Quality Of Drilled Holes Research Articles

Damage-free hole making using microwave drilling in flax/PP composite

ABSTRACT The current study focused on the examination of hole quality in microwave drilling of microwave cured natural flax and polypropylene composites. The effect of two input parameters, i.e. microwave power and feed rate of the concentrator were investigated to evaluate HAZ, circularity error, and overcut of the hole. Stereomicroscopic images were used for examination of the response parameters. The full factorial design of the experiments was carried out with two factors and four levels. It was found that flax/PP composite drilled at 180 W of microwave power and 130 mm/min of feed rate resulted in a minimum overcut and circularity error of 9 µm and 138.5 µm, respectively. Also, 360 W of microwave power and 130 mm/min of feed rate showed a reduced HAZ of 67.5 mm2. There was no fiber delamination observed during hole formation. Regression analysis was done in order to establish a relationship among responses and process parameters. Additionally, an ANOVA was undertaken to determine the significance of the model. Over 95% of the correlation between the experimental data and the projected model outcomes was observed. Combined interaction of both the input parameters was shown through surface and contour plots.

Accurate synthesis of sensor-to-machined-surface image generation in carbon fiber-reinforced plastic drilling

Delamination is a prevalent issue in carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) drilling, significantly compromising the mechanical properties of the material. Considering that delamination can impact the long-term durability of the final products, it is essential for operators to promptly identify it. This paper proposes a machined surface image generation model, called Sensor2Image, that employs time-series force sensor data as input and generates drilled-hole surface images as output. Sensor2Image first encodes the force sensor data into images using the Gramian angular field (GAF) method. Subsequently, it applies an image-to-image translation technique to generate the final machined surface images. The proposed model was trained and evaluated using experimental data gathered from drilling CFRP specimens under an industrial robot machining system. The results demonstrated the versatility of the proposed model for practical applications, regardless of the delamination factor. The proposed method offers significant advantages over existing methods through its intuitive visual representation approach. It facilitates the visual inspection of delamination while enabling surface quality analysis of the drilled hole and identification of defects or irregularities that may impact the mechanical properties of the material. The proposed approach can enhance the efficiency and reliability of industrial processes, particularly those involving complex delamination factors. It is a valuable tool for optimizing the CFRP drilling process and enhancing drilled-hole quality in a user-friendly manner.

Effects of Beam Mode on Hole Properties in Laser Processing

The laser beam mode affects the power density distribution on the irradiated target, directly influencing the product quality in laser processing, especially the hole quality in laser drilling. The Gaussian beam shape, Mexican-Hat beam shape, Double-Hump beam shape, and Top-Hat beam shape are four typical laser beam modes used as a laser heat source and introduced into our proficient laser-drilling model, which involves complex physical phenomena such as heat and mass transfer, solid/liquid/gas phase changes, and two-phase flow. Simulations were conducted on an aluminum target, and the accuracy was verified using experimental data. The results of the simulations for the fundamental understanding of this laser–material interaction are presented in this paper; in particular, the hole shape, including the depth–diameter ratio and the angle of the cone, as well as spatter phenomena and, thus, the formed recast layer, are compared and analyzed in detail in this paper. This study can provide a reference for the optimization of the laser-drilling process, especially the selection of laser beam mode.

Influence of cutting tool design on ultrasonic-assisted drilling of fiber metal laminates

Ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) is a machining process that is known to improve the hole quality and reduce cutting forces. Previous studies focused on optimizing cutting parameters to improve the hole quality in conventional drilling (CD) and UAD, as well as to finding the optimum vibration parameters (frequency and amplitude) that will increase the effectiveness of the UAD process. However, the influence of cutting tool type during UAD has been largely overlooked. This research aims to address this gap by analyzing the effect of cutting tool type during UAD on the cutting forces and hole quality in GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminum-Reinforced Epoxy) laminates. Four types of drills, namely, twist drill (TD), double cone drill (DCD), a step drill type 1 (SD1), and step drill type 2 (SD2) with different step length, were selected for this study. The lowest thrust force (47.04 N) and torque (0.079 Nm) were achieved using twist drill, while DCD, SD1, and SD2 exhibited higher thrust forces (12.81%, 20.69%, 41.3%) and torques (94%, 92%, 91%), respectively. In addition, TD produced high-quality holes with lowest surface roughness (Ra 1.66 μm, Rz 10.58 μm) and minimal burr formation (entry burr height 152.3 μm, exit burr height 69.22 μm). Conversely, DCD, SD1, and SD2 showed higher surface roughness Ra (23%, 16%, 24%) and Rz (16%, 37%, 29%), respectively, compared to the TD. Holes drilled using SD1 and SD2 generally had smaller burr height. Overall, UAD system effectively reduced cutting forces at low spindle speed and feed rate. To achieve higher drilling quality, specifically to reduce the surface roughness and exit burr height, a medium spindle speed of 3000 rpm, a feed rate of 225 mm/min is recommended. Drilling at higher cutting parameters using UAD resulted in a decline in hole quality, except for entry burr height.

