Drift Reduction Research Articles

Suitability of Seismic Isolation for Buildings Founded on Soft Soil. Case Study of a RC Building in Shanghai

Base (seismic) isolation is a promising technology for seismic protection of buildings and other constructions. Nowadays, it is accepted that such a technique is efficient and reliable; however, it has two major limitations: soft foundation soil, and tall buildings. The first issue restrains the seismic isolation spreading, given that soft soil is frequent in densely populated areas, and usually such a soil type concentrates the highest seismicity levels. This paper aims to contribute to demonstrating that base isolation, if properly implemented, can be suitable for soft soil. A representative case study is analyzed: a 6-story reinforced concrete (RC) building with base isolation that has recently been built in Shanghai. Since the building is founded on soft soil, concern regarding base isolation suitability arose; even the Chinese design code does not recommend this solution for soft soil. To clarify this issue, non-linear time-history analyses are carried out for a number of natural and artificial seismic inputs that represent the site seismicity; the superstructure behavior is linear, while nonlinearities are concentrated in the isolation layer. The adequacy of base isolation is assessed in the superstructure (in terms of reduction of interstory drift, absolute acceleration and shear force) and in the isolation layer (in terms of axial force, torsion angle and shear strain). The relevance of soil–structure interaction is discussed. The behavior when the mechanical parameters of the isolation units have experienced important changes is also analyzed. The major conclusion is that base isolation of ordinary mid-height RC buildings founded on soft soil can perform satisfactorily in medium seismicity regions.

Drift and Response Reduction Factor of RC Frames Designed with DDBD and FBD Approach

Performance-based seismic evaluation of 2-, 4-, 8- and 12-story RC frames designed using direct displacement-based design (DDBD) and convectional force-based design (FBD) approach as per Indian standards is carried out. The DDBD approach is implemented for the design of RC frames using IS 1893 spectrum. The capacity curve and the performance point of designed RC frames are obtained by analyzing frames using nonlinear static pushover analysis. The response reduction (R) factor of designed RC frames as per FBD and DDBD method is evaluated from the bilinear idealization of capacity curve. The designed moment resisting RC frames are analyzed using nonlinear time-history analysis (NLTHA) to investigate the damage index in the form of lateral drift profile. Comparison of the NLTHA results in terms of inter-story drift ratio (IDR) and nonlinear static analysis results in terms of performance point and the response reduction (R) factor for RC frame buildings indicates the efficiency of the DDBD approach. The values of ‘R’ factor of RC frames designed with DDBD approach are observed higher than that of similar frame designed using FBD approach, indicating higher dissipation of energy through the nonlinear behavior of DDBD frame. The result shows that the building height is a crucial parameter affecting the ‘R’ factor of RC frame. The RC frames designed with DDBD approach are observed comparatively economical as compared to designed using FBD approach. The IDR of RC frames designed with DDBD approach is observed relatively higher than that of similar frames designed with FBD approach.

Drift Reduction of a 4-DOF Measurement System Caused by Unstable Air Refractive Index.

Laser beam drift greatly influences the accuracy of a four degrees of freedom (4-DOF) measurement system during the detection of machine tool errors, especially for long-distance measurement. A novel method was proposed using bellows to serve as a laser beam shield and air pumps to stabilize the refractive index of air. The inner diameter of the bellows and the control mode of the pumps were optimized through theoretical analysis and simulation. An experimental setup was established to verify the feasibility of the method under the temperature interference condition. The results indicated that the position stability of the laser beam spot can be improved by more than 79% under the action of pumping and inflating. The proposed scheme provides a cost-effective method to reduce the laser beam drift, which can be applied to improve the detection accuracy of a 4-DOF measurement system.

