Drip Irrigation Method Research Articles

CFD Analysis of the Flow Characteristics of In-Line Drip Emitter with Different Labyrinth Channels

Certain types of soil fail to absorb larger discharge causing excess water to go waste. Higher flow rate tends to carry the sandy soil along with it, making it useless and damaging to the crop. To address these problems, drip irrigation method with labyrinth channel emitters is used to optimize the amount of water used. Emitters with lower rate of flow are more desirable and efficient. These save water and fertilizer by dripping water slowly and uniformly as per the requirement of the roots of plants, either to the soil surface or directly to the root zone. In this study, visualization of the flow characteristics of 3-D emitters with different types of in-line labyrinth channels is done with the help of principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Commercial CAD software SolidWorks is used for modeling the 3-D geometry of the emitter, and ANSYS FLUENT is used for CFD analysis. A comparative study of different turbulence models is carried out in order to find the most suitable model for the problem. Discharge is calculated at ten different operating inlet pressures in terms of head of water. The emitter of four different channel profiles: circular, rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal, is studied. The triangular channel has the lowest pressure drop (15.94 kPa) as compared to other channels. Based on simulated discharge values, the triangular channel has the lowest discharge as compared to other channels.

Growth and instability of area under drip method of irrigation in south Gujarat- A district-wise analysis

The competition among the various sectors of the economy particularly agriculture for the scarce water is becoming intense as the demand for available water resources is fast exceeding the economic supply. Many farmers still adopt conventional methods of irrigation which not only results in severe wastage of water but reduces crop production and also cause ecological hazards like water logging and soil salinity. The mounting water scarcity in Gujarat state validates the adoption of water efficient technologies like drip irrigation. The present study for undertaken to examine the current status and growth performance of area under drip method of irrigation for various districts of South Gujarat using compound growth rates. Instability analysis was carried out using the formula given by Cuddy and Della to know the variation in area under drip irrigation in over the years. The findings of the study suggested that during the period 2005-06 to 2019-20, the area under drip method of irrigation in case of loanee respondents declined significantly over the years.This could be probably attributed to the excessive documentation and other procedural formalities which were discouraging for the less educated and illiterate farmers. It also led to increase in the transaction cost. On the contrary, the growth in non- loanee area was found to be positive and significant in majority of the districts of South Gujarat. Moreover, the variability in loanee and non–loanee area was recorded to be high i.e. that the area under drip in all the districts of South Gujarat region demonstrated to be unstable during the period of study.

Verification and Demonstration of Low-cost Family Drip Irrigation System for Potato Production Under Smallholder Farmer’s Condition at Jimma Zone

s: Water scarcity is the major threats to global food production constraints as well as in Ethiopia. In addition river water is not accessible to all location due to topographic barriers. So, farmers far from river may accessible to hand dug wells, but its amount is low as compared to river water. Therefore, this low quantity of water requires effective utilization. Though, demonstration of low-cost and appropriate micro-irrigation system had been designed and carried out under agro-climatic condition of Jimma Zone, Dedo district, Waro-kolobo kebele at farmers field conditions for three consecutive years to evaluate the feasibility of drip irrigation system, efficiently utilize the scarce water resources and maximize potato yield. Drip irrigation and furrow irrigation methods were evaluated on 336 m², the area was divided equally into two parts, and each had an area of 168 m². The tuber yield data were collected and sorted into marketable and non-marketable yields. The maximum yield of potato was obtained from drip irrigation, while lowest from furrow irrigated fields. The drip irrigation had greater performance than furrow irrigations method in terms of yield. The higher water productivity was obtained from drip irrigation and lower from furrow. A total of 172 participants were attended training during three years, 132 male and 40 females. The maximum net benefit was recorded from drip irrigation. Therefore, drip irrigation method is better technology in study area where shortage of water exists or when source of water are limited as the case of shallow wells, and preferable in sloppy areas. So, for more accurate information and justifications it needs to be demonstrated and verified under varies climatic and soil condition of Jimma Zone.

