Dry Production Research Articles

Bioactive dry extract production from Hymenaea courbaril L. bark via spouted bed drying

AbstractThe work aims to develop and optimize a powdered phytopharmaceutical product from the stem bark of Hymenaea courbaril L. (jatobá) by the spouted bed drying. The study commenced with the extraction of bioactive compounds present in the plant raw material by dynamic maceration using ethanol/water 70% (v/v) at a temperature of 50°C for 60 min, for the ratio stem bark: solvent mass of 1:10 (w/w). The extract quality was assessed by quantifying chemical markers via spectrophotometry (total polyphenols and tannins) and through antioxidant activity by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extractive solution was concentrated, added with drying adjuvant, and submitted to spouted bed drying. Product quality was evaluated by moisture content (Xp), water activity (aW), powder diameter, total polyphenols, and tannins content (PT and TT), and antioxidant activity, expressed as the extract concentration needed to reduce 50% of the DDPH radical (IC50). Spouted bed drying performance was evaluated through the drying yield (REC), product accumulation (Ac), and thermal efficiency (η). The optimal processing conditions were: inlet gas temperature, Tgi: 150°C, the ratio of the mass feed flow rate of the concentrated extract to the evaporation capacity of the dryer, Ws/Wmax: 45%, and the drying gas flow rate relative to minimum spouting, Q/Qms: 1.85. Under these conditions, it is predicted to obtain a dried extract with Xp = 4.9% w/w, PT = 26.0% w/w, REC = 77.7% w/w, η = 44.3%, and Ac = 10% w/w, with adequate values of aW, TT, and high antioxidant activity.

Study on Comparative Analysis of Production of Dry Fruit Economic Forest Products Based on Big Data

The analysis of economic forest products production in Shandong Province mainly focuses on economic forest production and output value as well as economic forest plantation area, capital and labour input. By analysing the above, the basic situation of economic forest products production in Shandong Province can be understood on a macro level, laying the foundation for the subsequent study of the relevant data of the farmers, and at the same time providing a reference for the relevant management. There is an obvious gap between the production value of economic forest products in Shandong Province and that of the whole country. By combining modern information technologies such as 3S, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing and other modern information technologies, we have established an integrated modern forest cultivation technology system ranging from the intelligent evaluation of forest terrain conditions, ecological environment simulation and simulation to the precise monitoring and diagnosis of forest growth, intelligent equipment and variable irrigation and fertilisation, etc. It is of great practical significance to expand the scale of production value of economic forest products in Shandong Province and narrow the gap with the national average level by carrying out research on the production and management efficiency of economic forest products in Shandong Province.

COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATED UPLAND TOMATO (Lycopersicon Esculentum) PRODUCTION IN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the cost and return analysis of irrigated upland tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) production, in Gombe State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 459 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that Most of the types of farms implements use for dry season tomato production in the study areas were tractors (32.4%), hand tools (37.6%) and animal traction (30.0%). Capital for dry season tomato production, the respondents in Dukku, Nafada, funakaye and Yamaltu Deba LGA respondents had a mean capital of N212,747.36, N183,662.55, N261,540.30, and N204,785.956 respectively. The findings also revealed the result of maximum likelihood estimate of parameters of the stochastic frontier production function of dry season tomato farming in the study area reveal that farm size (P< 0.001), labour (P< 0.001), farming experience (P< 0.001), and capital (P< 0.001) were the major factors statistically affecting the respondents rice production at 1%. The analysis of dry season maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter of stochastic frontier cost of tomato production showed that ploughing (P< 0.001), transplanting (P< 0.001), harvesting (P< 0.001) and capital (P< 0.001) were the determinant of cost of output of the respondents. The result further reveals the costs and return of dry season tomato farming in the study area depicts that the total variable cost of production was ₦2,384,894 with a total cost of production which is the total variable plus the fixed cost of ₦3,266,031. The revenue realized was ₦4,070,558. The net farm income for the dry season tomato farmers for one hectare in the study area was ₦804,529.23. The profit index of the respondents was ₦1.7. The major constraints to the irrigated upland tomato production were inadequate water for irrigation (23.0%), lack of irrigation facilities (20.7%), heat stress and drought (27.2%) preventing maximum productions in the study area. In addition, constraints to irrigated upland tomato farming in the study area includes high cost of irrigation services (26.0%), high-cost fertilizer (19.3%), high cost of pesticide (20.9%) and high cost of insecticide (18.2%). It was concluded that the respondents are operating at a lost and again the labour cost looking at the high cost incurred from production which clearly shows that there was over utilization of resources especially in the area of labour cost. The study made the following recommendations; efforts should be made to improve access to adequate water for irrigation purposes, there is a need to provide modern irrigation facilities to farmers to improve water management and efficiency, there is a need to promote value addition in tomato farming through processing and packaging to increase the shelf life of tomatoes and reduce post-harvest losses and farmers should be encouraged to formed cooperatives to be united in one voice to have a bargaining power over labour cost and can also make request to government on their needs and access inputs and training from policy support programme to achieve optimal yield.

