Driver's License Research Articles

Parents’ perceptions of driver education: A theoretically guided qualitative investigation

In many jurisdictions with Graduated Driver Licensing systems, such as those in North America, Australia, and New Zealand, parents play an important role in teaching their child how to drive and facilitating their access to formal driver education. This study explored parents’ views on these processes in a theoretically grounded manner using the Goals for Driver Education (GDE) Framework. The GDE framework groups influences on young driver behaviour into four interconnected hierarchical levels: vehicle manoeuvring (Level 1), mastery of traffic situations (Level 2), goals and contexts for driving (Level 3) and goals for life and skills for living (Level 4). Fourteen parents of novice drivers participated in five focus groups held in urban and regional locations in South East Queensland, Australia. A six-step thematic analysis was used consisting of (1) familiarisation with the data, (2) generation of initial codes, (3) searching for themes, (4) reviewing themes, (5) defining and naming themes and (6) producing the report. Parents indicated that they were more likely to outsource the teaching of skills at Levels 1 and 2 of the GDE to professional driving instructors as they were concerned that they would pass bad habits onto their child or they were unaware of the road rules that their child was required to follow. Parents believed that they were able to more effectively teach skills located on Levels 3 and 4 of the GDE framework because they had a greater knowledge of their child when compared with professional educators. The study findings can be used to develop an intervention that would support parents to more effectively supervise learner drivers.

The new players in Africa’s public transportation sector: Characterization of auto-rickshaw operators in Kumasi, Ghana

Shared taxis, mini-buses, and motorcycles have been the conventional means of intra-city public transportation in most parts of Africa. In recent years, auto-rickshaws are fast becoming an alternative and preferred form of public transport in many African cities. This article adopts descriptive statistics to analyze the demographic characteristics of 429 auto-rickshaw operators in Kumasi and logistic regression analysis to understand the association between these demographic characteristics and operational attributes and challenges. The study found that auto-rickshaw operators in Kumasi possess gender, age, and educational characteristics similar to other transport operators in Ghana and elsewhere. Auto-rickshaw operators, however, differ from others in terms of their origin characteristics, as they are mostly migrant workers. Findings also revealed that the income generated by an auto-rickshaw operator is influenced by his training, union membership and type of transport activity. There is a general lack of compliance with road safety and traffic regulations irrespective of the educational level and training of auto-rickshaw operators. Nevertheless, operators who are relatively educated are more likely to maintain their auto-rickshaws than the less educated ones. The article recommends, among others, the strengthening of driver licensing and law enforcement regimes in Ghana while making formal training and education for auto-rickshaw operators mandatory.

A complex system of learning to drive: The instructor’s perspective

Driving instructors offer important support to the development of young motorists’ safe and competent driving practices. Research has generally neglected to consider instructors’ perspectives when exploring opportunities to improve novice driver road safety. In the application of systems thinking to road safety it is evident that instructors can play a central role in stakeholder interactions. Importantly, to further improve the successes of graduated driver licensing, instructors are integral in their interactions with Learners and their supervising parents. The current study aimed to understand 13 driving instructors’ perspectives regarding experiences of Learner driver training including interactions with Learners’ parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and inductive thematic analysis employed, identifying 10 themes: 100 h of supervised driving, pressure to teach to pass the test, perceived shortcomings in instructor training, inconsistent messaging, parents’ learning disengagement, parents as ‘trainers’ or ‘supervisors’, expectations of professional instruction, Learners’ risky attitudes, bad habits, and a message for parents. A consistent message was found in instructors’ narratives regarding a better understanding of the underlying rationale of graduated driver licensing (GDL) requirements (e.g., the purpose of 100 h of supervised driving), critical given the value of parents and professional instructors working collaboratively to enhance young drivers’ safe driving skills. Practical implications for the driver trainer industry include demand for standardisation of both qualifications and practice within the driving instructor cohort. And for parents, ensuring appropriate knowledge is provided to enable an understanding of the essential components of GDL and the reciprocal roles and benefits offered by professional instructors.