Influence of Machining Condition and Nano-Graphene Incorporation on Drilling Load and Hole Quality in Both Conventional Drilling and Ultrasonic-Assisted Drilling of CFRP

Influence of Machining Condition and Nano-Graphene Incorporation on Drilling Load and Hole Quality in Both Conventional Drilling and Ultrasonic-Assisted Drilling of CFRP

Effect of cutting tool geometry on hole quality in orbital drilling

Effect of cutting tool geometry on hole quality in orbital drilling

Characterization of nanocomposite tetrahedral amorphous carbon coated drill bits for improved drilled-hole quality in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer/Al7075-T6 stacks

The use of hybrid composite stacks is kept on increasing in the aircraft industry due to their numerous advantages in this sector. Therefore, improving the drilled-hole quality is also sought over time. The present work focuses on the effect of metallic elements-doped tetrahedral amorphous carbon coated drill bits on the drilled-hole quality while performing single-shot drilling of CFRP/Al7075-T6 stacks. This was evaluated from CFRP exit delamination and Al7075-T6 exit burr height. Mechanical and tribological properties of three different tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) coating-types, i.e. micro-, chromium-doped (:Cr) and titanium-doped (:Ti) were compared to uncoated tool ones. Bonding strength of the selected coatings with the tool was also calculated. Process capability six pack analysis was used to validate the experimental results obtained for drilled-hole quality. It was shown that micro-ta-C coating-type exhibited maximum hardness. The hardness value directly influences the exit delamination. It was found that CFRP exit delamination decreased as the hardness of the drill bit increased. Moreover, the multi-material stacks drilled with ta-C:Cr coated tool presented the lowest burr height (less than 150 µm), compared to the other tested coating-types. Low-friction surfaces seem to promote low exit burr height.

Effect of drilling parameters on hole quality in drilling of pultruded GFRP composite material: Surface roughness, thrust force and delamination factor

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are being used in a variety of areas. These materials need to be processed with some machining methods according to their usage areas, but their machinability is difficult. In this study, drilling is performed on glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite produced by pultrusion with coated and uncoated drill. Then, surface roughness (SR), delamination factor (Fd) and thrust forces were investigated. Microstructures of chips formed during drilling were investigated and their effects on surface roughness were determined. Three distinct feed rates and cutting speeds were selected as machining parameters. Investigations showed that feed rate had a more significant effect on surface roughness, delamination factor and thrust force. It was understood that when the cutting speed increased, the surface roughness, thrust force and delamination factor decreased. Better results were obtained with TiN coated drills compared to uncoated drills.

Optimization of stir casting and drilling process parameters of hybrid composites