Initial Growth of Red Tent Seedlings (Adenanthera Pavonina l.) In Soil Enriched with Different Doses and Nitrogenous Sources

Purpose: To evaluate the initial growth of red tent seedlings in different doses and sources of N. Theoretical framework: Based on scientific articles found on search engines and books in the area of soil fertility and plant nutrition. This is to support the explanation of how the morphological characteristics of seedlings, which explain their growth, are affected by nitrogen fertilization, depending on the dose and source of fertilizer applied. Method: The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five doses of N and five replications, using urea and ammonium sulfate as sources, which were evaluated separately. The doses tested were: T0 – without addition of N; T1 – 50 mg dm-3; T2 – 100 mg dm-3; T3 – 150 mg dm-3; T4 – 200 mg dm-3, for each source tested. At the end of 90 days, the morphological characteristics of the seedlings were evaluated: height, diameter, height/diameter ratio, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root part, aerial dry mass/root dry mass ratio, height/aerial dry mass ratio and, Dickson quality index. Results and conclusion: Growth, dry mass production and seedling quality were greater at a dose of 200 mg dm-3 when using urea as a source of N. When the source was ammonium sulfate, the greatest growth in height occurred at a dose of 100 mg dm-3, however, the greatest growth in diameter, the greatest production of dry mass and quality, were observed at a dose of 200 mg dm-3. This is the recommended dose for the species studied. Research implications: These results indicate that nitrogen fertilization is essential for the quality growth of red seedlings, and the dose to be applied is essential for this to happen, since values lower than this dose may not allow the plant to perform at its maximum. growth potential. Meanwhile, higher doses do not guarantee greater growth and will result in unnecessary expenses and, probably, loss of growth due to toxicity. Originality/value: Using nitrogen fertilizers, in the correct dose for the species, increases its growth potential and guarantees the production of quality seedlings within the nursery.

Lamb feeding preference for maize, bean, and broad bean stubble treated with silage effluent, urea-molasses, or phosphoric acid

molasses (MaUM), silage effluent with phosphoric acid (MaEflAcP), and control (MaTes); bean stubble treated with silage effluent (FrEfl), effluent silage with urea-molasses (FrEflUM), and control (FrTes); and broad bean stubble treated with silage effluent and urea-molasses (HaEflUM), urea-molasses and phosphoric acid (HaUMAcP), and control (HaTes). Design/Methodology/Approach: Six Dorper/Katahdin lambs of 21 kg (LW) were used to carry out the feeding preference test. In the morning, lambs were fed with a mixture of the three treatments of each stubble (70% of the dry matter (DM) requirement/40 min); meanwhile, in the evenings, they were offered each treatment in independent feeders (10% of the DM requirement/20 min). This treatment lasted 7 days. Intake was measured in grams (offer minus rejection). Once the ordinal qualitative variables of consumption frequency (1=low, 2=medium, and 3=high) were classified, the data were analyzed using the ordinal logistic regression model. The results were expressed as the estimated proportion of incidence of the frequencies (1, 2, or 3). Results: The proportion estimated for the high consumption frequency recorded higher results for MaUM, HaUMAcP, and FrEflUM, reaching 95.24, 73.44, and 43.49%, respectively. The proportion estimated for the low consumption frequency for HaTes, MaTes, and FrTes was 95.12, 88.11, and 48.77%, respectively. Study Limitations/Implications: The diets with different quality and flavors did not meet the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity; however, the results provide valuable information for the improvement of dry matter intake and animal production. Finding/Conclusions: Urea-molasses (UM) promoted consumption preference both alone or in combination with other ingredients, in all the stubbles tested.