Surface Irrigation Vs Drip Irrigation Method

We all aware about the term irrigation, it is the application of supply of water to the crops plants according to their requirements by artificial means. The main motive of this article is to study and compare different methods of irrigation and especially focused on surface and drip irrigation methods. As in India, the area under irrigation is only about 36% of net sown area. Currently, only agriculture sector uses 83% of available freshwater and 5% for domestic use, 3% for industries, 6% for energy sector and remaining 3% by other consumers. Increasing population and hence the competition in future would limit the water availability. In surface irrigation methods there are higher losses in water conveyance and application, which can be reduced considerably by adopting micro irrigation methods especially drip irrigation method. Of all the irrigation methods in use drip irrigation is most efficient and also can be used in different kinds of crops mainly in orchards, vegetables, flowers, and plantation crops. Drip irrigation accounts for increased water use efficiency i.e. 90- 95 percent.

Saffron yield and quality as influenced by different irrigation methods

Dried stigma of saffron is the most expensive spice in the world. In Iran, the majority of saffron farms use the traditional basin method for irrigation, which, together with other irrigation methods may soon face serious problems because of droughts in the future. Making an evaluation of the regional crop response to the irrigation method is important to the adoption of a proper irrigation management strategy. In this study, the effect of employing different irrigation methods, including the sprinkler, drip, furrow, and basin, on the following factors was evaluated: the saffron stigma dry weight, quality, water use efficiency (WUE), and Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) in the arid climate of Qaen, South Khorasan, Iran, over three consecutive crop years. The experiment was undertaken using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that seasonal saffron Evapotranspiration (ETC) was recorded as 356.5, 339.1, and 330.7 mm, in 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively, as a result of administering the treatments. Saffron yield as well as WUE and IWUE were found to respond to the various irrigation methods except in the first year. In total, maximum stigma dry weight and water use efficiencies were reached in the third growing season using the drip irrigation method. Judging by the results, the drip irrigation method for saffron production is to be preferred. Additionally, the quality level of saffron was found to be acceptable. However, due to higher crocin content, the quality of saffron irrigated by the sprinkler method was somewhat higher.

Solar Powered Automated Irrigation System in Rural Area and their Socio Economic and Environmental Impact

One of the most important solutions for the climate change crisis is the development of renewable energy sources like photovoltaic energy. This study is conducted to explore the socio economic and environmental impact of using solar powered automated drip irrigation system on drip owners of Faisalabad division. Drip irrigation technology takes into account innovations in the agricultural sector and their acceptance on behalf of farmers due to various factors of its particular adjustment goes back to social, economic and climatic conditions. Solar powered drip irrigation system is a micro irrigation system that saves water (H2O) and nutrients by allowing water to slowly drip to the roots of plants and minimize water evaporation by using indigenous resources like photovoltaic energy. This study focused on powered automated drip irrigation methods that have a significant impact on resource savings like saving in energy, labour cost and less use of water, improve crop yields and farmer profit that help to improve life of the rural areas. A sample of 48 respondents was selected conveniently from the Faisalabad division. Respondents were solar drip adopter. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied for data analysis to check the impact of solar drip irrigation on farmer. It was found that majority of solar drip owners are highly agreed to have change in their social status and self-reliance that are 39.58% and 72.92%. Using solar drip systems 79.17% farmers improve their product quality. This indicates that most solar drip owners have high socio-economic and environmental impact.

Modelling effect of different irrigation methods on spring maize yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies in the North China Plain.

Conventional farming practices not only constrained food security due to low yield but also threatened the ecosystem by causing groundwater decline and groundwater nitrate contamination. A two׹ear field experiment was conducted at the research station of North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou. The WHCNS model was used to simulate grain yield, water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiencies (WUE and FNUEs) of spring maize under border irrigation method, drip irrigation, and rainfed conditions. In addition, a scenario analysis was also performed on different dry and rainy seasons to assess the long-term impact of rainfall variability on spring maize from 2000-2017. The result showed that the model precisely simulated soil water content, N concentration, crop biomass accumulation, and grain yield. The maximum and minimum range of relative root mean squire error (RRMSE) values were 0.5-36.0% for soil water content, 14.0-38.0% for soil nitrate concentrations, 19.0-24.0% for crop biomass and 1.0-2.0% for grain yield, respectively under three irrigation methods. Both the index of agreement (IA) and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values were close 1. We found the lowest grain yield from the rainfed maize, whereas the drip irrigation method increased grain yield by 14% at 40% water saving than border irrigation method for the two years with the 11% lower evaporation and maintained transpiration rate. Moreover, the drip irrigated maize had a negligible amount of drainage and runoff, which subsequently improved WUE by 27% in the first growing season and 16% in the second rotation than border irrigation. The drip irrigated maize also showed 24% higher FNUE. The reason of lower WUE and FNUEs under the border irrigation method was increased drainage amounts and N leaching rates. Furthermore, scenario analysis indicated that the dry season could result in a 30.8% yield decline as compared to rainy season.

