Drink Bottles Research Articles

Oleamide, a Bioactive Compound, Unwittingly Introduced into the Human Body through Some Plastic Food/Beverages and Medicine Containers.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the migration of oleamide, a polymer lubricant, and a bioactive compound, from various plastic, marketed containers for food/beverages and medicines into polymer contact liquid. Methanol, food/medicine simulants or real samples were used to extract polymer leachables and extractables. Migrated oleamide into polymer contact liquids was determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS). The concentration of oleamide in the extracts of medicinal and insulin syringes was 7351 ng mL−1 and 21,984 ng mL−1, respectively. The leachates of intravenous (i.v.) infusion bottle, medicinal and insulin syringes contained 17 ng mL−1, 12 ng mL−1 and 152 ng mL−1, respectively. Oleamide in the extracts of dummies ranged from 30 to 39 ng mL−1, while in the leachates of baby bottles, from 12 to 23 ng mL−1. Leachates of soft drink bottles contained from 6 to 15 ng mL−1 oleamide, milk bottles from 3 to 9 ng mL−1, liquid yogurt bottles 17 ng mL−1 and water bottles from 11 to 18 ng mL−1. Bottled real matrices of oil and milk contained oleamide in the range from 217 to 293 ng mL−1. Moreover, the source of migrated oleamide (e.g., containers, caps, other parts) was identified. Oleamide is listed in the current EU regulations without a specific migration limit. Accordingly, these values are considered of no concern, unless future toxicological studies prove the opposite.

PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN DAN HARGA TERHADAP LOYALITAS PELANGGAN BOTOL MINUM HERBALIFE PADA ONLINE SHOP

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality and price on customer loyalty in herbalife drinking bottles at Pondok Gede Barat. The research method uses descriptive analysis of linear regression both partially and multiplely. The findings suggest that service quality can encourage increased customer loyalty, this can be seen from the reliability of employees in handling the needs of customer orders by paying serious attention, sending orders quickly and guaranteeing a sense of security and maintaining a good relationship with customers. Prices encourage increased customer loyalty, this is because the prices offered can be affordable that are tailored to the ability of customers with quality products that are in accordance with extraordinary prices and benefits.

Deadly trap or sweet home? The case of discarded containers as novelty microhabitats for ants

The presence of anthropogenic waste in the environment is one of the most pervasive pollution problems affecting wildlife around the world. Among different types of rubbish, beverage containers represent an ecological trap for invertebrates. However, it also may serve as a nest site. In the present study, we aim to assess if ants can exploit discarded containers as nesting sites, the intensity of mortality of ant workers foraging discarded containers, and ant preferences toward particular features of containers. The study was conducted in September 2018 in 10 woodland areas in the city of Wrocław, Poland. In total, 4.4% of 939 collected containers were used as nest sites by four ant species. Additionally, we found 698 dead workers, representatives of at least 11 species, in 10.3% of investigated containers. Most frequently, ants inhabited brown plastic and glass bottles, and an increase in neck diameter of containers decreased the possibility of nest occurrence. Dead workers were marginally significantly more often found in colourless glass bottles when compared to brown ones and were more frequent in sweet drink and vodka bottles than in beer bottles. Additionally, larger capacity increased the frequency of occurrence of dead ants. Although ants use anthropogenic waste as nest sites, it predominantly appears as a threat for foraging ant workers, most probably attracted by the smell of fermenting beverages or decomposing carcasses of previously trapped animals. Thus, to protect species inhabiting human-disturbed habitats, we suggest developing tools helping to prevent the accumulation of waste in urban woodlands.