IMPACTS OF WATER STRESS ON Urochloa brizantha FORAGE CULTIVARS

Water deficit during the dry season is one of the main factors affecting the productivity and quality of pastures. The present work aims at evaluating the effects of water deficit on the morphological and productive characteristics of Urochloa brizantha cultivars grown in Quartzarenic Neosol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under a completely randomized design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement, with four cultivars (Marandu, MG4, MG13 Braúna and MG5 Vitória), two water availability conditions (50% or 100% of field capacity) and six repetitions. Structural, morphogenic and productive variables were evaluated 15, 25 and 35 days after the beginning of treatment application. For all productive characteristics evaluated during 35 days of water stress, it was observed that a 50% reduction in water availability significantly (P<0.05) reduced total fresh and dry mass production and leaf production of Marandu, MG13 Braúna and MG5 Vitória. Except for MG13 Braúna, the leaf/stem ratio of these cultivars was impaired. Regardless of water availability, when comparing forages during 35 days, lower cumulative leaf length and higher fresh and dry mass production of stems were observed in the Marandu cultivar. Regarding the response of productive characteristics, the MG4 cultivar showed the best results under water deficit when grown in Quartzarenic Neosol.

Fresh or dry maize or both: Which is most economical and preferred by farmers?

As a staple crop of great importance in sub-Saharan Africa, maize is essential for the production of food for humans and animals, particularly in the raising of poultry and livestock. Smallholder farmers in Ghana are the main producers of maize, and they frequently have difficulties in turning their crop into a sustainable source of income. As a result, there is an increasing need for these farmers to look into other options such as switching from traditional dry maize production to growing fresh maize. This circumstance calls for a critical analysis to ascertain whether producing for fresh or dry maize markets yields higher profitability. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to estimate the profitability of Ghana's fresh and dry maize markets, examine the factors influencing farmers' market choices as well as rank the production constraints. Data was collected from 390 maize farmers using questionnaires. Gross margin analysis, multinomial logit regression and Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance, were the methods of analysis. According to the study, fresh maize yields a profit of 78.00 pesewas for every GH¢ 1.00 invested, both alternatives generate 71.00 pesewas, and dry maize yields 67.00 pesewas. This implies that even though all three businesses are profitable, fresh maize cultivation stands out as the most lucrative. The results of the multinomial logit regression analysis showed that the choice of maize production systems is influenced by socioeconomic characteristics, farming experience, and loan availability. The Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance analysis confirms consensus on constraints, with lack of finance, pest issues, poor roads, and low maize prices as key challenges. According to the report, farmers may increase their profits by diversifying their crops to include the fresh maize market. Additionally, the government could assist these farmers by making financing more accessible to them through collaborations with financial institutions and specially designed agricultural loan programs.

Does jasmonic acid mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat through the enhancement of ascorbate biosynthesis and the induction of glutamate dehydrogenase activity?

AbstractBackgroundSalt stress is one of the most common abiotic stresses, reducing plant growth and productivity. Thus, the development of suitable management practices to minimize the deleterious effects of salt stress has become necessary.AimsThis study was conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms underlying salt tolerance conferred by jasmonic acid (JA).MethodsSalt‐stressed wheat seedlings were supplemented with 1 mM JA and/or 1 mM ibuprofen (IBU), an inhibitor of endogenous JA biosynthesis, in the culture medium.ResultsThe obtained results showed that salt stress significantly decreased shoot and root dry weight production and relative water contents. This was associated with a noteworthy reduction in leaf and root ascorbate (AsA) concentrations, as well as glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. Exogenously supplied JA did not affect GS and GOGAT activities in leaves and roots of salt‐treated seedlings. However, noticeable enhancements were observed in growth, AsA concentrations, as well as GDH activities. Likewise, the inhibition of JA biosynthesis by IBU application was accompanied by a significant decrease in seedlings’ growth associated with a noticeable reduction in AsA concentrations and GDH activities. The decreases in growth and GDH activities were also obtained following inhibition of AsA biosynthesis by lycorine (Lyc) application. By contrast, increased GDH activities and enhanced growth were obtained following exogenous AsA supplementation, with or without JA biosynthesis inhibition.ConclusionsThe findings implied that exogenous JA enhanced AsA biosynthesis and induced GDH activity, which further promoted the growth of wheat seedlings in salt‐stressed conditions. Therefore, the stimulation of AsA biosynthesis and GDH activity through JA application in the rhizosphere may be suggested as a vital strategy for strengthening the salt tolerance of wheat plants, at least at the seedling stage.