Impact of Evaluation of Different Irrigation Methods with Sensor System on Water Consumptive Use and Water Use Efficiency for Maize Yield

The sensor system is one of the modern and important methods of irrigation management in arid and semi-arid areas, which is water as the limiting factor for crop production. The study was applied for 2016 and 2017 seasons out in Al-Yousifya, 15 km Southwest of Baghdad. A study was conducted to evaluate coefficient uniformity, uniformity distribution and application efficiency for furrow, surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation methods and it was (98, 97 and 89)% and (97, 96 and 88)% for 2016 and 2017 seasons; respectively. And control the volumetric moisture content according to the rhizosphere depth for depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm by means of the sensor system. The results indicated that the height consumptive water use of furrow 707.91 and 689.69 mm·season-1 and the lowest for subsurface drip with emitter deep at 20 cm 313.93 and 293.50 mm·season-1 for 2016 and 2017 seasons; respectively. As well, the highest value of water use efficiency for subsurface in drip irrigation at a depth of 20 cm, was 2.71 and 2.99 kg·m-3 and the lowest value for furrow irrigation was 1.12 and 1.20 kg·m-3 for the 2016 and 2017 seasons; respectively.

EFFECT OF PLOWING AND IRRIGATION SCHEDULING ON SEASONAL WATER CONSUMPTION, YIELD AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF MUNG BEAN UNDER SURFACE AND DRIP IRRIGATION

Two field experiments were carried out in the feed crop studies station of the Ministry of Agriculture - Haditha agriculture division located in the village of Sakran - Haditha district 260 km west of Baghdad. The location lies on longitude 42° 22' 21'' east and longitude 34° 08' 23'' north, and 80 m above sea level, On the ground dimensions (21 × 30 m) for each experiment, during the autumn season 2018. The aim of this study is to find out the role of soil surface crusting and its relationship with tillage pattern, irrigation interval and its relationship with soil moisture content, productivity of mung bean, under surface and drip irrigation methods. The treatments of each experiment were distributed individually using Split-Plot Design, with three replications. Treatments were distributed randomly, with each experiment included two experiments on six treatments using zero tillage mode T0, minimum tillage T1 and conventional tillage T2 and two irrigation intervals are two days I1 and four days I2. The results showed superiority of seasonal water consumption values for both irrigation methods when a comma spacing irrigations four days (I2) it reached 403.51 mm and 207.058 mm for the methods of surface irrigation and drip irrigation respectively, T1I1 treatment was superior over similar surface irrigation treatments in grain yield, where the grain yield of 2.52 t ha-¹, T2I1 treatment also was superior in grain yields, reaching to 1,745 t ha-1, when drip irrigation method was used, The results showed that the longest height and the highest dry root weight was for T0I2 treatment reached to 0.33m and 14 gm, respectively when drip irrigation method was used, while the root length for the T1I1 treatment was 0.29 m and the highest dry root weight of 13 g was for T2I1 treatment when drip irrigation method was used also, The water use efficiency by using drip irrigation method was superior by 1.408 kg m-3 for T2I1 treatment and the highest water use efficiency was 1.11 kg m-3 for T1I1 treatment when surface irrigation method used

The Effect of Different Irrigation Treatment on Yield and Yield Parameters of Sunflowers in Semi-Arid Conditions