Development of Drift-Reducing Spouts For Vineyard Pneumatic Sprayers: Measurement of Droplet Size Spectra Generated and Their Classification

Pneumatic spraying is especially sensitive to spray drift due to the production of small droplets that can be easily blown away from the treated field by the wind. Two prototypes of environmentally friendly pneumatic spouts were developed. The present work aims to check the effect of the spout modifications on the spray quality, to test the convenience of setting the liquid hose out of the spout in cannon-type and hand-type pneumatic nozzles and its effect on the droplet size, homogeneity and driftability in laboratory conditions. Laboratory trials simulating a real sprayer were conducted to test the influence of the hose insertion position (HP), including conventional (CP), alternative (AP), outer (OP) and extreme (XP), as well as the liquid flow rate (LFR) and the airflow speed (AS) on the droplet size (D50, D10 and D90), homogeneity and driftability (V100). Concurrently, the droplet size spectra obtained by the combination of aforementioned parameters (HP × LFR × AS) in both nozzles were also classified according to the ASABE S572.1. Results showed a marked reduction of AS outside the air spout, which led to droplet size increase. This hypothesis was confirmed by the droplet size spectra measured (D50, D10, D90 and V100). A clear influence of HP was found on every dependent variable, including those related with the droplet size. In both nozzles, the longer the distance to CP, the coarser the sprayed drops. Moreover, LFR and AS significantly increased and reduced droplet size, respectively. A higher heterogeneity in the generated drops was obtained in XP. This position yielded V100 values similar to those of the hydraulic low-drift nozzles, showing an effective drift reduction potential. The classification underlines that the variation of HP, alongside AS and LFR, allowed varying the spray quality from very fine to coarse/very coarse, providing farmers with a wide range of options to match the drift-reducing environmental requirements and the treatment specifications for every spray application.

Physicochemical properties, droplet size and volatility of dicamba with herbicides and adjuvants on tank-mixture

The adoption of dicamba-tolerant soybean varieties has increased the concern and demand for new drift and volatility reduction technologies. Potential spray nozzles and adjuvants should be studied to determine its effects on drift and volatility of dicamba tank-mixtures. The objective of this study was to evaluate physicochemical characteristics of spray solutions containing dicamba; to analyze droplet size effect with air induction nozzles; and to assess dicamba volatilization on soybean plants with a proposed methodology. Treatments included dicamba only and mixtures with herbicides and adjuvants. Dicamba mixed with lecithin + methyl soybean oil + ethoxylated alcohol adjuvant had the greatest efficacy potential among treatments considering tank-mixture pH, surface tension, contact angle and droplet size. The MUG11003 nozzle produced the coarsest droplet size and was better suited for drift management among nozzle types. The proposed volatilization methodology successfully indicated dicamba volatilization in exposed soybean plants and among the evaluated treatments, it showed greater volatilization for dicamba with glyphosate + lecithin + propionic acid adjuvant.

Tuned mass dampers for the drift reduction of structures with soil effects using ant colony optimization

This paper probes the effects of the Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) device on the response of a 40-story building including three types of soils and experiencing 16 far-field earthquakes. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method is employed to obtain the best settings for TMD values and the objective is reducing the maximum drift of the structure considering soil structure interaction (SSI) effects. The TMD effects on the displacement and acceleration response of the structure as well as its influence on the drift response are studied. Moreover, the frequency analyses of the drift responses in addition to the story locations with the highest drifts are also investigated. It is shown that the optimized design results in considerable reduction in drifts enhancing the profits of utilizing the TMD device.

Heat-induced drift reduction of time of flight in fused quartz acoustic waveguides via annealing process.

High temperature structural acoustic sensors play an important role in many applications. Fused quartz waveguide is a popular choice due to its resistance to harsh environments and its convenience of modification. However, time of flight between pulse and echo, which is widely used in these sensors, tends to encounter drifts in fast temperature changing process even after temperature returns to initial value. In this article, different annealing process are performed for a special modified fused quartz waveguide with a sensor node. Annealing treatment is found able to reduce the drift when the waveguide undergoes a sudden temperature spike to 1000 °C at 500 kHz operating acoustic frequency, and the best annealing condition could make the drift one magnitude smaller. A following temperature test up to 1000 °C shows consistent measurement readings.

