope for a future where individuals with DGP can experience improved well-being and quality of life.

The Variability of Tryptophan Metabolism in Patients with Mixed Type of Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Patients with a mixed type of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-M) experience constipation and diarrhea, which alternate between weeks or months. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is still little understood. The aim of the study was mainly to evaluate the urinary excretion of selected tryptophan (TRP) metabolites during the constipation and diarrhea periods of this syndrome. In 36 patients with IBS-M and 36 healthy people, serum serotonin level was measured by ELISA and urinary levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN) and indican (3-IS) were determined using the LC-MS/MS method. The levels of all above metabolites were higher in the patient group, and increased significantly during the diarrheal period of IBS-M. In particular, the changes concerned 5-HIAA (3.67 ± 0.86 vs. 4.59 ± 0.95 mg/gCr, p < 0.001) and 3-IS (80.2 ± 17.4 vs. 93.7 ± 25.1 mg/g/Cr, p < 0.001). These changes coexisted with gut microbiome changes, assessed using hydrogen-methane and ammonia breath tests. In conclusion, the variability of TRP metabolism and the gut microbiome may cause the alternation of IBS-M symptoms.

Current views on the functional role of hydrogen and its kinetics in the human body

The purpose of this overview was to present historical data on the discovery of hydrogen and a brief summary of its physical properties that form the basis for its use in aeronautics. Information is provided on the use of hydrogen, a biologically neutral molecule, in medicine as a diagnostic indicator for penetrating wounds of the gastrointestinal tract, the determination of local blood flow using the hydrogen clearance method, the use of the hydrogen breath test for the diagnosis of malabsorption and carbohydrate intolerance, achlorhydria, the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth syndrome, the assessment of biodegradation of magnesium-containing implants, the orocecal transit time, and during deep-sea diving. The reasons for the sharp increase in the doctors’ interest in studying the biological role of hydrogen after the discovery of its antioxidant properties by a group of Japanese scientists (2007) are analyzed. In order to increase antioxidant protection of the body, data from recent research on ways to increase its concentration in the body through the supply of exogenous gas by inhalation or by administering hydrogen-rich water or saline solution is presented. Particular attention is paid to a critical analysis of studies on the kinetics of hydrogen by different routes, its concentration in blood and tissues, inhalation, and the use of hydrogen-rich water. Based on an analysis of publications, that the use of molecular hydrogen to relieve oxidative stress in the tissues of the intestines, liver and lungs is most promising, since its highest concentration is found in these tissues. Fermentation of carbohydrates has also been shown to increase the production of hydrogen by the intestinal microbiota. Considering that a large number of molecular hydrogen generators appeared on the market, the data on the requirements for their safety are summarized. Considerations on the use of molecular hydrogen for the purpose of antioxidant protection of the body in cardiology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, and other areas of medicine are based on modern views on the mechanisms of antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of experimental and clinical research on the use of hydrogen in acute and chronic lung lesions, therapy of acute and chronic COVID-19 infection.Conclusion. Based on an analysis of the literature and our own data, a conclusion was drawn on the safety and prospects of the clinical use of molecular hydrogen in a wide range of concentrations in many diseases with the pathogenesis based on oxidative stress. In particular, the need for additional research was highlighted to clarify the regimen, frequency, duration and concentrations of hydrogen used, and a personalized approach to the combination of endogenous (from the intestinal microbiota) and exogenous hydrogen in various diseases.

Digital Alcohol and Cannabis Ads, Consumption Frequency, and Driving Under the Influence.

Little is known about the consequences of substance-related advertising on driving under the influence of alcohol (DUIA) or cannabis (DUIC). This study seeks to estimate associations between substance-related digital advertising exposures and DUIA and DUIC in a sample of young adults. The Rhode Island Young Adult Survey 2022 was a cross-sectional web-based survey of 1,022 adults ages 18-25 years. Analyses were conducted among lifetime alcohol users (n = 824) and lifetime cannabis users (n = 471). Prevalence of past-30-day digital ad exposure to alcohol and cannabis was assessed, as well as the prevalence of past-month DUIA and DUIC. Multivariable logistic regressions examined the association between digital ad exposure and substance use among lifetime users, and ad exposure and DUI among current users. In all, 54.4% of participants reported past-30-day exposure to digital alcohol advertising, and 33.5% reported exposure to digital cannabis advertising. Exposure to social media alcohol advertising was associated with higher odds of DUIA after adjustment for sociodemographic variables (odds ratio [95% CI] = 2.14 [1.07, 4.28]) but not after accounting for frequency of use. Odds of DUIC remained significantly higher for those exposed to app-based cannabis advertising after adjusting for sociodemographic variables (odds ratio [95% CI] = 4.36 [1.76, 10.8]) and frequency of use (odds ratio [95% CI] = 3.96 [1.53, 10.2]). Since social media alcohol ad exposure may be indirectly linked with DUIA, and app-based cannabis ad exposure may be directly linked to frequency of use and DUIC, legislators should consider comprehensive substance-related ad regulations and bans.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a prospective comparative randomized trial of standard versus optimized quadruple therapy.

The treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection remains a challenge. None of the proposed treatment regimens has resulted in a 100% eradication rate. The aim of our study was to compare the rate of H.pylori eradication after standard or dose-optimized amoxicillin quadruple therapy.We conducted a prospective comparative study collating patients naive to any anti-H. pylori treatment and with chronic H. pylori infection documented by histological examination. Patients were randomly assigned to either standard quadruple therapy or optimized quadruple therapy. Eradication control was performed by urea breath test. Eighty-eight eligible patients were included with 44 in each group.There was no significant difference between the eradication rates of Qo-14 and Qs-14 neither in ITT (84 vs 70.4%; p=0.127) nor in PP (82.1 vs 77.7%; p=0.473). Compliance and tolerance appeared similar in each group.

Helicobacter pylori in gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic sclerosis.

To study the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in systemic sclerosis patients and its gastrointestinal manifestations in comparison with Helicobacter pylori-negative systemic sclerosis patients. Systemic sclerosis gastrointestinal outcome post Helicobacter pylori eradication was evaluated. In total, 70 systemic sclerosis patients and 70 age-, gender- and race-matched healthy controls had their urea breath test done. Gastrointestinal manifestations in systemic sclerosis were assessed using University of California at Los Angeles 2.0 and Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire questionnaires. Systemic sclerosis patients with confirmed Helicobacter pylori infection were given standard Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Urea breath test was repeated 6 weeks posteradication therapy with their gastrointestinal symptoms reassessed. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori was low in both systemic sclerosis patients (10%) and healthy controls (2.9%). There was no significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms between Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylori-negative systemic sclerosis patients. However, the Helicobacter pylori-positive patients reported higher median severity scores for the gastrointestinal symptoms of reflux (0.5 vs 0.35), abdominal distension (1.5 vs 0.75) and social functioning impairment score (0.5 vs 0.16) using the University of California at Los Angeles 2.0 score. The Helicobacter pylori-positive patients also indicated increased upper abdominal pain (3.0 vs 0.0), regurgitation (2.0 vs 0.0) and burping (3.0 vs 0.0), observed from the Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire scores. Gastrointestinal outcomes post-Helicobacter pylori eradication showed either an improvement or complete resolution of symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms in systemic sclerosis patients are unlikely to be caused by Helicobacter pylori in the recent years in our cohort of patients. No significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms was seen between Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylori-negative systemic sclerosis patients. Helicobacter pylori can be readily tested by urea breath test to look for present infection.

Association between failed eradication of 7-day triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori and untreated dental caries in Japanese adults

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a cause of gastric disorders and is treated mainly by pharmacotherapy with antimicrobial agents. An association has been reported between dental caries and H. pylori infection. As antimicrobial agents are less effective inside dental caries because of impaired blood circulation, the presence of untreated dental caries (decayed teeth) may influence the success of H. pylori eradication treatment. In this cross-sectional study, we examined whether failed eradication of H. pylori was associated with decayed teeth in Japanese adults. Enrolled were 226 participants who received dental checkups among those treated for eradication of H. pylori at Asahi University Hospital between April 2019 and March 2021. Treatment efficacy was assessed by urea breath test. Eradication failed in 38 participants (17%), decayed teeth in 32 participants (14%), and number of 0.34 teeth per participants. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that failed eradication of H. pylori was associated with decayed teeth (presence: odds ratio, 2.672; 95% confidence interval, 1.093–6.531) after adjusting for gender, age, and brushing frequency. These results indicate that failed eradication of H. pylori was associated with decayed teeth and suggest that untreated dental caries may impact treatment for eradication of H. pylori.