Driving Force Pressure State Impact Response Research Articles

Study on Water Resource Carrying Capacity of Zhengzhou City Based on DPSIR Model.

Based on the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model, a comprehensive evaluation index system is constructed. The index weight is determined by the combination weighting method in combination with the data of 2010-2019. The TOPSIS model is used to comprehensively analyze the water resource carrying capacity of Zhengzhou as the central city in China with a developed economy and relatively short water resources. The study results are as follows. (1) During the sample period, the comprehensive evaluation value of water resources carrying capacity of Zhengzhou increases from 0.4183 in 2010 to 0.5560 in 2019, with an overall fluctuating rise. Simultaneously, the water resource carrying capacity grade improves from Grade III (normal carrying capacity) to Grade II (good carrying capacity). (2) The contribution of each subsystem to the comprehensive evaluation value increases year by year. Among them, S subsystem and I subsystem make the largest contribution to the comprehensive carrying capacity. R subsystem makes a relatively stable contribution to the overall carrying capacity. Affected by GDP growth rate and uneven temporal-spatial distribution of water resources in Zhengzhou, the D subsystem and P subsystem of water resource carrying capacities show the fluctuating change. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions to improve the level of water resource carrying capacity of Zhengzhou.

Establishing an index for monitoring occupational health and well-being of coal mines: Consideration of individual characteristics.

It is crucial to enhance employee occupational health and well-being (OHW) for the well-run and prosperity of the industry, but there is very limited knowledge on the assessment of miners' well-being that differs from person to person. Within this study, a new more direct method, as well as an instrument was constructed to measure the OHW through data analysis based on a representative sample of coal miners (N=1037). Initially, the causal pathway of job stress and health consequences was characterized by the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model. The OHW index was represented by hazards, vulnerability, and severity through the data envelopment analysis and stochastic frontier approach method. The result was that the severity of the consequences of inadequate organizational response was the dominant factor. 75% of employees with poor OHW work in mining, and digging areas, including various drivers and support workers. This study provides an innovative and complete description of the interaction mechanisms among job stress, job burnout, and health outcomes. It demonstrates that a three-level assessment method, namely hazards-vulnerability-severity, can effectively identify hierarchical management points. We provide metrics, objective data, and evidence-based recommendations on stress and health management for miners.

Safety assessment of fragile environment in Badain Jaran Desert and its surrounding areas based on the DPSIR model

An objective and comprehensive understanding of the safety conditions of the ecological environment is of great significance for regional social economic development and ecological environmental protection. Based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, 40 indicators were selected to construct an ecological environment safety assessment system, and to evaluate ecological environment safety status for the Badain Jaran Desert and its surrounding areas (BJDCA) from 2001 to 2019. The results show that 1) From 2001 to 2019, the ecological and environmental security situation in the BJDCA showed a benign development trend. After 2010, the safety level reached the basic safety level as a medium stage out of five safety level stages. 2) The improvement of ecological and environmental security level resulted from the joint actions of socio-economic development and ecological restoration measures. In the future, the BJDCA may continue to face a series of ecological and environmental pressures brought by socio-economic developments. Therefore, we recommend an active adjustment of the development mode and proportion of the three major industries, adhering to the direction of sustainable development and ensuring the benign development of socio-economic conditions and the ecological environment. This study can provide data to support for regional ecological environment restitution and policy formulation.

Analysis of Marine Microplastic Pollution of Disposable Masks under COVID-19 Epidemic—A DPSIR Framework

Marine microplastic pollution (MMP) is becoming one of the most pressing environmental problems facing humanity today. The novel coronavirus epidemic has raised the issue of environmental contamination caused by large-scale improper disposal of medical waste such as disposable masks (DMs). To assess the impact of MMP caused by DMs and to seek solutions for the prevention and control of MMP, this study uses the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to establish a causal chain of MMP caused by DMs. The conclusion shows that the novel coronavirus epidemic has led to a surge in the use of DMs, which has brought pressure on resource constraints and environmental pollution at the same time. Improperly DMs enter the environment and eventually transform into MMP, which not only endangers the marine ecological system but also poses potential human health risks as well as economic and social hazards. In addition, further research on environmentally friendly masks (cloth masks and biodegradable masks) is essential to mitigate the environmental damage caused by the large-scale global use of DMs. This study provides a scientific and theoretical basis for the assessment of MMP from discarded DMs, and the findings of this study will provide a reference for the formulation of relevant policies.