Numerical modelling of bonded and unbonded flax fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator and their application to RC building

Earthquakes are natural disasters causing havoc to life and property since several centuries. Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating earthquakes in its recent past. One way to tackle an earthquake is to equip the building with a proper seismic resistant system. One of the most popular and effective technique for low and midrise buildings is base isolation. However, existing base isolation systems are very expensive for non-commercial buildings. Hence, this study mainly concentrates on fibre reinforced elastomeric isolators which are cost efficient without a marginal compromise in its performance. A comparison between the performance of unbonded and bonded fibre reinforced elastomeric isolators has been carried out. The unbonded fibre reinforced elastomeric isolators have better performance in terms of stresses, horizontal flexibility, and damping. A low rise reinforced concrete residential building’s response is studied with and without fibre reinforced elastomeric isolators. The results show significant reduction in storey drift, story shear, storey level acceleration in both equivalent static method and time history analysis, along with increase in the time period of building’s fundamental mode.

Cost-effective and compact analog compensation method of thermal drift of implantable piezoresistive blood pressure sensors

Implantable pressure sensors are important tools of preclinical research activity in laboratories. Unfortunately, their use is limited by cost, autonomy and temperature-related drifts. Cost and ease of use depend on several parameters, in particular battery life and miniaturization required to be able to implant animals and monitor them over time that is long enough to be physiologically relevant. While thermal drifts inherent in implantable sensors due to animals’ body temperature variation vary depending on their operating principe. Reduction of thermal drift and energy consumption and overall miniaturization. The blood pressure sensor studied is based on a Honeywell NPB030 piezoresistive probe chosen due to its low cost and compactness. We look for reducing its thermal drifts over temperature range [34 °C–39 °C] and pressure range [0 - 300 mmHg]. With a classical conditioning circuit, the sensor's overall relative drift is 3,2%/°C (13.4 mV/°C/420 mV), resulting from two contributions, one of 2.7%/°C (0.1 mV/°C/3.6 mV) due to the piezoresistive probe alone, another of 0.1% (0.98 mV/°C/916 mV) due to the conditioning circuit alone. An NPN transistor is added in series with the Wheaston Bridge formed by the piezoresistors of the pressure probe to correct the thermal drift. Thanks to optimization of bias resistors of the transistor using Cadence/Pspice, the measured overall thermal drift of the compensated sensor is reduced to 0.09%/°C (0.371 mV/°C/405 mV), in very good agreement with simulation. It's worth noting that the optimization is made possible due to our original method to determine the value of each piezoresistor in the Wheaston Bridge. Our approach proves effective to reduce thermal drift of the studied pressure sensor. Additional space required, cost and consumption will be very low. This method should be assessed and validated with CMS components.

Steel A-braced frame upgrade performance under various load characteristics

This study evaluated innovated A-braced frame design performance under cyclic load and twelve far-field and near-field earthquake ground motions. The proposed A-brace design combined pre-deformed brace segments, steel curved damper and lever mechanism to amplify steel curved damper deformation for effective energy dissipation. A series of cyclic loading tests on steel moment resisting frames with the proposed A-braces were conducted first. The cyclic load test results showed that A-braced frames exhibited higher stiffness than the moment resisting frame in both elastic and inelastic stages to effectively reduce the structural deformation. Significant strength and energy dissipation enhancements were achieved in A-braced frames, with maximum gains reaching 2.31 and 1.94 times, respectively, above those of the moment resisting frame. Seismic performance evaluation on multi-story framed structures revealed that lower structural base shear, reduction in story drift, approximately 30.86%, 27.61% and 27.51% for the 10, 6 and 3-story frames, respectively, and plastic hinge development elimination to prevent structural failure were achieved simultaneously when the A-brace was adopted. The A-braced frame performance enhancements under cyclic load and various earthquake ground motions effectively justified proposed method applicability to seismic structural design.

Dynamic Displacement Estimation for Long-Span Bridges Using Acceleration and Heuristically Enhanced Displacement Measurements of Real-Time Kinematic Global Navigation System.