Bu çalışmada ayçiçeğinin farklı gelişme dönemlerinde yapılan sulama uygulamalarının verim ve verim parametrelerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma Trakya Bölgesinde yer alan Tekirdağ ilinde 2019 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede 8 farklı sulama konusu oluşturulmuş ve sulamalar damla sulama yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre verim ve verim parametrelerinde I1 konusu (geç vejetatif dönem, çiçeklenme dönemi, tane oluşum döneminde sulama uygulaması yapılan konu) en olumlu sonuçları vermiştir. Buna karşın sulama yapılmayan I8 konusunda ise en düşük sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Özellikle verim değerlendirildiğinde I1 konusundan 520.6 kg da-1 verim alınırken, I8 konusundan 319.6 kg da-1 verim elde edilmiştir. Sulanmayan I8 konusunda her dönem sulama yapılan I1 konusuna göre yaklaşık %40 verim azalması meydana gelmiştir. Yağ içeriği ve yağ verimi açısından konular değerlendirildiğinde, I1 konusundan %43.6 yağ içeriği ve 226.7 kg da-1 yağ verimi elde edilmiştir. I5 konusu her dönem sulama yapılan I1 konusuna yakın sonuçlar vermiş ve %43 yağ içeriği ve 199.3 kg da-1 yağ verimi elde edilmiştir. I8 konusu ise %39.1 yağ içeriği ve 124.9 kg da-1 yağ verimiyle en düşük değerlere sahip olmuştur. Sulama suyu kullanım randımanı (IWUE) değerleri 1.76 kg m-3 ile 4.30 kg m-3 aralığında, su kullanım randımanı (WUE) değerleri ise 0.96 kg m-3 ile 1.24 kg m-3 aralığında olduğu ve istatistiksel analiz sonucu konular arasında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. IWUE ve WUE değerleri üzerine yapılan istatistiksel analizlerde I6 konusunun öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Sulama suyunun yeterli olduğu koşulda I1 konusu önerilebilir. Su kaynağının kısıtlı olduğu koşullarda eğer iki sulama yapılabilirse I5 konusu (çiçeklenme ve tane oluşum dönemlerinde sulanan), tek sulama yapılabilecekse I6 konusu (çiçeklenme döneminde sulanan) önerilebilir. Sulama programlamasında yüksek verim ve yüksek yağ kalitesi için ayçiçeğinde çiçeklenme döneminde su eksikliğinden kaçınılmalıdır.

Performance of cabbage at different irrigation levels under drip and microsprinkler irrigation systems*

AbstractField experiments were conducted for 3 years to investigate an appropriate irrigation management strategy that would lead to increased cabbage productivity along with saving in irrigation water. Cabbage was grown with microsprinkler and drip irrigation methods with four irrigation levels based on crop evapotranspiration (ETc) as 0.8 ETc, 0.9 ETc, 1 ETc, and 1.1 ETc. It was found that cabbage crop performed better with the microsprinkler system than the drip system. All the growth‐ and yield‐contributing characters in the microsprinkler irrigation method were significantly superior over drip irrigation. The maximum yield of cabbage was obtained by the microsprinkler method (37 t ha−1) with irrigation scheduling at 1 ETc followed by 0.9 ETc (35.5 t ha−1). However, highest water use efficiency (114 kg ha−1 mm−1) was obtained in drip irrigation with 0.9 ETc irrigation level, and the highest net income per mm of water (Rs 622) was obtained in drip irrigation with 1 ETc irrigation level. Microsprinkling gave 7.30% more yield of cabbage than the drip method, whereas the drip method saved 32% more water than the microsprinkler method. It is therefore recommended to adopt the microsprinkler irrigation method to obtain a potential yield of cabbage. However, when water is a limiting factor, it is recommended to grow cabbage with the drip irrigation method.

EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND WATER STRESS WITH LOW WATER AND SOIL QUALITY ON QUINOA YIELD IN ARID CONDITIONS

Due to the water scarcity in the recent period in dry areas, as is the case in Egypt, so some means have to be used to save water as the use of irrigation systems under water stress, the use of low-quality water, as well as plants that tolerate these conditions. Two field experiments were conducted on a clayey soil with low quality (3.1 dSm-1) in southern Nile Delta of Egypt for evaluating the influence of low quality soil and water on quinoa productivity (initial experiment) and the effects of surface drip (SDI) and subsurface drip (SSDI) irrigation methods with three irrigation regimes (100%, 80% and 60% of irrigation requirements) and humic acid (0 and 50 mgl-1) on soil moisture and salinity, yield and water use efficiency of quinoa (main experiment). The initial experiment was done on pots to measure the effect of water quality (fresh water (0.45 dSm-1), ground water (2.8 dSm-1) and saline water (5 and 7 dSm-1)) on productivity. Regarding to results, the yield was significantly decreased by using saline water (5 and 7 dSm-1), while there were no differences between fresh and ground water. The results of the main experiment indicate that using ground water to irrigate quinoa with SSDI, 80% water stress and 50 mgl-1 humic acid improved soil salinity, pH and moisture content. These favorable conditions of the improved soil reflected on the vegetative growth parameters of quinoa and showed significant increases in seed yield (4.17 Mg ha-1) and water productivity (3.78 kg m-3).