Analyzing knowledge, attitudes and practices around reusable water bottles


 Background: It has been acknowledged that personal reusable water bottles pose hazards, such as disease-causing organisms, associated with poor water bottle hygiene practices. Currently, there are no recommended frequencies or procedures, or guidelines for personal water bottle cleaning and sanitation. Likewise, there is little information on outbreaks or cases of illness arising from poor personal water bottle hygiene. This may be due to lack of awareness and non-reporting of cases. Therefore, the importance of knowledge, attitudes and practices around reusable water bottles cannot be over emphasized. This research study will ascertain if water bottle hygiene practices among post-secondary education students are adequate to avoid consumption of drinking water with growth of multiple pathogenic microbes like Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Pseudomonas species, Vibrio cholera and viruses. Method: 83 participants were surveyed using an in person administered survey method. The survey was conducted on British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) student sample using the Survey Monkey platform and was delivered in person via an iPad at a survey stand. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the survey data using NCSS version 12 statistical package. Tables and bar charts were used to explain and give interpretation to p-values from the chi-square tests. Results: There were found to be no associations between knowledge level around reusable water bottles and either gender or hygiene practices. However, the survey data did show an association between gender and hygiene level. The female participants were more likely to clean their water bottles more frequently than the male participants. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, a health promotion initiative targeted toward male students is recommended to achieve behaviour change in cleaning practices with reusable drinking water bottles. Moreover, despite the study findings showing a high level of knowledge among participants, this did not translate to better water bottle hygiene practices, as there was no statistical association between knowledge level and hygiene practice. Therefore, more frequent cleaning of reusable water bottles should be encouraged, highlighting the appropriate cleaning agents and method to be used.

The Implementation of Green Industry through Innovative Approach at PT. Tirta Investama of Pandaan

Industrial companies in both Indonesia and the world are now making green environment as a part of their business strategy. Various companies have proven that green environment will be able to increase the competitiveness of its companies. Through government policy, companies in Indonesia have initiated and created certain methods and approaches to realize green industry as a form of concern for the environment, one of which is carried out by PT. Tirta Investama (TIV) of Pandaan. The company engaged in Bottled Drinking Water (AMDK) has carried out various innovative approaches in the field of energy efficiency through the Juminten Program, emission reduction through re-setting the pressure of 1,500 Line-2 SBO machines, reducing B3 waste with the WyPall Tissue Utilization approach, and Non B3 by developing the Integrated Waste Management approach based on Purwosari Industrial Estate - Pandaan, water conservation through the Improvement Setting Final Rinse 5 Gallon, the approach of optimizing the wastewater recycling system in the Water Pollution Load Program, biodiversity program through Wareh Sapen, and community development through the Integrated Community Develoment.

Capturing insects in guava orchard with soil trap

The development of equipment for capturing insects, in order to meet the need of technicians and researchers, is of paramount importance to obtain accurate data on the population of insects in a given area. The soil trap is used in order to have a sample of the population size of the macro fauna present in the soil. The objective of the experiment was to capture insects of different orders with soil traps and to verify the constancy of the orders of insects in the Experimental Area of Guava Orchards of Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraiba Campus Sousa, Unit II in São Gonçalo, Paraiba State. For this, six soil traps were installed, arranged in strategic points, with 30 m spacing between them, in a triangle shape. The traps were made of 2-liter plastic bottles (PET) of soft drink, cut in half and 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm high. Inside each bottle 300 mL of water and two tablespoons of neutral detergent were placed to break the surface tension of the water. The main orders of insects were respectively, Hymenoptera with 100% of the total species collected in the soil traps; Neuroptera 66.66%, Orthoptera 33.33% and Diptera with 33.33%. In the experiment, a constant frequency was observed, that is, those present in more than 50% of the collections, in particular the order Hymenoptera, with the red ant species (Formica rufa), followed by lion ant (Myrmeleon brasiliensis).