At what stages of licensing do graduated driver licensing systems reduce crashes? Example from Queensland, Australia

Evaluations of new graduated licensing systems (GLS) commonly examine pre-post young driver crash rates relative to another driver group. This comparison approach is important to account for other influences on crashes over time, but has limited ability to determine which GLS components are most effective and at what stage during the licensing process. We previously identified declines in young driver crashes in Queensland, Australia, following introduction of a new GLS in 2007. The objective of the current research was to conduct complementary modelling to identify at what points through the licensing process had particular GLS policies contributed to reductions. Crash trends were explored for learner and provisional drivers under the new GLS versus previous system for three time periods relative to the month of acquiring a provisional licence: the preceding learner period, the first month of provisional licensure (when crashes typically peak), and the overall provisional period. Interrupted time series analyses were conducted for the log ratio of crashes per 10,000 licensed (learner and provisional) drivers with the total number of licensed drivers as an offset. The greatest declines were found in the first month of licensure, with indications that a longer learner period, higher supervised driving hours, and a new provisional night-passenger restriction were key contributors to provisional crash reductions. There was also some indication that a restriction on all phone use reduced crashes during the learner period. We conclude that time series analysis focusing on licensing stage, rather than calendar time only, offers a complementary approach to analysing GLS effectiveness by better identifying where and how changes impact crashes.

Barriers to the enforcement of mandatory seat belt laws in Ghana: an exploratory study.

Road traffic accidents claim millions of lives every year across the world. Fortunately, effective safety and preventive measures such as routine maintenance of vehicles and roads and the use of seat belts exist. Yet, authorities in some countries fail to enforce laws on these measures. One of the barriers to compliance with traffic laws is poor enforcement. Using a cross-sectional study design, we explored the barriers to the enforcement of mandatory seat belt laws in Ghana. We employed an open-ended key informant interview guide to interview 26 staff of the Motor Traffic and Transport Department of the Ghana Police Service, National Road Safety Authority and the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority. The interviews which lasted between 30 and 45 min per session were analysed through a thematic approach facilitated by ATLAS.ti. The findings showed that the barriers to the enforcement of seat belt laws mentioned by the participants were institutional factors (inadequate resources and logistics and inability to enforce vehicle safety standards) political factors (external interference and lack of consensus on seat belt law implementation) and human factors (poor public attitudes and non- recognition of road safety as both individual and collective responsibility). The enforcement of road safety laws could be enhanced by adequately resourcing officers, addressing external interference of police duties and empowering officers to perform their duties without fear or favour. These findings are also useful in continuous public education and enhanced enforcement of the seat belt laws.

Comparison of Motor Vehicle Crashes, Traffic Violations, and License Suspensions Between Autistic and Non-Autistic Adolescent and Young Adult Drivers

One-third of autistic individuals obtain a driver's license by age 21 years; however, prior studies suggest they may be at heightened risk for motor vehicle crashes. We compared objective rates of crashes, traffic violations, and license suspensions for newly licensed autistic and non-autistic adolescents. This retrospective cohort study included New Jersey residents born from 1987 through 2000 who were patients of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia health care network. Electronic health records were linked with statewide driver licensing and crash databases. Autism status was classified via International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic codes; individuals with intellectual disability were excluded. We compared rates among 486 autistic and 70,990 non-autistic licensed drivers over their first 48 months of driving. Furthermore, we examined the proportion of crashes attributed to specific driver actions and crash types. Compared with non-autistic drivers, autistic drivers were estimated to have lower average monthly rates of crash involvement (adjusted rate ratio (adjRR)= 0.89, 95% CI= 0.75-1.05), moving violations (adjRR= 0.56, 95% CI= 0.48-0.67), and suspensions (adjRR = 0.32, 95% CI=0.18-0.58). Among drivers involved in a crash, autistic drivers were half as likely to crash because of unsafe speed, but substantially more likely to crash because of their failure to yield to a vehicle/pedestrian and while making left-turns or U-turns. Newly licensed autistic adolescent drivers have similar to lower estimated rates of adverse driving outcomes; the extent to which these can be attributed to different driving patterns is a critical point for future investigation. There were several notable differences in the characteristics of these crashes, which directly inform interventions to improve driving safety of autistic adolescent drivers.