Spatiotemporal evaluation and analysis of cultivated land ecological security based on the DPSIR model in Enshi autonomous prefecture, China

Evaluating and analyzing cultivated land ecological security (ES) can reliably optimize ecosystem service supplies in cultivated lands. This study selected Enshi Autonomous Prefecture (Enshi Prefecture) as the research area, aiming to assess the spatiotemporal variability of cultivated land ES level and analyze its main obstacle factors, thus providing paths for its enhancement. Based on the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model framework, an index system for evaluating cultivated land ES was constructed. Then, the index weights were calculated by the entropy method, and a comprehensive index of ES was calculated by the composite index method to determine its security level. Finally, the main obstacles affecting cultivated land ES were analyzed by the obstacle degree model. The results showed that (1) From 2005 to 2018, the ES composite index rose from 0.402 to 0.685. The ES level went through a relatively insecure stage (2005–2012), generally secure stage (2013–2016) and relatively secure stage (2017–2018). (2) Regional differences in the cultivated land ES level are obvious, with lower ES in the eastern and western regions than in the central region in 2005 and lower ES in the eastern region than in the central and western regions in 2010 and 2018. (3) The main obstacles affecting cultivated land ES underwent significant temporal changes. From 2005 to 2009, they included the proportion of environmental investment in gross domestic product (GDP), effective irrigation area ratio, and per-capita GDP; in 2010–2018, they included the population density, fertilizer application per cultivated land area unit, and share of primary industry to GDP. Compared with the main obstacles of 2005, those of 2018 demonstrated a significantly larger magnitude. This study improves the understanding of cultivated land ES and its obstacle factors, which supports the sustainable use of cultivated land resources and the protection of the trinity of quantity-quality-ecology in Enshi Prefecture and similar regions.

DPIRS as an integrated approach to asses natural resources status and development

Environmental problems included biotic, abiotic, and social problems, therefore, to overcome them, various scientific disciplines are needed as well as the characteristics of environmental science itself. As consequences of population growth, industrial development, and technological progress, environmental problems are more complex. Therefore, appropriate research methods are needed to overcome new problems that arise as a result of these developments. UNEP recommends a research method called the DPSIR (Driving force–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) model that can describe the interactions between various environmental and social factors. This method has been applied as an approach to analyzing environmental problems in many countries around the world, including Indonesia. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) and some researchers in Indonesia have also applied the DPSIR method to assess environmental status both nationally and regionally. So far, the DPSIR method is still quite well applied to analyze environmental problems, although some scientists highlight the need for this method to be supplemented with other models to improve results.

Evaluation of provincial carbon-neutral capacities in the Yellow River basin using DPSIR

The Yellow River basin spans nine provinces and autonomous regions and plays an important role in China's economic and social development and ecological security. However few studies have integrated the concept of carbon neutrality into research to evaluate the carbon-neutral development level. This paper calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of the provincial carbon-neutral capacities comprehensive evaluation index in the Yellow River basin through the driving-force-pressure-state-impact-response (DFPSIR) index system and the global entropy method based on provinces data between 2008 to 2019. The final results indicated that from 2008 to 2019, the carbon-neutral capacities of the provinces in the Yellow River basin were in a state of rapid development and had achieved a grade leap. However, seven provinces had carbon-neutral capacity levels at the Grade III standard in 2019, thereby leaving scope for substantial improvement. Through the above research, we identified the changes in the trend and driving mechanisms of the carbon-neutral capacity of the Yellow River basin and provide a theoretical reference value for a comprehensive realization of carbon neutrality in China in 2060.