In this paper, we propose a dynamic displacement estimation method for large-scale civil infrastructures based on a two-stage Kalman filter and modified heuristic drift reduction method. When measuring displacement at large-scale infrastructures, a non-contact displacement sensor is placed on a limited number of spots such as foundations of the structures, and the sensor must have a very long measurement distance (typically longer than 100 m). RTK-GNSS, therefore, has been widely used in displacement measurement on civil infrastructures. However, RTK-GNSS has a low sampling frequency of 10–20 Hz and often suffers from its low stability due to the number of satellites and the surrounding environment. The proposed method combines data from an RTK-GNSS receiver and an accelerometer to estimate the dynamic displacement of the structure with higher precision and accuracy than those of RTK-GNSS and 100 Hz sampling frequency. In the proposed method, a heuristic drift reduction method estimates displacement with better accuracy employing a low-pass-filtered acceleration measurement by an accelerometer and a displacement measurement by an RTK-GNSS receiver. Then, the displacement estimated by the heuristic drift reduction method, the velocity measured by a single GNSS receiver, and the acceleration measured by the accelerometer are combined in a two-stage Kalman filter to estimate the dynamic displacement. The effectiveness of the proposed dynamic displacement estimation method was validated through three field application tests at Yeongjong Grand Bridge in Korea, San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in California, and Qingfeng Bridge in China. In the field tests, the root-mean-square error of RTK-GNSS displacement measurement reduces by 55–78 percent after applying the proposed method.

A paleogenetic perspective of the Sabana de Bogotá (Northern South America) population history over the Holocene (9000–550 cal BP)

On the basis of distinct lines of evidence, detailed reconstructions of the Holocene population history of the Sabana de Bogotá (SB) region, Northern South America, have been performed. Currently, there exist two competing models that support temporal continuity or, alternatively, divergence. Despite recent bioarchaeological and isotopic research that lends support to the population discontinuity model, several discrepancies remain, calling for other kinds of evidences to be explored for a more detailed picture of Holocene biocultural evolution. In this study, 15 new complete mitochondrial genomes obtained from 30 individuals recovered from several archaeological sites spanning from the late Pleistocene (11,950–11,262 cal BP) until the initial late Holocene (2941–2752 cal BP) along with published data (n = 20) from the region dating ~9000–540 cal BP were used to investigate diachronic genetic change. Genetic diversity and distance indices were calculated, and demographic models tested in an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework to evaluate whether patterns of genetic affinities of the SB prehispanic populations support genetic continuity or discontinuity. The results show that mitochondrial genomes of the complete dataset fall within the Native American haplogroups A2, B2, C1b, D1 and D4h3a. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity declined over time with further evidence of genetic drift and remarkable reduction of genetic diversity during the final late Holocene. Inter-population distances and the exact test of population differentiation, as well as demographic simulations show no population differentiation and population continuity over time. Consequently, based on the analyzed data, we cannot reject the genetic continuity in the SB region as a plausible population history scenario. However, the restriction of the analyses to the Hyper Variable Region 1 of the mitochondrial genome, and the very low sample size both constitute significant limitations to infer evolutionary history.

Estimating economic losses of midrise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in sedimentary basins by combining empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations

SummaryStudies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.

STUDY ON HELICOPTER AERIAL SPRAYING UNDER FIELD CANOLA CONDITIONS

A field study was conducted to determine influences of spray speed, liquid spray pressure, and height of boom sprayer on effective spray deposition and reduction of drift at canola (Brassica Rapa) flowering stage from AS 350 helicopter. Results of the study show that aircraft height of 2 m and liquid pressure 460 kPa at spray speed 97 km/h reduce effective drift when compared to boom height 10 m and low liquid pressure 230 kPa for each other fly speed 138 km/h, 115 km/h under operating conditions. The result indicated that the amount of drift deposits decreased as target distance downwind increased. The minimum value of the drift at 50 m distance downwind no spray surface area were 0.006 µg/cm2, 0.041 µg/cm2 and 0.064 for spray speed 97 km/h, 115 km/h and 138 km/h under operating pressure 460 kPa and aircraft height 2 m respectively. The maximum coverage value was 26.8 % at 460 kPa spray pressure compared to 14.7 % at 230 kPa under low spray speed and low aircraft height.