Estimation of Corn Leaf Area Index and Ground Cover With Vegetation Indices as a Result of Irrigation Dose

New technologies have been implemented in the agricultural sector to improve crop production and resource management including irrigation water. A three-year long project was conducted to determine whether vegetation indices (VIs) could be used to estimate the leaf area index (LAI) as well as the soil cover fraction (fc) at different crop growth stages in order to use these parameters in a future study concerning irrigation through drones. A low cost unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) and a multispectral camera were used to calculate different VIs of corn (Zea mays). The irrigation scheduling based on the FAO Penman-Monteith equation and the drip irrigation method were used. Three treatments were organized in three replications and the irrigation doses were equal to 100%, 75%, and 50% of the daily evapotranspiration respectively. The Simple and Multiple Regression analysis were used and different equations were formed where the VIs were the predictor variables and the LAI and fc the predicted ones. According to the two-year period data (2018-2019), during 2018 the average maximum LAI in the full irrigation treatment (100%) was 4.1. In the medium irrigation treatment (75%) the LAI was 4.0. The LAI in the third treatment (50%) was 3.9. In 2019, the LAI was 3.7 (100% treatment). In the second treatment, the LAI was 3.3. The LAI in the third treatment was 3.0. According to the results different VIs and prediction equations could be used to estimate the LAI values with high accuracy with the in situ measurements as well as the soil cover fraction.

Input Usage and Discriminant Analysis in Cotton Production: A Case Study of the Hatay Region-Turkey

Cotton has an important place among other industrial products in the world and in Turkey in terms of holding the largest production area, a high export value, and it being a crucial input in the food and animal feed industries. Turkey is the 7th largest cotton producer in the world, and the region of Hatay where the research took place, has an 11,54% share in Turkey’s total cotton production area. It has a 10,57% share in unseeded cotton, cottonseed, and in fiber production in Turkey. The primary data of the study were obtained from 136 agricultural enterprises with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% average deviation. In the enterprises that were examined, 7.767 tons of cotton unseed were produced in a 14.674 da area in 2016. The average cotton production area size was found as 108 da, and the share of cotton production in the crop pattern was found as 38,20%. In the research area, in order to produce 529,29 kg/da of cotton unseed; 2,6 kg seed, 64,9 kg fertilizer, 0,85 lt agricultural pesticide, 40,5 lt diesel fuel, 641,7 kw electricity, and 2,7 labor force (manpower) were used. According to analysis results; there was a statistically significant difference at a level of 5% between small and large enterprises in terms of fertilizer, labor force, and electricity usage levels. Despite that there wasn’t any significant difference between harvest method (by handpicking or machinery) and productivity; this result indicates that the enterprises which harvest by machinery gain more income compared to the ones which harvest by hand. There wasn’t any significant difference in terms of irrigation method (surface irrigation or drip irrigation) but there was a statistical difference at a level of 5% in terms of income. In other words, the enterprises which use the surface irrigation method gain more income compared to the ones which use the drip irrigation method.

Optimization of the nitrogen fertilizer schedule of maize under drip irrigation in Jilin, China, based on DSSAT and GA