Evaluation of the oil-bearing drilling cuttings processing technology in petrochemical industry under cleaner production: A case study in China

The oil-bearing drilling cuttings (OBDC) produced in the petrochemical industry contain a large number of hydrocarbons, and their direct discharge will not only fail to recover the organic matter, but will also seriously harm the environment. In the process of treating OBDC, the consumption of resources and energy and pollution problems may arise, and the current clean production focusing on reduction, non-hazardous and resourcefulness has become the focus of achieving sustainable development. However, there is a lack of studies that consider treatment technology, resource consumption and utilization, and environmental impact under the perspective of cleaner production. In this paper, by studying the indicators related to cleaner production and the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, an evaluation index system for OBDC processing technology in the petrochemical industry under cleaner production is constructed. The evaluation results can provide reference for the selection of OBDC treatment process, and provide direction for the development and promotion of the treatment process. In the evaluation system, the DPSIR model can evaluate and manage the OBDC process from different levels and perspectives. The combination of the G1 method and the C-OWA operator method was used to calculate and analyze the index weights, and the improved matter-element analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate the treatment of OBDC to determine the treatment of technical methods. The evaluation system is applied to actual cases in China. The results show that the low-temperature extraction technique was the best and the chemical washing method was the lowest compared with the three treatment techniques. The oil removal rate of OBDC, recovery of organic matter, secondary waste gas pollution and other indicators have a great impact on the evaluation of the OBDC treatment process under clean production. In order to contribute to the optimal recovery and utilization of resources, it is recommended to develop improvements to the treatment pair technology treatment process based on the results of the evaluation.

Analysis on the Evaluation of Airport Intelligence Level and Its Obstacle Diagnosis Based on DPSIR-TOPSIS Model

Combined with the actual situation of smart airport construction, five listed airports in China are used as research objects, and based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) conceptual model, 24 indicators were selected to form the evaluation system. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and entropy weight method were used to assign comprehensive weights to the indicators, and then, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method was introduced to evaluate the level of intelligence, combined with the coupling coordination model to analyze the relationship between the two subsystems, by introducing the obstacle model to diagnose and analyze the influencing factors; finally, based on the analysis results, optimization suggestions are provided for the airport intelligence level. The results show that the intelligence level of each airport is between high (IV) and average (II). The pairwise coupling degree of each subsystem is higher than 0.91 and presents a benign coupling. The airport intelligence level is mainly hindered by the proportion of nonaviation revenue, the average travel time of passengers, and the regional fiscal revenue growth rate. The research results are of great significance to the construction of smart airport and the development of regional economy and transportation.

Regional Assessment of Land and Water Carrying Capacity and Utilization Efficiency in China

In response to the severe situation of water and land resources in China, this paper uses the DPSIR (driving force–pressure–state–impact–response) model and two-stage network DEA (data envelopment analysis) model to evaluate the carrying capacity and utilization efficiency of land and water resources in 31 provinces of China from 2009 to 2017. The empirical results show that the carrying capacity and the efficiency values of land and water resources in most areas of China do not perform well and show a downward trend during the sample period. Specifically, the carrying capacity of land and water resources show a decreasing trend from north to south and from east to west. In addition, the response to the current situation of land and water resources has an important influence on the carrying capacity. The utilization efficiency of water and soil resources is significantly different in the two stages in most regions, indicating that the efficiency of economic benefit transformation is far greater than land and water resources development. Our results shed some insights on land and water utilization efficiency management and provide political recommendations for different regions.

Systematic evaluation of management measure effects on the water environment based on the DPSIR-Tapio decoupling model: A case study in the Chaohu Lake watershed, China

Watershed management measures have been widely implemented worldwide to reduce the water quality deterioration in rivers and lakes, which continue to face increasing stresses from human activities. Due to the complexity of influential factors within watersheds, systematic and reliable approaches are urgently needed to evaluate the effects of watershed managerial practices on scientific applications. In this study, the driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model integrated by Tapio decoupling analysis was established using 30 quantitative indicators to systematically evaluate their effects on overall watershed water environmental health of Chaohu Lake watershed, China, which was under intensive management practices during 2000–2019. The DPSIR model outcomes revealed that the driving force subsystem with 7 indictors accounted for 34.2% of the watershed water environmental health, in which gross domestic product (GDP), gross industrial output value, crop planting and urbanization contributed a larger proportion. Management measure implementation positively improved the watershed water environmental health, with the second largest proportion being 23.4%. During the study period, a trend of simultaneous improvement in the water quality of the rivers and lakes existed. The Tapio decoupling analysis indicated that watershed water quality was weakly decoupled with socioeconomic development and related pressures, and management responses. The response strategy is the main force in alleviating the pressure from socioeconomic development on the watershed water quality. Overall, the method proposed in this study would improve the understanding of watershed management practice effects and provide guidance for future management measure applications.