Difusi Inovasi Pelayanan Program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis (ASG) di Kota Madiun

Dominasi penggunaan kendaraan pribadi di Kota Madiun seringkali menyebabkan kemacetan khususnya pada kawasan pendidikan di jam-jam sibuk dan menyebabkan kecelakaan lalu lintas khususnya banyak terjadi pada pelajar yang belum memiliki Surat Ijin Mengemudi (SIM) mengendarai kendaraan pribadi ke sekolah. Di Jawa Timur tingkat laka lantas dan pelanggaran sering terjadi di Kota Madiun, kemudian disusul di wilayah Jember, Jombang. Pemerintah Kota Madiun melalui Dinas Perhubungan Kota Madiun meluncurkan program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis untuk mengurangi kemacetan lalu lintas oleh pelajar. Program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis merupakan sebuah inovasi baru dari Dinas Perhubungan Kota Madiun dalam memberikan layanan transportasi sekolah gratis bagi pelajar. Oleh karena itu perlu difusi inovasi atau proses penyebaran inovasi supaya masyarakat mengetahui adanya Program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui difusi inovasi pelayanan Program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis di Kota Madiun menggunakan 4 (empat) elemen penting difusi inovasi oleh Rogers.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data pada penelitian ini terdiri dari sumber data primer yaitu beberapa informan dan sumber data sekunder berupa dokumen terkait dengan penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, wawancara terstruktur, dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data adalah analisis data interaktif yang terdiri dari reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan kesimpulan, dan verifikasi. Dalam menjaga keabsahan data penelitian ini menggunakan teknik triangulasi sumber.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa difusi inovasi pelayanan Program Angkutan Sekolah Gratis (ASG) di Kota Madiun berjalan cukup baik dan sesuai dengan standar pelayanan publik. Karakteristik inovasi pada pelayanan angkutan sekolah gratis diketahui ada manfaat ekonomi, sesuai dengan kebutuhan pelajar, mudah digunakan, dapat dicoba, dan dapat diamati hasil dari layanan tersebut. Terdapat dua saluran komunikasi yang digunakan yaitu melalui saluran komunikasi interpersonal dengan melibatkan sekolah dan media massa melalui surat kabar, radio, dan media elektronik. Sementara itu jangka waktu setiap adopter memiliki perbedaan waktu dalam mengadopsi sebuah inovasi. Ada yang cepat memutuskan menggunakan dan ada yang membutuhkan waktu lebih lama untuk bisa memutuskan menggunakan angkutan sekolah gratis. Tipe adopter pada pelayanan angkutan sekolah gratis teridentifikasi dalam tipe mayoritas awal (Early Majority). Tipe mayoritas awal adalah pengadopsi yang tidak secara langsung menggunakan inovasi setelah mendapatkan informasi tentang suatu inovasi.Kata Kunci: Difusi Inovasi

Pengembangan Smart Motor untuk Pencegahan Tindak Kriminal Pencurian Kendaraan Roda 2

Every year the production motorcycles has increased. In 2017 to 2018 the increase reached 8,112,364 units or 7.24%. Motorcycles are the most popular among Indonesian people, especially the lower middle class to facilitate mobilization in daily activities. As the rapid growth of motorcycle, the number of criminal motorcycles theft is also high. criminal motorcycles data for 2018 amounted to 27,731 cases and for 2017 there were 35,226 cases. Motorcycles are often the object of theft because it is easier in terms of mobilization in terms of the theft process to the sale to collectors compared cars and above. In addition, the security side provided by motorcycles manufacturers is still relatively low, only a few manufacturers have listed an alarm feature in their production. The modus operandi that the perpetrators often use is to destroy the key house by using the T key, but also by seizing directly, pretending to borrow to spread nails on certain streets. This study aims to develop a tool (Smart motor) that can be used as an anti-theft security with the media validation of the driver's license and vehicle registration so that the motor can not be turned on if it does not bring the driver’s licence and vehicle registration registered on the device. With the device built, the owner is required to bring the vehicle registration and driver’s licence so that the motor can be turned on. This is also useful in order to comply with traffic rules set by the police, namely by carrying a complete driving while traveling