AA2219 alloy is widely used in aerospace and automobile applications, wherein the properties can be enhanced with 15% wt. of B4C reinforcement particles. Assembly task in aerospace application requires drilling millions of holes, and it is often challenging to obtain good-quality drilled holes due to the presence of hard B4C particle reinforcements. The self-lubricating capability of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Graphene (Gr) materials was used as secondary reinforcements to improve the drilled hole quality characteristics. The stir-casting route fabricates the hybrid composites (AA2219 alloy/B4C/Gr/MoS2). The hardness and wear resistance properties of hybrid composites are affected by the influencing process variables such as percent reinforcement of Gr and MoS2, stirring speed, and pouring temperature. Taguchi L9 matrix is used for experimentation and performs statistical analysis. All stir-casting variables are found to make significant contributions toward hardness and wear resistance. The limitation of the Taguchi method to solve multiple objective optimizations is solved by applying Data Envelopment Analysis Ranking (DEAR) method. A DEAR method determined optimal conditions (Gr and MoS2: 1.5 wt%, stir speed: 400 rpm, and pouring temperature: 760 °C) resulted in a reduced wear rate of 1.65 × 10−3 mm3/min and 128 HV hardness in hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were prepared for the determined optimal stir casting conditions. Drilling experiments were carried out to analyze the variables such as feed rate (FR), drilling speed (DS), and drill tool material (DM): high-speed steel: HSS, carbide: C, and coated carbide: CC that affect the hybrid composite hole quality characteristics such as burr height: BH, material removal rate: MRR, and thrust force: TF. A DEAR method determined optimal drilling conditions (FR: 0.25 mm/rev; DS: 20 m/min; DM: coated carbide drill tool) resulted in 645 mm3/min of MRR, 2.95 kN for TF, and 0.16 mm for BH, respectively. The self-lubricating capability of Gr and MoS2 reinforcement particles in hybrid composites ensures excellent composite properties and drilled-hole quality characteristics. Taguchi and DEAR methods employ simple mathematical steps which can be used by novice industry personnel to perform optimization for other output characteristics.

Experimental investigation of micro EDM drilling in the CFRP using response surface methodology

Recently, most of the conventional (industrial) materials such as steel, aluminum, and copper are being replaced by composite materials. Among the various composite materials, CFRP material is one of the most popular materials in many industries due to its excellent mechanical properties like-high strength, high modulus, compressive strength, etc. However, the micro hole in micro EDM drilling in the CFRP composite material is challenging due to fiber orientation, uneven distribution of conducting fiber, and delamination affecting the material removal rate (MRR) and micro hole quality performance. The objective of the article is to optimize the process parameters for optimum hole quality in the micro EDM drilling of CFRP composites. For this purpose, response surface methodology is applied to investigate the effect of the input process parameters which are voltage, capacitance, and tool rotation speed on material removal rate, roundness error, and tapper of the micro-hole. The experiments have been conducted according to the box behnken design of experiments. Regression equations, and response surfaces are developed. Optimum responses are determined by the desirability function approach. The experimental investigation shows that capacitance is the highly significant factor among the input process parameters affecting hole quality output responses such as material removal rate, roundness error, and tapper. The MRR increases with increasing the capacitance and tool rotation speed initially but its value decreases on further increasing the capacitance at a particular voltage. Roundness error and the tapper initially decrease on increasing capacitance and tool rotation speed then increases. The optimum material removal rate and hole quality are obtained in a range of 150–250 nF capacitance, and 1400–1600 rpm tool rotation speed, at 100 voltage.

Combined use of ultrasonic-assisted drilling and minimum quantity lubrication for drilling of NiTi shape memory alloy

The drilling of shape-memory alloys based on nickel-titanium (Nitinol) is challenging due to their unique properties, such as high strength, high hardness and strong work hardening, which results in excessive tool wear and damage to the material. In this study, an attempt has been made to characterize the drillability of Nitinol by investigating the process/cooling interaction. Four different combinations of process/cooling have been studied as conventional drilling with flood cooling (CD-Wet) and with minimum quantity lubrication (CD-MQL), ultrasonic-assisted drilling with flood cooling (UAD-Wet) and with MQL (UAD-MQL). The drill bit wear, drilling forces, chip morphology and drilled hole quality are used as the performance measures. The results show that UAD conditions result in lower feed forces than CD conditions, with a 31.2% reduction in wet and a 15.3% reduction in MQL on average. The lowest feed forces are observed in UAD-Wet conditions due to better coolant penetration in the cutting zone. The UAD-Wet yielded the lowest tool wear, while CD-MQL exhibited the most severe. UAD demonstrated a ∼50% lower tool wear in the wet condition than CD and a 38.7% in the MQL condition. UAD is shown to outperform the CD process in terms of drilled-hole accuracy.

Simultaneous optimization of wire electric discharge drilling responses

Trepan drilling with wire electrical discharge machine is performed to make macro size hole in tool steel. Electrical discharge drilling is thermal energy based non-traditional machining process. In this process metal removes from the work is due to melting phenomena. In present study L9 orthogonal array approach is used for the drilling experimentation. Pulse on time, pulse off time, wire feed and current are elected as machining parameters. After experimentation surface quality and material removal rate are considered as responses of drilled hole. Grey relational technique is used to determine the optimum level of machining parameters for drilled hole quality responses. Wire feed is found significant factor followed by pulse off time, pulse on time and current for the combined responses.