Sustainability assessment of coastal ecosystems: DPSIR analysis for beaches at the Northeast Coast of Vietnam

The Northeastern coastal zone of Vietnam possesses high biodiversity and rich ecosystems like coral reefs, seagrasses, beaches and mangroves. It also includes the Ha Long Bay Natural Heritage site (UNESCO 1994) and the Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve (MAB/UNESCO 2004) as well as hosts the Economic Development Triangle (Hai Phong−Ha Noi–Quang Ninh) established by the Government of Vietnam. As one of the coastal ecosystems, sandy beach ecosystems attracted more attention during recent decades because of their essential role for human welfare and in environmental protection. A few studies concentrated on sustainable management of sandy beach based on environmental and ecological protection and enhance the beach quality for recreational use. The DPSIR (Driving force Pressure State Impact Response) framework describes the logical interaction among systems and finds out the cause and consequence of social-economic development activities to the environment and resources. In this study, the DPSIR was applied on the sandy beaches in the Northeastern coast of Vietnam to reveal the main environmental problems on sandy beaches including the decline of the natural landscape around the beaches and the degradation of the environment. It also pointed out that tourism development in association with urbanization and sea reclamation is the main driving forces for environmental degradation of the sandy beaches. Therefore, local authorities of Hai Phong and Quang Ninh should take into account several main responses to policies on inter-province coordination and managerial measures with a wider scope, which integrate socio-economic and physical factors, proximity, accessibility, and neighborhood to manage healthy coastal ecosystems and sandy beaches in particular. An integrated coastal management program for the Northeastern coast of Vietnam needs to be developed and carried out to follow the laws of Vietnam as well as to meet local urgent requirements.

1998年以来长江经济带旅游生态安全时空格局演化及趋势预测

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 1998年以来长江经济带旅游生态安全时空格局演化及趋势预测 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201912022599 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41771162）；湖南省国内一流培育学科建设项目资助（地理学-5010002） Spatio-temporal pattern evolution and trend prediction of tourism ecological security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt since 1998 Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:旅游生态安全是旅游业可持续发展的基础。基于DPSIR （驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应，Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response）模型，构建长江经济带旅游生态安全评价指标体系，综合采用熵权TOPSIS （逼近理想解排序法，Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution）法、空间变差模型、标准差椭圆模型、灰色动态模型等方法分析长江经济带1998-2017年旅游生态安全水平的时空动态演变特征，并对其未来空间分布格局进行合理预测。研究发现：（1）长江经济带旅游生态安全水平均值为0.305，综合指数由0.207上升至0.439，呈稳步提升态势，安全状态由较不安全级上升至临界安全级；（2）经济带旅游生态安全为不安全级和较不安全级的省区数量逐渐减少，而处于临界安全级的省区数量持续增加，整体正介于由中低级向高级过渡的关键阶段；（3）旅游生态安全空间变异程度不断增强，空间分异特征显著，整体呈现出"东部 > 西部 > 中部"的空间演变格局，同时低值区域具有明显的西南迁移现象；（4）旅游生态安全空间分布格局呈东北-西南走向，移动路径呈"西北→东北→东南"变化趋势，空间分布范围经历了"分散-集聚"的过程。预测结果显示：2018-2030年旅游生态安全重心将向东北方向移动，空间分布格局在东西和南北方向上均呈敛缩态势，空间溢出效应不明显。 Abstract:Tourism ecological security is the basis of sustainable development of tourism. Based on Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, an evaluation index system for tourism ecological security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is constructed. Meanwhile, a combination of entropy weight TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) method, spatial variation model, standard deviation ellipse model, grey dynamic model and other methods is adopted to analyze and characterize the spatio-temporal dynamics of security level for tourism ecology along the Yangtze River Economic Belt during the period between 1998 and 2017, further with which a sensible prediction is made for its future pattern of spatial distribution. The results are as follows: (1) The average level of tourism ecological security in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is 0.305, with the comprehensive indicator increases from 0.207 to 0.439 in a status of stable improving. The security level raises from less safety grade to critical safety grade. (2) The number of provinces with unsafe grade and less safe grade for tourism ecological security gradually decreases while that with critical safety grade increases. Overall, it is at the critical stage of transition from middle and low level to high level. (3) The spatial variation degree of tourism ecological security keeps increasing with prominently spatial difference features. The overall spatial evolution pattern appears eastern > western > central tendency. At the same time, the low value area obviously migrates to the southwest. (4) The spatial distribution of tourism ecological security indicates northeast-southwest tendency, while the trajectory of gravity center presents the variational tendency of northwest→northeast→southeast. Spatial distribution range is distributed first and then gathered. The prediction results show that the gravity center of tourism ecological security will move to the northeast while the spatial distribution range will shrink in the east-west and north-south directions in 2018-2030. Therefore, the spatial spillover effect is not obvious. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Application of DPSIR framework to analyze the groundwater pollution threats of municipal solid waste: Case study Médiouna Landfill, Morocco