Driver's License Suspension for Unpaid Fines and Fees: The Movement for Reform

Nearly eleven million people in the United States have a suspended driver’s license for unpaid fines and fees. Laws that suspend, revoke, or prevent renewal of driver’s licenses and/or restrict driving privileges (i.e., registration holds and non-renewals) for nonpayment of traffic- and court-related debt criminalize poverty and disproportionately impact those with a lower economic status. These unproductive and harmful debt-based restrictions not only fail to increase collections of fines and fees, but also divert important public resources for law enforcement and courts away from public safety. The primary way in which these restrictions manifest themselves is through driver’s license suspensions, which are the focus of this article. However, several states also hold or suspend registrations or other required compliance documents, creating the same types of complications that result from a suspended license. The racial disparities of debt-based driver’s license suspensions are even more troubling, as individuals of color are more likely to experience poverty and to be stopped by law enforcement, as well as ticketed, arrested, charged, and convicted for traffic violations. To date, twenty-two states and Washington, D.C. have passed reforms that curb or eliminate the use of driver’s license suspensions and driving privilege restrictions for unpaid fines and fees. While most states continue to suspend, revoke, or prohibit license and/or vehicle compliance renewals for those with unpaid court debt, a growing movement for reform has taken hold. This Article will discuss the imperative for stopping debt-based restrictions and examine the rationales and impacts of two pathways to reform: litigation and legislation. This Article will lay out specific factors that jurisdictions should consider in their reform approach. Careful evaluation of these factors will ensure the greatest benefit while posing the least harm to those most impacted by these policies.

Деякі питання удосконалення цифрової інфраструктури

The article raises questions concerning additional aspects of digitalization and simplification of the procedure for legal grounds for driving vehicles. The current state of legal regulation of this sphere of relations in the society is considered. The proposals on the legal fixing of the norms that would additionally regulate and further enable the introduction of an electronic system for the identification of the driver's identity, without presenting a driver's license; elimination of such measures to ensure the production of cases of administrative violations as the withdrawal of a driver's license. In order to achieve the ambitious goals and achieve the current goals set in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 and finally build a high level of passenger comfort, it is necessary to go, among other things, a deep and important way to improve the legal regulation of road transport services in Ukraine. and the economy in passenger and cargo transportation, transportation safety, efficient consumption of resources and reduction of man-caused impact of motor vehicles through the so-called instrument of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU acts under the Ukraine-EU Association Agreement. In particular, the legislation regulating relations between carriers and citizens in terms of digitalization of transport infrastructure and simplification of vehicle management is really subject to further improvement. Improving the efficiency of state regulation in the field of transport is associated with the introduction of an electronic system of driver identification, the legal basis for driving a vehicle, the presence of an insurance policy, etc. Under such conditions, changes and additions to: Law of Ukraine «On Road Traffic»; Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, Traffic rules approved by the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 10, 2001 №1306, which in the light of the above agreements of Ukraine with the European Union needs a radical transformation. It is reasonable to make some adjustments to these basic laws and regulations. Further resolution of existing problems in the transport sector, including through the adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation in the field of transport, is gradually becoming a priority for Ukraine and to this end it is necessary to adjust existing legislation at the local level, including immediate changes and additions to the Law of Ukraine "On Road Traffic", the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, to the resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of October 10, 2001 №1306 "Rules of the Road". Given the above, it is seen that the proposals presented in the article will finally lead to further improvement and simplification of vehicle management, as well as to the approximation and development of electronic transport infrastructure systems to European standards, safety and management, etc.

Effect of Driver's License Status on the Health and Lifestyle of Elderly Residents in Areas With Heavy Snowfall

Effect of Driver's License Status on the Health and Lifestyle of Elderly Residents in Areas With Heavy Snowfall

Проблемы привлечения к ответственности несовершеннолетних, управляющих транспортными средствами без водительского удостоверения

Проблемы привлечения к ответственности несовершеннолетних, управляющих транспортными средствами без водительского удостоверения

Test–retest reliability of touchscreen DriveSafe DriveAware

This prospective study examines the test-retest reliability of touchscreen DriveSafe DriveAware (DSDA). In a future study, the authors intend assessing the usefulness of DSDA to measure progress of patients undergoing treatment for neurological conditions. Evidence of test-retest reliability is required first. Australian adults with current driver's licences (N=39) aged 20 to 91years (Mage =58) recruited from a convenience sample were assessed with DSDA. The assessment was repeated 6weeks, 6months, and 12months later to match planned assessments of patients undergoing neurosurgical treatment in future research. DSDA classification, DriveSafe subtest score, and DriveAware subtest scores were analysed as a whole sample, and in three age groups. DSDA classification and DriveAware scores were consistent over repeated tests. DriveSafe scores increased between test 1 and 2 (p=.006), and thereafter no significant change from test 2 to 4. DriveSafe scores of older participants (70+ years) increased between test 1 and 2 more notably than younger participants' scores. No DriveSafe scores decreased over time. DSDA classification and DriveAware scores demonstrated test-retest reliability for all age groups. DriveSafe scores did not demonstrate test-retest reliability between test 1 and 2 for participants 70+ years. However, DriveSafe scores demonstrated test-retest reliability after test 2, possibly indicating an initial learning effect for the DriveSafe score only. The authors posit that this result may have been influenced by older adults' reduced familiarity with iPad technology at first assessment. Further longitudinal research is required to confirm whether these results are consistent in a sample population with diagnosed cognitive impairment. Future research will assess whether repeated assessment of DSDA may be useful for monitoring and screening cognitive fitness to drive in patients who have undergone neurosurgical treatment and whether declining scores may indicate cognitive changes in ability to drive.