Efficient simulation of bitter gourd drying in active solar dryer: A state-of-the-art model

Greenhouse drying system is used to dry agricultural products or low-temperature thermal drying using a greenhouse structure. In this paper, an experimental and simulation study is carried out to evaluate the drying performances of an active solar greenhouse dryer using COMSOL Multiphysics. The experimental setup includes a compact thermal storage-based greenhouse dryer (1.5 m × 1.0 m x 0.5 m) equipped with a black gravel-covered Aluminium jacket and 35 kg of paraffin wax for heat retention which is located on the floor of the dryer. The experiments were conducted in Ranchi, India (23.34 °N, 85.30 °E) under clear sky conditions in the month of May. The amount of solar radiation (global solar radiation) varied from (630 W/m2 to 1052 W/m2) with an average of 936 W/m2, ambient air temperature (30.2 °C–38.2 °C), air relative humidity (31.6 %–34.6 %), and wind speed (0.9–1.0 m/s). The inside dryer temperature, humidity, wind speed, and floor temperature were also measured every hour. The average values of these parameters were 59.1 °C, 30.2 %, 0.91 m/s, and 69.1 °C, respectively. The FE (finite element) modelling finds out the maximum temperature in drying products, floor and dryer's outlet is 55.3 °C,72.4 °C and 67.4 °C, respectively at 13:00 h. The proposed dryer costs 19633.50 INR with an embodied energy of 1358.01 kW h. The proposed dryer has a break-even period of 1.87 years, and its lifespan is 35 years. During this time, the net CO2 emission was found to be 21.45 tonnes, and the earned carbon credit varies from 1505.01 to 30030.00 INR. The result shows that the drying efficiency is 42.52 %, reducing the initial moisture content from 88.64 % to 2.28 % within five consecutive hours. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the dryer are found to be 61.84 % and 56 % respectively. The system is a viable, sustainable choice for the large-scale production of bitter gourd flakes.

Impact of “Dry Sowing and Wet Emergence” Water Regulation on Physiological Growth Characteristics and Water Productivity of Cotton Fields in Southern Xinjiang Province

Determining a suitable “dry sowing and wet emergence” water control program for cotton fields in the arid regions of Northwest China is of great significance in saving water resources, improving economic efficiency, and promoting sustainable development of agriculture. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of different “dry sowing and wet emergence” water control treatments on dry matter accumulation, chlorophyll fluorescence, yield quality, and water productivity of cotton, and to determine the optimal “dry sowing and wet emergence” water control program for cotton growth in arid areas. A two-year experiment was carried out in 2021 and 2022 in mulched drip-irrigated cotton fields, with a total of 13 treatments of different seedling water quantities (2021: 67.5 mm, 90 mm, 112.5 mm; 2022: 6 mm, 10.5 mm, 15 mm) and different drip frequencies (frequencies means number of drops at seedling stage) (2021: one, two, three times; 2022: two times, four times) in the “dry sowing and wet emergence”. Results indicated a positive correlation between increased seedling water quantity and growth indexes. High seedling water quantity treatment demonstrated a 14.33% higher cotton yield than the low seedling water quantity treatment. In comparison with low-frequency treatment, the high-frequency treatment exhibited significantly larger cotton plant height, dry matter accumulation, and yield. Over two years, the average values increased by 8.69%, 16.4%, and 15.91%, respectively, with a 14.55% increase in the coefficient of photochemical quenching of the leaf blade (qP). The high frequency and larger amount of seedling water quantity treatments showed significantly higher irrigation water productivity, with increases of 39.2% and 70.2% compared to the winter irrigation control treatment. In summary, the appropriate “dry sowing wet emergence” water regulation mode (the first drip: 15 mm, the second drip: 4.5 mm, the third drip: 22.5 mm, the fourth drip: 15 mm) can ensure crop yield quality under the premise of significantly reducing the agricultural irrigation water, which can provide certain theoretical support for the green, efficient, and sustainable development of the local cotton industry.