This study addresses the issue of groundwater resources quality affected by solid waste disposed of in the Médiouna dumping site. In this order, we applied the Driving forcePressureStateImpact Response model (DPSIR) model combined with external factors of SWOT analysis (Opportunities and Threats) to assess the environmental impact of waste from Médiouna landfill on groundwater. The analysis study revealed that the continuous demographic expansion and economic growth made solid waste a complex problem. The study highlights the urgent need for implementing new strategies and redesigning more effective, operational and realizable management projects to rehabilitate the Médiouna landfill. In addition, the integration of all stakeholders, including Médiouna residents and informal waste pickers, in the management operations is indispensable for the success of these operations. Further environmental impact assessment must be done while valuing the Médiouna dumping site by adopting landfill-mining concepts is mandatory for efficient waste conversion in Casablanca.

Evaluation and diagnosis of obstacles to land-based ecological security in resource-based cities: A case study of Xingtai city.

To provide a theoretical basis for sustainable land resource utilization and a reference for areas with similar natural conditions, an evaluation index for land-based ecological security was constructed based on the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model and the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) and entropy methods, and the land-based ecological security status of Xingtai city from 2006 to 2017 was evaluated. Then, the obstacles to land-based ecological security were diagnosed. The results show that the values of the comprehensive evaluation index of land-based ecological security were 0.28–0.66 in the period from 2006 to 2017. The value of the index of land-based ecological security was low in the first seven years and gradually improved in the last five years of the study period. However, the overall situation was grave, and the ecological security conditions were poor. The main obstacles to land-based ecological security were the usage of pesticides, investment in environmental pollution treatments, the degree of machine cultivation, the rate of cultivation and the usage of fertilizer in Xingtai city. Based on the results of the land-based ecological security evaluation and the main obstacles identified in Xingtai city, this paper proposes management strategies and suggestions for improving land-based ecological security in Xingtai city. The specific proposals are as follows: vigorously develop green agriculture, increase investment in environmental pollution control, increase input in science and technology, and strengthen supervision and management of land use.

Measuring the level of environmental performance in insular areas, through key performed indicators, in the framework of waste strategy development

To measure “something that is not there”, is not easy and at the same time not fully understandable and perceived by the citizens. Several elements (such as, waste production, waste management cost, social attitude and behaviour, etc.) interrupt and disturb any strategy in the framework of waste management. Additionally, through the European Green Deal (EGD), Europe is trying to achieve climate neutrality by 2050, taking into account the Circular Economy Strategy (CES) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs). A Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) breakdown was applied, to establish and organize key information's on the environmental performance (E.P) taking into consideration the existing pollution, reviewing the contemporary knowledge and existing implemented waste strategies on the driving forces, pressures, states and impacts. This paper includes several key performed indicators (KPIs), in order to evaluate the E.P of an area, through hybrid approach which cover among others, the waste compositional analysis, SWOT and PESTEL analysis, waste recycling and waste accumulation index, prevention activities, awareness activities etc. The results indicate that, the selected areas implement periodic measures, but they need to put more effort to boost their citizens to participate in any proposed waste strategy. Furthermore, the results are very valuable and helpful to policy makers, consultants, scientists, competent authorities, stakeholders etc., in order to design and promote synergies and activities (mainly in Local Authorities), to reach the proposed figures that EGD, proposed in relation with the CES as well as with the SDGs.