역동적 스포츠 분야 응용을 위한 IMU 기반 관절각 추정에서의 표류오차 감소

In the case of dynamic sports activities such as skiing and sprints, it is difficult to apply optical motion capture systems because of measurement volume limitation. Alternatively, the use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) as a motion sensor has gained attention. This paper proposes a drift reduction method in the IMU-based joint angle estimation for dynamic motion-involved sports applications. To resolve the problem of conventional IMU-based methods significantly reducing performance under highly dynamic conditions, the proposed method applies a correction method using joint constraint. The proposed method is the complementary filter based on the previous drift reduction technique using the joint constraint, but performs in real time. The proposed method was validated by comparing the estimation accuracy with conventional methods under various dynamic conditions. The results showed that the proposed method was superior to the methods that did not use the constraint. While the proposed method was 0.19° less accurate than the non-realtime method of the reference, it is more practical due to its realtime correction capability.

Spray Drift Generated in Vineyard during Under-Row Weed Control and Suckering: Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Drift-Reducing Techniques

The most widespread method for weed control and suckering in vineyards is under-row band herbicide application. It could be performed for weed control only (WC) or weed control and suckering (WSC) simultaneously. During herbicide application, spray drift is one of the most important environmental issues. The objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the performance of specific Spray Drift Reducing Techniques (SDRTs) used either for WC or WSC spray applications. Furthermore, spray drift reduction achieved by buffer zone adoption was investigated. All spray drift measurements were conducted according to ISO22866:2005 protocol. Sixteen configurations deriving from four nozzle types (two conventional and two air-induction—AI) combined with or without a semi-shielded boom at two different heights (0.25 m for WC and 0.50 m for WSC) were tested. A fully-shielded boom was also tested in combination with conventional nozzles at 0.25 m height for WC. Ground spray drift profiles were obtained, from which corresponding Drift Values (DVs) were calculated. Then, the related drift reduction was calculated based on ISO22369-1:2006. It was revealed that WC spray applications generate lower spray drift than WSC applications. In all cases, using AI nozzles and semi-shielded boom significantly reduced DVs; the optimum combination of SDRTs decreased spray drift by up to 78% and 95% for WC and WSC spray application, respectively. The fully-shielded boom allowed reducing nearly 100% of spray drift generation. Finally, the adoption of a cropped buffer zone that includes the two outermost vineyard rows lowered the total spray drift up to 97%. The first 90th percentile model for the spray drift generated during herbicide application in vineyards was also obtained.

Research on SLAM Drift Reduction Mechanism Based on Point Cloud Segmentation Semantic Information

This paper combines the semantic segmentation of scenes with Simultaneous localization and Mapping (SLAM) technology to build a three-dimensional semantic map. The input sequence is selected by ORB-SLAM for key frame selection, and the scene’s semantic segmentation is performed in the corresponding point cloud data. We use a new 3D segmentation framework, which can effectively simulate the local structure of point cloud. A drift reduction mechanism based on semantic constraints and Bundle Adjustment (BA) constraints was proposed. This mechanism considers the three-dimensional objects, feature points and camera pose for semantic recognition in the scene, and integrates them into the back-end BA to optimize them. The final experimental results show that compared with the current popular ORB-SLAM, this mechanism can reduce the system’s translation drift error by 18.8%.

Influence of different damping components on dynamic response of concrete rocking walls