Microplastics release precursors of chlorinated and brominated disinfection byproducts in water

Microplastics (MPs) are prevalent global pollutants that are being detected in aquatic ecosystems and drinking water sources around the world. In addition to plastic polymers, MPs contain various chemical substances (known as “additives”) that can leach and risk water quality. In this paper, we investigated for the first time the potential release of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) precursors when MPs are exposed to hydrolysis and/or degradation by simulated sunlight. Seventeen MPs with seven different polymer types were collected either as commercial products (e.g. drinking water bottles, shopping bags, recycled plastics, etc.) or pure/virgin polymers. Results showed high release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from five MP samples and a significant increase in bromide concentrations from four MPs. DBPs formation potential (DBPFP) experiments with MPs’ leachates showed higher concentrations of chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), and total organic halogens (TOX) in three samples, while a significant shift to brominated DBPs was observed in samples containing bromide. Extending the leaching experiments to four consecutive cycles showed that the leaching of DOC and DBPs’ precursor significantly decreased after the second leaching cycle. Further analysis revealed that the reactivity of the leached DOC – indicated by THMFP yields – was comparable to those of several raw waters that supply drinking water treatment plants. The leached THMs and TOX from MPs that were exposed to UVA irradiation were in general higher than MPs that were run under dark conditions.

Predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine and follicular fluid and correlations between urine and follicular fluid phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing in vitro fertilization

BackgroundPhthalate metabolites in follicular fluid (FF) may negatively affect normal folliculogenesis; however, the predictors of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF and relationships between urine and FF phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) are poorly understood. ObjectiveTo investigate predictors of phthalate metabolites in urine and FF and correlations between urine and FF phthalate metabolite concentrations among women undergoing IVF. MethodWe recruited 305 women seeking infertility treatment at a reproductive center in Wuhan, China, from October to November 2016. Information regarding demographic characteristics, personal care product use and plastic material contact was obtained through direct interviews. Concentrations of 8 phthalate metabolites in urine and FF samples were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Associations regarding metabolite concentrations in urine and FF samples were analysed by Spearman's correlation and linear regression. Generalized linear regression was used to examine potential predictors of phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF. ResultsWeak to moderate associations between urine and FF samples were found for monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) (correlation coefficient: MEP, 0.350; MEOHP, 0.377); no associations were observed for other metabolites. The predictive powers of urinary metabolite concentrations in determining FF metabolite concentrations were uniformly low, with R2 ≤ 0.113. Body mass index (BMI) and educational level were inversely associated with the urinary concentrations of certain metabolites. Higher household income, intake of bottled drinks within 48 h, and use of shower gel and soap were frequently associated with higher urinary metabolite concentrations. BMI, higher household income and use of disposable plastic cups within 48 h were associated with higher metabolite concentrations in FF. ConclusionPhthalate metabolite concentrations in urine and FF vary according to sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle factors. Phthalate metabolite concentrations in urine may not be appropriate for estimating ovary phthalate exposure.

Producing a sustainable type of concrete enhanced by industrial polystyrene

This research includes studying the possibility of producing a new type of no fine concrete by replacing granules of coarse aggregates with grains resulted from the fragmentation of industrial waste of polystyrene. This replacing is with different volumetric proportions of coarse aggregate, and theses volumetric ratios were equal to (5%, 10%, 15% and 25%). Waste plastic fibers (WPFs) resulting from cutting of soft drinks bottles were added for strengthening this new kind of concrete. Mixing ratio was equal to (1:5) (cement: coarse aggregate) by weight. One reference mix was produced for comparative purpose. Compressive strength, flexural strength and density tests were conducted.Compressive strength values of the new sustainable concrete were ranged from 10 MPa to 12.4 MPa at age of test equal to 28 days, while the lowest value of the density of this concrete at the same age reaches 1937 kg/m3, and highest value of modulus of rupture was equal to 2.36 MPa at 28-day age test.