Community Assessment Using Google Map Based Geographic Information System (GIS) and Its Application to Driver's License Return Support for Elderly

Google mapを用いた簡便なGISの利用方法を開発し，地域診断・免許返納支援を行った．公開されている交通，食料品店，医療機関の位置データや人口データなどの情報をQGISというソフトを用いて変換し，Google map上に取り込んだ．このマップを用いて診療圏の地域のインフラを可視化して地域の医療機関や生鮮食料品店へのアクセスを可視化し，地域診断や高齢患者の免許返納支援を行った．

Injury-severity analysis of lane change crashes involving commercial motor vehicles on interstate highways

Introduction: One of the challenging tasks for drivers is the ability to change lanes around large commercial motor vehicles. Lane changing is often characterized by speed, and crashes that occur due to unsafe lane changes can have serious consequences. Considering the economic importance of commercial trucks, ensuring the safety, security, and resilience of freight transportation is of paramount concern to the United States Department of Transportation and other stakeholders. Method: In this study, a mixed (random parameters) logit model was developed to better understand the relationship between crash factors and associated injury severities of commercial vehicle crashes involving lane change on interstate highways. The study was based on 2009–2016 crash data from Alabama. Results: Preliminary data analysis showed that about 4% of the observed crashes were major injury crashes and drivers of commercial motor vehicles were at-fault in more than half of the crashes. Acknowledging potential crash data limitations, the model estimation results reveal that there is increased probability of major injury when lane change crashes occurred on dark unlit portions of interstates and involve older drivers, at-fault commercial vehicle drivers, and female drivers. The results further show that lane change crashes that occurred on interstates with higher number of travel lanes were less likely to have major injury outcomes. Practical Applications: These findings can help policy makers and state transportation agencies increase awareness on the hazards of changing lanes in the immediate vicinity and driving in the blind spots of large commercial motor vehicles. Additionally, law enforcement efforts may be intensified during times and locations of increased unsafe lane changing activities. These findings may also be useful in commercial vehicle driver training and driver licensing programs.

Effects of physical driving experience on body movement and motion sickness among passengers in a virtual vehicle.

Virtual vehicles (e.g., driving video games) can give rise to visually induced motion sickness. Typically, people drive virtual vehicles. In the present study, we investigated motion sickness among participants who were exposed to virtual vehicles as passengers; that is, they observed vehicle motion, but did not control it. We also asked how motion sickness and the postural precursors of motion sickness might be influenced by participants' previous experience of driving physical vehicles. Participants viewed a recording of a virtual automobile in a driving video game. Drivers were young adults with several years of experience driving physical automobiles, while non-drivers were individuals in the same age group who did not have a driver's license and had never driven an automobile. During exposure to the virtual vehicle, we monitored movement of the head and torso. The independent measures included the incidence and severity of motion sickness. After exposure to the virtual vehicle, the incidence and severity of motion sickness did not differ between Drivers and Non-Drivers. By contrast, postural movement differed between participants who later became motion sick and those who did not. In addition, during exposure to the virtual vehicle, physical driving experience was related to patterns of postural activity that preceded motion sickness. The results are consistent with the postural instability theory of motion sickness, and illuminate relations between the control of physical and virtual vehicles.