Sunflower root growth and distribution under varied water regimes in two edaphoclimatic conditions

Sunflower growth is adversely impacted by both excess and insufficient water. Research on root growth in this crop under water stress conditions remains limited and does not fully elucidate the plant's response to varying soil and climatic conditions. This study aimed to determine root growth, depth, and distribution of sunflower plants under different water stress conditions, such as deficit or excess, in two soil classes and sown during two distinct periods. Experiments were conducted after sowing at the beginning of September (first crop season) and at the beginning of January (second crop season) in an Ultisol (Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil) and an Oxisol (Panambi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). Water condition treatments applied from stage V6 included control, water deficit, and water excess. Roots were collected using an auger drill during the first crop season. The variables analyzed comprised root length density and accumulated root within the soil profile. During the second crop season, sunflower roots were visually assessed in the soil profile after trench excavation. Root system depth and root dry mass were evaluated during both sowing periods. Results indicated that sunflower root penetration is deeper in Ultisol than in Oxisol. Water deficit promotes root depth, while water excess promotes root growth near the surface. Sowing during the first crop season results in deeper root penetration and higher root dry mass production compared to the second crop season.

Greenhouse gas emissions, carbon stocks and wheat productivity following biochar, compost and vermicompost amendments: comparison of non-saline and salt-affected soils

Understanding the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and carbon stock is crucial for effective climate change assessment and agroecosystem management. However, little is known about the effects of organic amendments on GHG emissions and dynamic changes in carbon stocks in salt-affected soils. We conducted a pot experiment with four treatments including control (only fertilizers addition), biochar, vermicompost, and compost on non-saline and salt-affected soils, with the application on a carbon equivalent basis under wheat crop production. Our results revealed that the addition of vermicompost significantly increased soil organic carbon content by 18% in non-saline soil and 52% in salt-affected soil compared to the control leading to improvements in crop productivity i.e., plant dry biomass production by 57% in non-saline soil with vermicompost, while 56% with the same treatment in salt-affected soil. The grain yield was also noted 44 and 50% more with vermicompost treatment in non-saline and salt-affected soil, respectively. Chlorophyll contents were observed maximum with vermicompost in non-saline (24%), and salt-affected soils (22%) with same treatments. Photosynthetic rate (47% and 53%), stomatal conductance (60% and 12%), and relative water contents (38% and 27%) were also noted maximum with the same treatment in non-saline and salt-affected soils, respectively. However, the highest carbon dioxide emissions were observed in vermicompost- and compost-treated soils, leading to an increase in emissions of 46% in non-saline soil and 74% in salt-affected soil compared to the control. The compost treatment resulted in the highest nitrous oxide emissions, with an increase of 57% in non-saline soil and 62% in salt-affected soil compared to the control. In saline and non-saline soils treated with vermicompost, the global warming potential was recorded as 267% and 81% more than the control, respectively. All treatments, except biochar in non-saline soil, showed increased net GHG emissions due to organic amendment application. However, biochar reduced net emissions by 12% in non-saline soil. The application of organic amendments increased soil organic carbon content and crop yield in both non-saline and salt-affected soils. In conclusion, biochar is most effective among all tested organic amendments at increasing soil organic carbon content in both non-saline and salt-affected soils, which could have potential benefits for soil health and crop production.

Utilization of Ginger and Its Waste

Ginger has become the focus of research because of its oleoresin and essential oil content. First, the drying process can maintain the quality of post-harvest products and increase the shelf life of dry products. Applying heat by air, microwave, vacuum, and freeze-drying can remove up to 5% (w.b.) of the moisture content of the material. High temperatures provide a greater driving force and result in the best possible product damage. The involvement of an adsorption dryer can be an opportunity to carry out drying at low temperatures by involving a dehumidified air agent. Apart from drying, the extraction process is an essential component of the ginger isolation technique. In addition to temperature, the physical properties involved in this process are density and pressure (having relatively great difficulty in achieving the desired properties). Significant components with GC-MS and GLC tests gave different peak area results from the drying and extraction processes. However, β-phellandrene and camphene represent the presence of ginger essential oil in both methods. Then, the pulp and skin can also be reprocessed through extraction to produce ginger oil and ginger pulp. The sustainability of ginger residue through pyrolysis can produce ginger charcoal products. Meanwhile, the ginger pulp contains sugar, acid, and micro-fibrillation of cellulose (MFC) through hydrolysis. The results of research related to ginger provide opportunities for SMEs to produce post-harvest products in red ginger powder. The extraction process with polar solvents and the role of appropriate technology have encouraged independent economic activities. In addition, dregs from raw materials and by-products can be exploited for opportunities to reduce the waste generated.

Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in some animal-originated food products marketed in Turkey: presence and Public Health concerns.

This study aimed to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in some animal source food (ASF) including emulsified meat products (sausage and salami), dry fermented meat product (soudjouk), semi dry meat product (pastrami) and raw chicken meat. Sixty six (38.8%) of 170 samples were found to be positive for S. aureus. It was determined that S. aureus was found in 17 (56.6%) salami, 27 (54%) raw chicken meat, 9 (30%) soudjouk, 9 (30%) pastrami, 4 (13.3%) sausage samples. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) were identified in 5 out of 66 (7.5 %) isolates food matrices including 3 (4.5%) SEA, 2 (3.03%) SEC. The sea and sec genes were detected in 3 (4.5%) of 66 isolates. The results of this study highlight the need to provide suitable control strategies concerning production, sales, and storage to prevent the spread of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates in ASF. The key contribution of this study is its revelation of the presence of S. aureus in animal products sold in Turkish local markets, highlighting the potential public health risks associated with animal foods.

Peningkatan nilai produk olahan hasil laut dan gerakan gemar makan ikan bagi kelompok istri dan anak nelayan guna mencegah stunting [Increasing the value of processed sea products and the fish-eating movement for groups of fisherman wives and children to prevent stunting

This Community Service Activity is carried out to educate fishermen's wives on how to process marine products such as fish into processed foods that children like so that children will be more fond of eating fish, processed innovations using raw materials from marine products into dry products and wet products with high-quality nutritional value with high selling value, and increasing the love of eating fish among fishing families to increase intelligence and prevent stunting. The methods used are education, training, and mentoring for innovations in processed seafood which are popular with children and have high selling value, apart from that, education is also carried out about stunting and how to prevent stunting. The result of this PKM activity is that fishermen's wives can make various foods and snacks made from marine products that are popular with children and have value for sale so that they can provide income for fishermen's wives, as well as increase the understanding of fishermen's wives about stunting to prevent the incidence of stunting in fishermen's children and increase the movement for eating fish among fishermen's families.

Design of Scrubber for Sedimentation and Dissolution of Milk Dust

In the work, the necessity of creating a device for settling the dispersed phase of milk dust - dry milk product, at the section of the coolant outlet to the environment is investigated. The quality of dry product deposition in the used devices: cyclones and filters has been evaluated. Technological factors occurring in scrubbers during sedimentation and dissolution of milk product are considered. The design of scrubber, providing the use of patented technology of return of precipitated dispersed phase of milk dust into a full commercial product, is offered.

Factors affecting decisions of farmers to produce geographical indication dry beans: a case from Turkey

Geographical indications (GIs) are defined as labels that show the relationship of a product with a certain region. They are of great importance in terms of distinguishing these products from the similar ones in terms of the quality that the characteristic features of the region bring to the product, making them stand out commercially, contributing to the rural development and preserving the cultural heritage. Dry beans cultivated by the farmers in the Gümüşhane province is newly recognized as a GI product that is unique in both taste and quality. This study is intended to identify the factors affecting the farmers’ decision to produce GI-labelled dry beans. The survey was conducted in January–March 2021. A sampling size of the participants consisted of 50 farmers who cultivated GI-labelled dry beans and 50 non-GI dry beans. A binary logistic regression analysis approach was employed to identify the factors affecting the likelihood of the farmers cultivating the GI dry beans. The results of the model indicate that the young farmers with the low educational level, the low property land size, the low yield per decare, and the large farmland, the high annual agricultural income and specializing in the dry beans production are more likely to engage in the production of GI dry beans. For the farms involving the GI product, agricultural associations can be advised with the farmers with the wider agricultural acreage and the high annual agricultural income, and that specialize in the production of such products. The participation of the farmers in the agriculture enterprises involving the GI dry beans will depend on them seeing positive widespread effects, which requires a long-term commitment.