Miniaturized Disposable Buckypaper-Polymer Substrate Based Electrochemical Purine Sensing Platform

Herein, a novel, low-cost and disposable electrochemical sensor is presented by using recycled base material polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) obtained from a disposable drinking water bottle as a sensing platform. Bucky paper (BP) was used as a working electrode material. The CO2 laser was used for fabricating sensing substrate and the desired three electrode pattern of BP. This was attached on the PET substrate using a double sided tape. The lamination process was used to define the geometric area and for insulating the electrode. The determination of Xanthine (Xn) and Uric Acid (UA) were carried out as a proof of concept with unmodified BP surface. The electrochemical behavior of Xn and UA was studied using a cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometery (CA). The calibration curve for Xn and UA were obtained in the linear range 10 μM−500 μM and 50 μM−1000 μM respectively using and CA. The LOD obtained for Xn and UA was 6 μM and 22.5 μM respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied for determination of Xn and UA in human serum sample with good selectivity and high sensitivity.

To have and to hold: embodied ownership is established in early childhood.

We investigated whether embodied ownership is evident in early childhood. To do so, we gifted a drinking bottle to children (aged 24-48months) to use for 2weeks. They returned to perform reach-grasp-lift-replace actions with their own or the experimenter's bottle while we recorded their movements using motion capture. There were differences in motor interactions with self- vs experimenter-owned bottles, such that children positioned self-owned bottles significantly closer to themselves compared with the experimenter's bottle. Age did not modulate the positioning of the self-owned bottle relative to the experimenter-owned bottle. In contrast, the pattern was not evident in children who selected one of the two bottles to keep only after the task was completed, and thus did not 'own' it during the task (Experiment 2). These results extend similar findings in adults, confirming the importance of ownership in determining self-other differences and provide novel evidence that object ownership influences sensorimotor processes from as early as 2years of age.

A Low Cost Automation for MFI Analyzer by Using Arduino

The melt flow index analyzer is a machine used in many plastics, toys making, goods manufacturing, and also in Automobile industries. Because today's 30-40% components of any device are made by plastic, therefore the use of machine is to decide the quality and grading of the plastic which is to be used for different purposes. As in electrical engineering, there is class A, class B, Class F, class Y etc. types of grading of insulators, similarly, plastics have different types of grading. Now suppose we have to make a dashboard of the vehicle and a drinking water bottle by plastic. So the same material cannot be used for making a dashboard and bottle. The material used for making the dashboard should be tough, strong, and should enough robust. But the material used for the bottle should be light in weight, soft, etc. Above mentioned qualities and properties of plastics are decided by the MFI machine. This paper depicts how to decide a grading of plastic using MFI machine with minimum cost. Currently, industrialists want to design goods with optimal properties and minimum costs. One of the requirements for quality control of thermoplastics is the determination of volume and mass flow rates. To ensure in an industry that production is reproducible we must control this index. Knowledge of the quality of the material (injection molding, extrusion) reduces the time and minimizes the cost of production.

Investigating the Taste, Odor and Appearance of Selected Bottled and Sachet Sold Drinking Water in Burkina Faso

Background: Drinking water should be harmless to its consumers and aspects such as appearance, taste and/or odor should be acceptable. In Burkina Faso, the sold bottled and sachet drinking waters are not always respecting the quality in terms of potability. Method: In this study we investigated the appearance, taste and/or odor of eleven (11) selected bottled and sachet waters sold in Burkina Faso through a set of five (05) water treatment professionals with ten (10) organoleptic parameters been considered (Organic Solvent, Metallic, Chlorine, Fishy, Sulfur, Earthy, Bitter, Fruity, Spoiled, and Sour). Results: The study showed that all the investigated waters have unpleasant taste and/or odor, with the worst cases in all five (05) brands sachet waters. The bad quality of the sachet waters is generally due to the conditioning (sun, dust, rain). Ouagadougou tap water showed unpleasant chlorine odor mainly caused by the “remanent” chlorine. However, that chlorine ensure the water safety to its consumers. Conclusion: This study showed that the best way to drink safe water in Burkina Faso is to supply a good quality tap water to its population, and to improve the taste and/or odor. Since the sold bottled and sachet waters are not yet well regulated in terms of their quality, the country should be aware of the current study in order to improve the sold drinking water quality.