A Soil Environmental Quality Assessment Model Based on Data Fusion and Its Application in Hebei Province

Soil pollution has become one of the most important environmental issues in China. It is very important to evaluate soil environmental quality comprehensively and objectively. This paper proposes a soil environment quality assessment model based on the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model and data fusion. At first, 18 evaluation indicators are selected, including complex indexes, such as the industrialization index, heavy metal pollution index, organic pollution index, potential ecological risk index, and human health risk index, and single indexes such as population density, fertilizer/pesticide application intensity, annual average air quality index, etc. Then, hierarchical analysis model is constructed, and the weight of each indicator is calculated based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. According to the quartile of indicator values of 32 provincial administrative divisions on the Chinese mainland, the values of each indicator are standardized and graded. Finally, the soil environmental quality index (SEQI) is calculated by the weighted average of the standard values of the 18 indicators. The assessment model is then applied in evaluating soil quality of Hebei Province, China. The results show that the soil environmental quality of Hebei’s agricultural land is in a medium state, and the industrial land is approaching the alert state. The pressure of soil pollution mainly comes from the discharge of industrial pollutants and the application of pesticides and fertilizers. Soil pollutants, such as lead, copper, zinc, benzo[a]pyrene, and benzo[a] should be especially controlled.

Life-cycle assessment of carbon dioxide emissions of asphalt pavements in China

An evaluation system has been established for assessing carbon dioxide emissions associated with asphalt pavement construction in China. As described in this paper, the system is based on the European driving force–pressure–state–impact–response model and uses the analytic hierarchy process combined with subjective and objective weighting and the comprehensive index method. It shows that state, response and pressure are the decisive factors. As such, the key factors that promote lower carbon dioxide construction of asphalt pavements are expressway construction investment, asphalt consumption, greenhouse gas effects, environmental quality and energy-saving and emissions-reduction technology. It is suggested that energy-saving and emissions-reduction technologies, such as warm mixing and geothermal regeneration, should be adopted in the construction of asphalt pavements and the concept of low carbon dioxide approaches should be promoted. The findings can provide technical support for decreasing the energy consumption and emissions in asphalt pavement construction.

Trend assessment of the watershed health based on DPSIR framework

In integrated watershed management, to identify efficient managerial responses, assessment of the status and dynamic of watershed health is crucial. This study focused on analyzing the main environmental problems for Gorganroud watershed health using the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework. The trend of each DPSIR index was also computed using 18 quantitative indicators during the years 2004–2018. Prioritization of the watershed problems using the Friedman test ranked loss of groundwater resources, flood potential, and soil erosion rate as the most important challenges of the watershed. The results showed that except for the S index, all the other have an ascending trend during the study period. The trend slopes of D, P, S, I, and R indices were equal to 0.08, 0.05, -0.05, 0.02, and 0.04, respectively. This means the health of Gorganroud watershed becomes worse over time due to the socioeconomic activities and related pressures. Although some practical measures have been implemented as responses to balance other indices of DPSIR, however, they are neither sufficient nor integrated. The response of increasing water use efficiency has resulted in a rebound effect, causing higher consumption of water resources (Jevons Paradox). While only an integrated approach would guarantee the long-term health of watersheds, fragmented watershed governance structure has made serious challenges for the Integrated Watershed Management approach in the study area.

Structuring challenges of sustainable tourism development in protected natural areas with driving force–pressure–state–impact–response (DPSIR) framework

Protected natural areas (PA) are often regarded as areas of high recreational value; thus, many of them are increasingly threatened by tourism development. This has spurred interest in research across socio-economic and biophysical context to respond to the complexity of this global issue. This study applies the DPSIR framework to nature-based tourism development to discuss the cause–effect links and to consider a range of social responses to advance the objective of sustainability of these exceptional areas. Instead of site-perspective, the study builds upon an inductive and Ground theory approach to emphasise the need for (eco)system thinking to identify priorities for actions. The proposed framework delivers the analysis of global and local drivers of change to generate a profound understanding of Triple bottom line impact processes and response implications. The study demonstrates that sustainability of nature-based tourism and resilience of PAs are not possible in the absence of developed institutional capacity, multi-layer management system, monitoring, education and the consent of the community.