Alcohol- and speeding-related fatal crashes among novice drivers age 18–20 not fully licensed at the time of the crash

IntroductionSome teens may intentionally delay their driving licensure until age 18 or later, thereby skipping the learning and driver safety benefits provided by graduated driver licensing (GDL) programs. Delaying driving initiation could elevate teen crash risk once they begin driving. This study compares the prevalence of alcohol use and speeding among individuals aged 18–20 y/o who were not fully licensed drivers (NFLD) at the time of the fatal crash with that of their fully licensed counterparts (FLD). Materials and methodsData came from the 2010–2017 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Census data were added to measure mean household income at drivers’ zip code. Bivariate (chi-square) and logistic regressions were used to assess the likelihood young drivers were alcohol-positive and/or speeding at the time of the crash as a function of drivers’ license status, demographic, socioeconomic, and the strength of GDL programs in the state. ResultsCompared with females and White drivers age 18–20 y/o, males, Latino, and Black drivers were more likely to be NFLD at the time of the fatal crash (p < .0001). Living in zip codes with low median household income (p < .001) and the strength of GDL restrictions (p < .0001) were associated with individuals being NFLD at the time of the fatal crash. Alcohol-related fatal crashes were more prevalent among NFLD than FLD (p < .02). ConclusionsThe study provides indirect evidence suggesting that alcohol use may be more detrimental for NFLD than for FLD.

Legal issues in automated vehicles: critically considering the potential role of consent and interactive digital interfaces

Some of the first ‘automated’ vehicles to be deployed on our roads will require a system of shared driving with a human driver. While this creates technical and operational challenges, the law must also facilitate such a transfer. One method may be to obtain the driver’s consent to share operational responsibility and to delineate legal responsibility between vehicle and driver in the event of an accident. Consent is a voluntary agreement where an individual is aware of the potential consequences of their consent, including the risks. The driver of a partially automated vehicle must be informed of potential risks before giving consent to share operational responsibility. This paper will refer to the inherent dangers associated with shared operational responsibility, in particular where there has been a request for the driver to take back control from the automated vehicle during the journey. Drivers are likely to experience delay in regaining situational awareness, making such operational transfers hazardous. It is argued that where an interactive digital interface is used to convey information, such as driver responsibility, risk and legal terms, drivers may fail to sufficiently process such communications due to fundamental weaknesses in human–machine interaction. The use of an interactive digital interface alone may be inadequate to effectively communicate information to drivers. If the problems identified are not addressed, it is argued that driver consent may be inconsequential, and fail to facilitate a predicable demarcation of legal responsibility between automated vehicles and drivers. Ongoing research into automated vehicle driver training is considered as part of the preparation required to design driver education to a level whereby drivers may be able to sufficiently understand the responsibilities involved in operating a partially automated vehicle, which has implications for future driver training, licensing and certification.

Motor vehicle driver injury severity analysis utilizing a random parameter binary probit model considering different types of driving licenses in 4-legs roundabouts in South Australia

A roundabout may not provide an acceptable level of control and can be confusing to inexperienced drivers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the contributing factors that lead to specific driver injury severity by utilizing a random parameter binary probit model sustained by different experiences of motor drivers at 4-legs roundabouts in South Australia. Four models were estimated based on seven years of crash data (2012–2018), considering different types of motorist-driving license: learner, provisional, full, and for all datasets, including unknown licensures. The model estimates variables have been categorized into a driver, crash, temporal, spatial, vehicle, roadway characteristics, and vehicle movements. The results showed there are differences between resulting crash-injury severities when driver experience has been observed. Besides, several parameters were found to be random and normally distributed: safety equipment, crash type (rear-end crash), number of involved vehicles, weekdays indicator, stats area (crash occurred within metropolitan), vehicle type (passenger car), and posted speed limit (more than 50 km/hr.). In addition, the log-likelihood and the transferability test indicated that the data should be separated and analyzed according to the driver's license. Findings can help authorities to improve driver safety considering the influence of the driver experience.

Life is a highway: Driver's license acquisition and social determinants for youth in foster care and their non-fostercare peers.

Data regarding the connection between driver licensure and social determinants for youth could provide insight into the impact of driver license acquisition. These relationships are important for youth overall and particularly for foster youth given that adolescents in foster care obtain driver's licenses less often than their non-foster care peers. This integrative review explores the association between driver licensure and social determinants. Whittemore and Knafl guidelines were used to conduct the integrative review. The articles were identified in collaboration with an expert in library science and public health. Results were organized by the Healthy People 2030 (HP 2030) Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) model. Six studies were included. Social and community context included social support structures helping youth get driver's licenses. Economics, including income and education, influenced license acquisition. Driver license acquisition was associated with improved well-being, security, and mental health. While fewer of those living in urban, walkable neighborhoods with access to public transportation were licensed, results from other studies suggest that car access is associated with psychological well-being. Further, licensure is disproportionately lower for populations historically marginalized from equal housing, education, and employment opportunities. Licensure plays a role in well-being.