The Investigation Of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Bottled Drinking Water: A Preliminary Study

The Investigation Of Helicobacter pylori DNA in Bottled Drinking Water: A Preliminary Study

Study on the impact of the existence of drinking water plant on the water availability in Kebonpeuteuy village (study in Kebonpeuteuy village, regency of Cianjur)

Kebonpeuteuy Village is located at the foot of Mount Gede Pangrango. The existence of a Bottled Drinking Water Plant in this region raises a crucial issue dealing with the decrease of clean water supplies for the villagers, especially in hamlet 1. This study produces a number of confirmations: (1) during this time the distribution of the availability of clean water in this village has been ensured with a reservoirs system or water tanks and pipelines; (2) the existence of this plant does not have a direct influence on the sustainability of clean water availability in this village because the plant only takes ground water instead of surface water; (3) there is a significant change related to safeguarding the sustainability of the availability of clean water after the application of the recommendations from LKMM research, in the form of making water banks, planting trees along the watershed, making bio-pores and several other infiltration wells; and (4) related to the status of the operation of the drinking water business according to Islamic law, the drinking water plant only takes ground water from a depth of 60-90 meters and does not obstruct the rights of other parties who also want to access the groundwater source in other locations. For this result, it is recommended that the involvement of all village development stakeholders, including the educational institutions and drinking water plants to educate all the villagers to strengthen the independent mental attitudes, self-assessment capabilities and problem solving so that the availability of clean water can be carried out independently. Especially, the plant managers of the drinking water are required to increase transparency in the groundwater extraction process to settle the issue of the exploitation of surface water by the drinking water plant and to prevent the emergence of things considered counterproductive from the community.

The perceived sweetness and price of bottled drinks’ silhouettes

This research supports the cross-modal correspondence between the shape of the bottle and consumers’ perception of sweetness and price using physical measures of beverage bottles. Images that add visual weight to the lower section of a package increase the perception of attributes associated with sweetness. In terms of price, the shape of the bottle is informative about its volume, which is the cue predictor of price. Through a within-subject experiment, we evaluated consumers’ perceptions of sweetness and price for a sample of 15 soft drink bottle silhouettes. These perceptions were correlated with the psychophysical characteristics of the silhouettes. Results reveal that sweetness has a negative correlation with height and the visual weight towards the bottom of the bottle. Instead, the price has a positive correlation with the area, width, height, lid, and variance of the bottle shape. Practical implications support having a package design that is consistent with product positioning and attributes.

Cuba pesticides knowledge and practical use

Off-label use of pesticides (i.e. application at inappropriate times and/or on unregistered crops) is a potential risk to the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge and awareness of small lot farmers on the use, risk, and hazards associated with exposure to pesticides in the agricultural region of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. For the fulfillment of the objective, 124 small lot farmers of the province were surveyed. The results were analyzed from an initial descriptive analysis and then through an association analysis using the Chi-Square test and Spearman correlations, with the use of the statistical package SPSS version 20.0. The results showed that only 28.3 % of the farmers had received specific training on pesticides. Personal experience was the main driver for decisions about which pesticides to use and how to apply them. 35.8 % of the farmers stored pesticides in unmarked containers, such as soft drink bottles. The empty containers are stored to be incinerated (31.7 %) or reused (42.6 %) for pesticides, water, or fuel. Around 90 % of farmers do not use personal protection equipment. The study concludes that the lack of knowledge and personal protective equipment, inability to understand the labels, and low risk-perception are the main causes of exposure to pesticides and the health risk for workers and nearby residents, as well as damage to the environment.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of concrete by adding bottle caps and pet bottles in concrete