Size effect of electrode diameter on the hole quality in micro EDM drilling of CFRP composite

This article predicts the effect of the input process parameters on the size effect of the micro EDM drill holes quality in CFRP sheet. The experiments were conducted based on the central composite method of design of experiments in which three input factors are capacitance, voltage, and tool electrode rotation speed, and hole roundness error percentage is the output response. The adequacy of the design of experiments is investigated by ANOVA analysis and a mathematical model is developed to determine the trend of the response surfaces of hole roundness error percentage to input factors. The results show that the hole roundness error percentage increases with the decrease in tool electrode diameter. The effect of the tool electrode rotation speed does not affect the hole quality much as compared to voltage and capacitance. At the moderate tool electrode rotation speed (1400 rpm to 1600 rpm), and 150 nF to 250 nF of capacitance with constant voltage we get the minimum hole roundness error. Additionally, the effect of hole roundness error is also determined with the different electrode diameters such as 500, 750, and 1000 μm.

Hole Quality Observation in Single-Shot Drilling of CFRP/Al7075-T6 Composite Metal Stacks Using Customized Twist Drill Design

In the modern aircraft manufacturing industry, the use of fiber metal stack-up material plays an important role. During assembly, these stack-up materials need to be drilled, and single-shot drilling is the best option to avoid misalignments. This paper discusses hole quality in terms of hole edge defects and hole integrity with respect to tool geometry. In this study, tungsten carbide (WC) twist-type drills with various geometric features were fabricated, tested, and evaluated. Twenty custom twist drill bits with primary clearance angles ranging from 6° to 8°, chisel edge angles from 30° to 45°, and point angles from 130° to 140° were fabricated. The CFRP and Al 7075-T6 were stacked up, and a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev and spindle speed of 2600 rev/min were used for all drilling experiments. The experimental array was constructed using response surface methodology (RSM) to design the experiments. The impact of factors and their importance on hole quality were investigated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study demonstrates that the primary clearance angle, followed by the chisel edge angle, is the most important factor determining hole quality. As a function of tool geometry, correlation models between exit delamination and burr height were developed. The findings suggested that, within the range of parameters examined, the proposed correlation models might be utilized to predict performance measures. For drilling CFRP/AL7075-T6 stack material in a single shot, the ideal twist drill geometry was determined to be a 45° chisel edge angle, 8° primary clearance angle, and 130° point angle. For optimum drill geometry, the discrepancy between the expected and actual experiment values was 0.11% for exit delamination and 9.72% for burr height. The findings of this research elucidate the relationship between tool geometry and hole quality in single-shot drilling of composite-metal stacks, and more specifically, they may serve as a useful, practical guide for single-shot drilling of CFRP/Al7075-T6 stack for the manufacture of aircraft.

Comparison of Tool Wear Mechanisms During Drilling of Aluminium Alloy 7075 in Dry and Chilled Air Conditions

Aluminium alloys are widely used in manufacturing industry due to the need of lightweight components and low production cost. However, mechanical assembly of the alloy which requires drilling operations is challenging due to chip accumulation and heat at the cutting tool and workpiece interface. This often causes material adhesion on cutting edges, built-up edge, accelerated tool wear, shorter tool life and poor drilled hole quality. This paper investigates the effect drilling conditions (dry and chilled air at 10°C) on the wear mechanisms of tungsten carbide cutting tools during drilling Aluminium alloy 7075 (Al 7075) at two different feed rates. Chilled or cold air was used as a cooling medium in drilling Al 7075 to promote green manufacturing. Drilling operations of Al 7075 were performed at a constant cutting speed of 123 m/min with feed rates of 0.01 and 0.1 mm/rev. The cutting tools’ flank wear were measured using an optical microscope with Dino-Capture software and further examination on the tool wear (e.g., built-up edge, built-up layer, and crack) were conducted using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results of this study indicate that at higher feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev, adhesive wear is dominant due to the presence of evident material adhesion and fractures on the cutting edges. The use of chilled air was found to cause less material adhesion, however more edge fracture occurred which could be due to workpiece hardening. Therefore, it is inferred that drilling Al 7075 with chilled air requires harder and stronger cutting tool in order prolong the tool life.