Precast concrete rocking walls with unbonded post-tensioning, as a seismic resilient system, dissipate energy imparted to them during an earthquake through inherent viscous damping, impact damping due to the wall rocking on top of the foundation, and any available hysteretic damping. A shake table study on eight rocking walls designed with different quantities of hysteretic damping ratio varying between 4% for a Single Rocking Wall (SRW) to 15% for a rocking wall system, known as PreWEC, with supplemental hysteretic dampers, i.e., O-connectors, generally demonstrated their satisfactory seismic performance during design-level and higher intensity earthquake motions. The test results confirmed lower participation of energy dissipation due to impacts as the hysteretic component increased. Larger hysteretic damping also led to a reduction in the maximum drift of rocking walls as well as the number of large drift excursions after the first peak of response. Using the area enclosed by the force-displacement hysteresis response of O-connectors, recommended design values for hysteretic damping of PreWEC systems are presented in this paper. While larger displacement amplitudes were achieved for the walls with lower hysteretic damping (i.e., SRWs), it is shown that the duration of their dynamic responses was reduced due to a negative rate of input energy in these rocking walls, which favorably removed a part of the seismic energy imparted to the system. Contrary to a common belief that rocking walls without additional damping devices are not dependable lateral load resisting systems, this paper concludes that these walls attract less seismic input energy and perform satisfactorily with a small amount of inherent damping, suggesting their potential application in seismic resistant structures.

风洞环境下喷头及助剂对植保无人飞机 喷雾飘移性的影响 = Effects of nozzle types, adjuvants and environmental conditions on spray drift potential of unmanned aerial vehicles in a wind tunnel

In order to investigate and reduce spray drift during the use of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), a spray unit consisting of a single rotor and a nozzle was simulated under the controlled wind tunnel conditions (wind speed 5 m/s, spray pressure 0.3 MPa and rotor speed 2 300 r/min). The effects of 11 kinds of nozzles and 4 different adjuvants on droplet drift were investigated. The drift potential index (DIX) and drift potential reduction percentage (DPRP) were also evaluated and compared. The results show that under the condition of 20℃/RH 80%, the drift distribution of different nozzle types in vertical plane and horizontal distance showed a regular change trend. Compared with the reference nozzle F110-03, the order of the drift potential of nozzles from large to small was TR80-0067 > ST110-0067 > XR110-01 > ST110-015 > TR80-01 > ST110-02 > XR110-03 > F110-03 > IDK series. The effect of IDK120-01and IDK120-015 was similar and they were the best ones. Under the wind tunnel condition of 30℃/RH 40% and wind speed of 5 m/s, compared to the control group without adjuvants, the mean drift reduction rates of spray nozzle XR 110-01 with adjuvant of 0.5% Silwet DRS- 60, 1.0% Maifei (MF) and 1.0% Y-20079 were 43.3%, 15.6% and 5.2%, respectively. The selection of drift reducing adjuvants needs to consider the type of adjuvants and their effects. At the wind tunnel conditions of 20℃/RH 40%, 20℃/RH 80%, 30℃/RH 40% and 30℃/RH 60%, the spray nozzle XR110-01 added with 1.0% MF adjuvant was beneficial to the reduction of airborn drift. Especially, under high temperature and low humidity conditions, it had better drift reduction effect. This study has provided reference and guidance for nozzles selection, adjuvants selection and the field application of UAV for plant protection, and also data basis for the further study of the drift reduction technology of nozzle and adjuvants.

Eco-cultural tourism development in Ghana: potentials and expected benefits in the Lawra Municipality

ABSTRACT The focus of Ghana’s tourism industry has been lob-sided as emphasis has most often been placed on nature-based, historical, cultural and conference tourism with no attention to eco-cultural tourism. This study explores the potentials and expected benefits of eco-cultural tourism development in Eremon in the Lawra Municipality of Ghana. The study employed mixed methods for data collection and analysis. Data were obtained from 150 household heads systematically sampled from five communities within the Traditional Area, six heads of public institutions in tourism development, and traditional leaders. The findings revealed the existence of many untapped eco-cultural tourism resources of ecological, spiritual, cultural, and mythical significance including rivers, hills and groves. These resources have potentials to be developed for touristic purposes to support rural livelihoods through employment creation, reduction in rural-urban drift, provision of market for tourist products, and improved social amenities. The study concludes that eco-cultural tourism development can spiritually revitalize and promote local traditions and cultural values, rejuvenate degraded ecological resources, and promote alternative livelihoods. To realize these benefits, community bye-laws should be strengthened and strictly applied. Additionally, there is the need to market eco-cultural tourism attractions in the area using existing platforms, such as traditional festivals and new media.