Determining how to optimize a scientific and efficient farmland nitrogen (N) fertilizer schedule by combining existing technology is currently a hot topic. Maize is one of the major crops in China, and enhancing the yield of maize is conducive to ensuring China's food security. In this study, the central region of Jilin Province was adopted as the research object, and a three-year (2014–2016) field experiment was performed. The data from 2014 were used to calibrate the DSSAT model, and the data from 2015 were used for validation. After calibration and validation, the DSSAT model and a genetic algorithm (GA) were used to optimize the N fertilizer schedule of maize under 20 years (1973–1992) of meteorological data for Changchun. The experimental data from 2016 were used to validate the results of the optimized N fertilizer schedule. As revealed from the results, the DSSAT model effectively simulated the growth and development of maize under drip irrigation and rain-fed methods in Changchun. The model was first calibrated based on the crop yield, phenological phases and soil moisture and N content data, and good agreement was achieved between the simulated and measured data in both the calibration and validation periods. In the calibration and validation periods, the normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) for grain yield was 1.45% and 1.61%, respectively. The total amount in the new N fertilizer schedule is 198 kg/ha, which is slightly higher than that in the traditional schedule (187.5 kg/ha), and the yield of maize in the proposed N fertilizer schedule was upregulated by 7–9% compared with the conventional N fertilization schedule in the experimental results for 2016. Through an analysis of economic benefits, drip irrigation is better than the rain-fed method, and the optimized N fertilization schedule will make the economic benefits more significant (8.4%–12.4% increase). Additionally, this method is easier to combine with remote sensing and weather forecasting, forming a real-time method of field management optimization schedule decision-making.

15N tracer-based analysis of fertiliser nitrogen accumulation, utilisation and distribution in processing tomato at different growth stages

ABSTRACT The unnecessary application of nitrogen could negatively impact both the yield and quality of crops, and could also lead to nitrate leaching and soil pollution. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the optimized nitrogen application on 15N accumulation, utilization and distribution of processing tomato in China. Through field experiments with 15N and consisted two treatments: optimized nitrogen application (NY) and no nitrogen application (N0). The results showed that the absorption efficiency of applied fertilizer nitrogen was 46%. In processing tomato plants, 128.9 kg ha−1 of nitrogen came from applied fertilizer, while the remainder of the nitrogen (177.6 kg ha−1) came from the soil. The processing tomato fully absorbed the soil nitrogen, which reduced the nitrogen loss rate and resulted in higher production of dry matter. In the harvest stage. The residual percentage in soil of applied fertilizer nitrogen was 34%, which was mainly distributed in the 0-40 cm soil layer. This reduced the leaching of nitrogen and was conducive to the reuse of crops in the next year. This study provides a reference for the development of precise nitrogen management techniques using drip irrigation methods in arid areas..

Integrating rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation for water use efficiency improvements in apple orchards of northwest China

Rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation are commonly used water saving techniques ensuring agricultural sustainability in drylands of northwest China. However, few studies have compared the advantages and shortcomings of these two techniques. A meta-analysis of 22 study cases across four provinces/regions in northwest China (i.e., Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, and Xinjiang) was conducted. The effects of varied rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation techniques on apple yield, soil water storage, and water use efficiency were evaluated. Results showed that 38.5 % apples (by weight) are produced in northwest China currently. Drip irrigation could improve apple yield by 54.3 %, even more so than rainwater harvesting which offered a 19.1 % improvement. For rainwater harvesting, plastic film mulching was more effective for improving apple yield than grass mulching. Compared with control values, rainwater harvesting can increase 0–200 cm soil water storage by 13.7 %. Optimized drip irrigation methods, such as partial root-zone drying and infiltration enhancing pipe, can enhance water use efficiency by 17.2 %. This study highlights the importance of integrating rainwater harvesting and drip irrigation techniques for improving water productivity, preventing land degradation and desertification, as well as eradicating poverty in arid regions.

Yield and bioethanol productivity of sorghum under surface and subsurface drip irrigation

The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of different irrigation levels applied with surface drip irrigation (SDI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI) method on yield and bioethanol productivity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Early Sumac) in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Field study was conducted in Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute in Antalya during the growing seasons of 2017−2018. Five different irrigation levels designated as full irrigation (I100) with no water stress and slight (I75), mild (I50), severe water stress (I25) and no irrigation (I0) treatments were applied. The results showed that different irrigation levels applied had statistically significant effect on yield and yield components such as plant height, leaf number, leaf area index, chlorophyll context, brix, sucrose, glucose, fructose and bioethanol. In both of the drip irrigation methods, water deficit stress significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased bioethanol yield. The maximum bioethanol yield was obtained from SSDI method under full irrigation, slight, mild, severe and full water deficit stress as much as 2085, 2045, 1684, 1569 and 1407 L ha−1, respectively, in 2017 and 2390, 2266, 1954, 1901 and 1493 L ha−1, respectively, in 2018. The highest water consumption was observed in I100 treatment as 553.6 mm for SDI in 2017, while the lowest was found in I0 treatment as 198.5 mm for SDI in 2018. The highest water productivity was found in I0 as 6.0 kg ha−1 mm-1 for SSDI method in 2018, and the lowest one was found in I25 as 2.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 for SDI in 2017. The results of the present study showed that an average water saving of 24.0 mm compared with the SDI method was achieved without any decrease in efficiency in the SSDI method.