Experimental investigation of hole quality in drilling of additive manufacturing Ti6Al4V parts produced by hole features

Although additive manufacturing (AM) applications are on the rise, machining processes such as drilling are required to complete the manufacturing process successfully. This study envisaged that after the Ti6Al4V alloy designed as a pre-hole feature is produced by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) method, there will be significant advantages to drilling the holes the desired diameter size will bring to the production costs. Hole accuracy, hole surface roughness, cutting forces, cutting tool wear, and chip form were determined as evaluation criteria. Their relations with drilling parameters were evaluated. After drilling, the deviation values from the average diameter, circularity, and cylindricity in the AM holes improved about 98%. The increases in cutting forces in uncoated twist drills negatively affected the hole quality. The increased cutting forces increased deviation values from diameter, cylindricity, and circularity. Better values were obtained in coated twist drills. The lowest surface roughness (0.58 μm) was recorded at 50 m/min cutting speed and 0.15 mm/rev feed in coated drills. Minimum deviation from cylindricality and circularity were obtained in uncoated drills. It was determined that the diameter deviation of the coated tool was 76% less than the uncoated tool. With the study, it has been revealed that it may be advantageous to drill AM parts produced with unsupported front holes instead of drilling a full hole. Considering the smaller chip cross-section in the drilling process, the cutting speed and feed values could be increased to increase the drilling efficiency. In addition, in the study, it was determined that the proper drilling of the pre-drilled hole has a sensitive relationship with the fact that the pre-drilled hole centre and the drill centre come to the same point during drilling.

Effect of cryogenic treatment on drill tool for enhancing metal cutting operation of aluminium alloy IS737.Gr19000

Drilling is the hole making process on the component face with the aid of a twisted drillbit. Normal drill bits easily wear out through penetration of drill bit into the workpiece material due to force generated in the drilling operation. So this work tries to investigate the machining parameters with cryogenically treated drill bits on various responses. Cryogenic treatment is one of the thermal engineering processes, which is used to cool the material from the temperature of −150 °C to −273 °C. This research work utilizes cryogenically treated drill tools for investigating the drilling performance on aluminium alloy (IS737.Gr19000) workpiece material. The independent variables and dependent variables are studied in this experimental analysis are spindle speed, feed rate and machining time, entry and exit burr dimensions, thrust force, torque, Ovality, surface roughness, respectively. The theoretical investigation is also carried out with statistical analysis. The response surface methodology with Box Behnken design the 17 experimental runs with 9 different treated drill tools are carried out. The cryogenically treated drill bit gave good results on burr dimensions, Ovality, surface roughness on drilled hole quality. The tool wear performance was also studied with drill tool geometry measurements with the tool makers microscope. The cryogenically treated drill bits gave the best results than the normal drill bit.

Multi-Objective Optimization in Single-Shot Drilling of CFRP/Al Stacks Using Customized Twist Drill

In recent years, the use of CFRP with titanium and/or aluminum to form materials for stacking has gained popularity for aircraft construction. In practice, single-shot drilling is used to create perfectly aligned holes for the composite-metal stack. Usually, standard twist drills, which are commonly available from tool suppliers, are used for practical reasons. However, existing twist drill bits exhibit rapid wear upon the drilling of composite-metal stack layers in single shot, due to the widely contrasting properties of the composite-metal stack, which causes poor surface quality. The stringent quality requirements for aircraft component manufacturing demands frequent drill bit replacement and thus incurs additional costs, a concern still unresolved for aircraft component manufacturers. Owing to highly contrasting properties of a composite-metal stack, it is obvious that standard twist drill cannot fulfil the rigorous drilling requirements, as it is pushed to the limit for the fabrication of high-quality, defect-free holes. In this work, customised twist drills of a tungsten carbide (WC) material with different geometric features were specially fabricated and tested. Twenty drill bits with customised geometries of varying chisel edge angle (30–45°), primary clearance angle (6–8°), and point angle (130–140°) were fabricated. The stacked-up materials used in this study was CFRP and aluminum alloy 7075-T6 (Al7075-T6) with a total thickness of 3.587 mm. This study aims to investigate the effect of twist drill geometry on hole quality using drilling thrust force signature as indicator. All drilling experiments were performed at spindle speed of 2600 rev/min and feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev. Design of experiments utilising response surface methodology (RSM) method was used to construct the experimental array. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to study the effect of parameters and their significance to the thrust force and thus the hole quality. The study shows that the most significant parameter affecting the drilling thrust force and hole surface roughness is primary clearance angle, followed by chisel edge angle. Correlation models of CFRP thrust force (Y1), Al7075-T6 thrust force (Y2), CFRP hole surface roughness (Y3), Al7075-T6 hole surface roughness (Y4) as a function of the tool geometry were established. The results indicated that the proposed correlation models could be used to predict the performance indicators within the limit of factors investigated. The optimum twist drill geometry was established at 45° of chisel edge angle, 7° of primary clearance angle, and 130° of point angle for the drilling of CFRP/Al7075-T6 stack material in a single-shot process. The error between the predicted and actual experiment values was between 6.64% and 8.17% for the optimum drill geometry. The results from this work contribute new knowledge to drilling thrust force signature and hole quality in the single-shot drilling of composite-metal stacks and, specifically, could be used as a practical guideline for the single-shot drilling of CFRP/Al7075-T6 stack for aircraft manufacturing.