Dry fermented vegetable products of long-term storage and their integration into the diet of astronauts

Relevance. Fermentation makes it possible to improve the properties of the final product, increase its nutritional value and organoleptic characteristics. It has been scientifically proven that the use of fermented foods (with high nutritional and biological value) on a regular basis has a positive effect on human health, increases immunity, improves the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Dry fermented products with a long shelf life can be recommended as part of the diet in space. The aim is to creation of a dry base for fermented long-term storage beverages based on cabbage and table carrots, applicable in the diet of space nutrition. Objects and methods of research. The objects of the study were the domestic hybrid of white cabbage F1 Severyanka and the domestic variety of carrot table Margosha, and the dry fermented products obtained from them. Results. It was found that, according to biochemical and organoleptic quality indicators, the domestic hybrid of white cabbage F1 Severyanka and the domestic carrot variety Margosha are suitable for various types of processing, including fermentation and manufacture of dried fermented products. The comparison of the number of microorganisms in fermented cabbage and cabbage dehydrated by LTVD (low temperature vacuum drying) and VFD (vacuum freeze drying methods was carried out. The survival rate of microorganisms was 1.62 times higher in LTVD. The ways of accelerating the fermentation process of table carrots are considered. The expediency of using starter cultures obtained on the basis of the fermented product has been confirmed. It has been found that using starter cultures in the form of a fermented product dried by the LTVD method accelerates fermentation and allows you to reach the desired pH level 1.33 times faster than the base one and does not affect the final organoleptic characteristics.

STRATEGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAMBIR INNOVATION SYSTEM FOR THE PEOPLE'S ECONOMY (CASE STUDY OF 50 CITIES DISTRICT)

This research seeks to formulate an elaborate diversification strategy for processed Gambir products, aiming to enhance the overall well-being of the community residing in District 50 of West Sumatra City. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, this study adopts a case study research design, delving into the subject matter comprehensively and extensively through the utilization of diverse data sources. The primary focus lies on conducting a meticulous examination of Gambir farmers and industries within the confines of District 50, West Sumatra, utilizing innovative techniques to bring about the diversification of Gambir products. The data collection process involves keen observation of Gambir farmers and the industrial landscape, encompassing a range of activities within the 50 City Regency of West Sumatra. The introduction of innovation, specifically the diversification of Gambir, is anticipated to yield additional value from the traditionally cultivated crop. Beyond the conventional production of raw and dry Gambir products, this research aims to empower farmers to venture into the production of derivative products. The overarching goal is to foster a sustainable and diversified Gambir industry that not only meets the immediate needs of the farmers but also contributes to the broader economic landscape of District 50, West Sumatra City. By fostering innovation and expanding the product range, this research aspires to create a ripple effect, ultimately resulting in a positive impact on the socio-economic status of Gambir farmers in the target district.

Developing effective radio frequency drying processes for tiger nuts: Dynamic analysis of moisture state, dielectric properties and quality

Radio frequency (RF) heating technology is widely applied to dry agricultural products due to the advantages of fast and volumetric heating, but it lacks systematic and in-depth studies on combination drying methods. This study aimed to investigate the drying mechanism of tiger nuts with hot-air drying (HD), radio frequency drying (RFD), radio frequency assisted hot-air drying (RFHD), and radio frequency-vacuum drying (RFVD), in terms of analyzing dynamic changes of dehydration kinetics, moisture migration, and dielectric properties during the drying processes, as well as quality attributes of dried tiger nuts. The results indicated that the RF drying time (including RFD, RFHD and RFVD) was significantly reduced by 38.60–54.39%, compared with HD. Although RF drying had a positive effect on physical qualities, it caused clear changes to the microstructure. Among all drying methods, the free water content (A23) in the tiger nuts decreased as drying processed, while the immobilized water content (A22) increased first and then decreased. The A23 exhibited strong positive correlations with dielectric constant (ε′) and loss factor (ε″). Correspondingly, ε′ and ε″ gradually decreased due to a reduction in the A23 value. The results may comprehensively understand the RF drying mechanism of tiger nuts to provide high-quality products and optimize the drying process.