Concrete is widely used as construction material around the world and it's properties have been undergoing changes through technological advancement. Generally, concrete having four constituents materials namely cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Advancement in technology enhance human comforts and at the same time it causes damages to environment. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal and also disposal of metal caps of soft drinks bottles are headache to environmental engineers and involve either to recycle or reuse. Here we are going to add metal caps and PET bottles in concrete to increase the strength. This project represents the results to study the behavior of concrete by adding of bottles caps and PET with dosage of 0.5% of weight of cement as fiber to reduce the cement content to achieve IS10262:2009 and IS456:2000 requirements. PET bottles and metal bottle caps are added to the concrete at 0%,0.5%,1.0% and 1.5% by volume of total mixture and also analysis of the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and them mechanical properties are compared with the conventional concrete. Grade of concrete used in the project is M20. Mix ratio is 1:1.5:3.

Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pembuatan Alat Penyaring Air dengan Media Karbon Aktif Peruntukan Rumah Tangga

Pertumbuhan penduduk yang cukup pesat tentu membutuhkan penyediaan air bersih yang cukup besar. Kenaikan jumlah penduduk diikuti laju pemanfaatannya, beban pengotorannya juga bertambah. Berdasarkan data PDAM Kota Balikpapan (Desember 2011 - Februari 2012), Sungai yang saat ini dimanfaatkan, kekeruhan 20,50 – 73,30 NTU, total coliform 23 - > 2400 jumlah/100 ml. Hal tersebut mempengaruhi kualitas air baku yang akan diolah menjadi air minum. Beban pengotoran sungai bertambah, mengakibatkan bertambahnya beban pengolahan pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air, sehingga kualitas air yang diterima masyarakat terkadang menjadi menurun, pembuatan alat penyaring air peruntukan rumah tangga dapat menjadi solusi untuk mendapatkan kualitas air yang lebih baik. Alat penyaring air peruntukan rumah tangga dibuat dengan prinsip kerja filtrasi yang merupakan suatu proses penyaringan pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air yang dikelola oleh Perusahaan Air Minum. Filtrasi terjadi di bak filter, dimana di dalam bak berisi media butiran-butiran (granular) yang berfungsi menyaring partikel terlarut. Media penyaring yang digunakan pada Instalasi Pengolahan Air yaitu pasir silika. Prinsip kerja alat penyaring air dengan media karbon aktif peruntukan rumah tangga yaitu kecepatan penyaringan harus diatur sesuai kriteria perencanaan (0,24 – 4,00 m/jam), media filter terdiri dari material bentuk granular (0,21 – 0,86 mm) yang mengisi atau tersusun pada aliran masuk hingga aliran keluar. Media penyaring air yang dapat digunakan peruntukkan rumah tangga yaitu karbon aktif dari tempurung kelapa. Karbon aktif mempunyai daya adsorpsi (penyerapan pada lapisan permukaan) yang tinggi sehingga dapat menguraikan senyawa mikro polutan, menurunkan zat besi dan mangan yang ada di dalam air

Rancang Bangun Detektor Standart Preform Botol Minuman Menggunakan Metode Jaringan Saraf Tiruan

Preform is a semi-finished material from a bottle before cooking in the blowing process. Standards form most, same shapes and colors in one production. However, it does not have to close in one production which requires several preforms that have different colors and weights than other preforms so that they are not included in the standard and must be rejected. In this case a standard detector and color of the preform drink bottle were made using backpropagation neural network method where hardware that loaded arduino uno, photodiode sensor, load cell and HX 711 module and LCD i2c 16 x 2. Photodiode sensors can be used in blue preform together with load cell which is translated directly preform which is directly converted by the HX711 module. Two input data is then processed in the Arduino UNO module. Data output from Arduino UNO is approved on the LCD and processed in the Artificial Neural Network in Matlab on the laptop. The final output of the research results will be displayed in the command window matlab column containing rich "YES" or "NO". In this study backpropagation artificial neural networks as a method to provide accurate assessment by displaying the test results with 19 grams, color density 8 with a voltage of 0.038 Volts and output data is 1 with error data -4.75E13.