Optimization and experimental analysis of drilling process parameters in radial drilling machine for glass fiber/nano granite particle reinforced epoxy composites

Matrix cracking, fibre damage, increased hole surface roughness, delamination, circularity, and thermal deterioration, among other things, all occur throughout the drilling process, reducing hole quality. The most concerning of the unfavorable effects is delamination. Delamination can be reduced and hole quality improved by using the optimum cutting parameters and drill bit type. When drilling glass fiber/nano granite powder reinforced epoxy composites, the influence of drill bit coating material, drill bit speed, and drill bit feed rate on surface quality is investigated. The Taguchi L9 rotationally symmetric array is used to develop the experiments. As a result, to coincide radial drilling parameters of the process and response parameters, the statistical analysis of the experimental results is done using ANOVA. The results of the tests show that, high spindle speeds and a bronze oxide coated drill bit produce better hole quality and are also the most important factors influencing the drilled hole quality.

Optimization of Cutting Parameters and Investigation of the Effect of Cutting Parameters on Hole Quality in Laser Drilling of Hardox 450 Steel

Bu çalışmada, Hardox 450 çeliğinin lazerle delme işleminde kesme parametrelerinin (odak noktası, kesme hızı, gaz basıncı ve lazer gücü) yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile üst ve alt delik dairesellik toleransı üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Lazer kesme işlemi için deney tasarımı, Taguchi L18 ortogonal dizinine göre yapılmıştır. Deneylerde kesme parametreleri olarak; iki farklı odak noktası, üç farklı gaz basıncı, üç farklı kesme hızı ve üç farklı lazer gücü seçilmiştir. Taguchi yöntemine göre lazer delme işleminde kullanılan kesme parametreleri optimize edildi. Ayrıca kesme parametrelerinin yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile üst ve alt delik dairesellik toleransı üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi için varyans (ANOVA) analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; Hardox 450 çeliğinin delinmesinde kesme hızının ve lazer gücünün artması yüzey pürüzlülüğünün azalmasına neden olurken gaz basıncının ve odak noktasının artması yüzey pürüzlülüğünün artmasına neden olmuştur. Gaz basıncı, kesme hızı ve lazer gücünün artması ile üst ve alt delik dairesellik toleransı artarken, odak noktasının azalması üst ve alt delik dairesellik toleransının azalmasına neden olmuştur. En düşük yüzey pürüzlülüğü 0,718 µm için optimum kesme parametreleri -1 mm odak noktası, 0,7 bar gaz basıncı, 1500 mm/sn kesme hızı ve 2600 W lazer gücü olarak belirlenmiştir. Üst ve alt delik için sırası ile en küçük boyutsal tamlık 20,069 mm ve 20,024 mm için optimum kesme parametreleri -1 mm odak noktası, 0,7 bar gaz basıncı, 1100 mm/sn kesme hızı ve 2200 W lazer gücü olmuştur. Varyans analizi sonucu yüzey pürüzlülüğü ile üst ve alt delik dairesellik toleransı için sırası ile en etkin parametre %77,17 %51,40 ve %71,80 ile gaz basıncı olmuştur.