Use of subsurface drip irrigation and water retention barrier to effective use of water in rice

Aims: Rice is one of the most applied irrigation waters applied plant among cultivated plants since it is grown in water or in saturated soil conditions in a significant portion of the growing season. This study was aimed to determine the effects of rice grown on water use, development, yield and some yield parameters using of both separately and jointly water retention barriers and subsurface drip irrigation methods in Enez, Edirne, Turkey in 2017.Methods and Results: Four different treatments were applied: ponding ((control(C)), subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI), ponding + water retention barrier (C+WRB) and SDI+WRB in this study. Subsurface drip irrigation laterals were placed 10 cm deep from the soil surface and the WRB was placed at 30 cm deep. Plants were irrigated with a constant water height of 10-15 cm on the soil in C and C+WRB treatments, 20% ± 5% of the available water retention capacity is consumed without exposure to water stress in SDI and SDI+WRB treatments, the field capacity is completed. WRB and SDI applications significantly affected the irrigation water amount, grain yield and yield components of rice. The yield and irrigation water amount according to the treatments varied between 321-715 kg da-1 and 751-2444 mm, respectively. Conclusions: In comparison to the control treatment, water saving was achieved by 27%, 50%, 69% in C+WRB, SDI and SDI + WRB treatments, respectively. Despite this, when marketable yield values are analysed according to the control treatment, it has increased by 10.8% in C+WRB, and decreased by 48.8% and 40.7% in SDI and SDI + WRB treatments. The water retention barriers and subsurface drip irrigation practices used in the study have been shown to reduce the use of irrigation water in rice production.Significance and Impact of the Study: It can be said that these methods have the potential to be used especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water is limited or inadequate.

Performance of Drip Irrigation Systems Used in Bursa Region

Tarımsal üretimin en önemli parametresi olan suyun, tasarruflu bir şekilde kullanılması hem su kaynaklarının korunmasını, hem de fazla sulamadan kaynaklanacak çevre sorunlarının bertaraf edilmesine katkı sağlar. Damla sulama yöntemi bu açıdan tam da istenilen faydaları sağlayabilecek bir sulama yöntemidir. Sistemin tasarım ve projelendirme aşamalarında, kurulumun yapılacağı arazi için gerekli testlerin ve ölçümlerin yapılması çok önemlidir. Ayrıca, sisteme uygun işletme biçimlerinin de belirlenip kullanıcıya benimsetilmesi diğer bir önemli husustur. Mevcut durumda sistemlerin büyük bölümü belirtilen şekilde kurulmadığı için her açıdan beklenilen katkıları, tasarrufları ve kolaylıkları sağlayamamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Bursa ili sınırlarında meyve bahçelerinde kullanılmakta olan damla sulama sistemlerinin performansı incelenmiştir. Test edilen manifoldların Damlatıcı Debi Türdeşliği (EU) değerleri %60-89 arasında değişmiş olup, sadece 10 tane işletmenin EU değeri iyi sınıfta (%80 -89) yer almıştır. Dağılım Türdeşliği (DU) değerleri, %71-94, Türdeşlik Katsayısı (UC) değerleri % 81-97, İstatistiksel Eş Dağılım (Us) değerleri ise %68-96, Sistem Su Uygulama Randımanı (Ea) değerleri %85-95 ve Alt Çeyrek Gerçek Potansiyel Uygulama Randımanı (PELQ) değerleri ise %64-85 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Sonuçlar dikkate alındığında, test yapılan işletmelerin hem damla sulama sistemlerinde hem de bunların işletilmesinde ciddi problemlerle karşı karşıya oldukları söylenebilir.