Dried Beet Pulp Research Articles

Fermentation Pattern in the Bovine Rumen after Feeding Straight Feeds

The influence of straight feeds on the fermentation pattern in the bovine rumen was investigated by feeding with hay, grass pellets, dried beet pulp with molasses and rolled oats. The study comprised 3 rumenfistulated dairy heifers, and the parameters measured were ammonia, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen fluid, and non-glucogenic/glucogenic ratio (NGGR) in the VFA mixture. Typical differences related to the structure and chemical composition of the diets were demonstrated by the parameters measured. Fermentation of the easily digestible feeds resulted in so extensive variations that representative means could be obtained only by analyzing samples collected frequently throughout the feeding cycle. Rumen pH was found highly correlated to total VFA concentration for all the feeds examined, and the regression coefficients showed that diets, based upon beets and oats, were fermented under low buffering capacity.

Dried Beet Pulp in Rations for Laying Chickens

The metabolizable energy of dried beet pulp (DBP) as determined with laying hens was found to be 820 Kcal./kg. dry matter. S.C.W.L. were fed rations containing 0, 10, 20, and 30% DBP in place of corn. Levels exceeding 10% DBP significantly reduced egg production and feed conversion. Body weight was significantly reduced even at the 10% level, while egg weight was not affected except at the 30% level. The addition of fat to the 30% DBP ration did not even improve this ration to the extent of making it equal in performance to the 20% DBP. The low energy value of DBP is not the only limitation for its use in laying rations.

Dried Beet Pulp as a Sole Source of Energy in Beef and Sheep Rations

Dried Beet Pulp as a Sole Source of Energy in Beef and Sheep Rations

Utilization of some crude fibre rich raw materials in the feeding of bacon pigs : oat, wheat bran, dried beet pulp

Utilization of some crude fibre rich raw materials in the feeding of bacon pigs : oat, wheat bran, dried beet pulp

Response to Concentrates Containing Two Percents of Protein Fed at Four Rates for Complete Lactations

Two grain mixes were fed at four rates as a supplement to high-quality alfalfa hay during 305-day lactations of 128 cows. The four rates of concentrates were .25, .375, .50, and .625kg grain per kg of 4% fat-corrected milk above 9.1kg daily. The two mixes were a simple barley and dried beet pulp mix (12% protein) and a more complex 14% protein mix.Increasing the rate of grain caused a linear decrease in hay consumption and a linear increase in intake of grain and total energy and yield of milk and milk constituents. Increasing the grain rate also accounted for a linear increase in percent protein, percent solids-not-fat, but no difference in percent milk fat or total solids. Differences between grain mixes were not significant for any traits except percent milk fat and total solids which were higher on the simple mix. Yield was highly correlated with and followed the pattern of total consumption of net energy for milk production. A stepwise deletion multiple regression analysis found grain intake, rate of grain, hay intake, hay to grain ratio, and length of previous dry period, respectively, the most important variables (squared correlation .94) affecting fat-corrected milk production.

The Microflora and Concentrations of Volatile Fatty Acids in The Rumen of Cattle Fed on Single Component Rations

The composition of the rumen microflora and the volatile fatty acids were examined in cattle free-grazing on grass or stall-fed on hay, grass pellets, oats or dried beet pulp with molasses. Total and viable counts of anaerobic bacteria were highest on the grass feeding, but viable counts as a percentage of total counts were highest when oats or beet pulp with molasses were fed. Counts of cellulolytic bacteria were lowest on these latter 2 diets, and highest on grass or grass pellet diets. Studies of the anaerobic flora showed that the composition in animals fed on grass pellets resembled more that found in animals free-grazing on grass than in those fed on hay. Counts of aerotolerant bacteria were only a small percentage of the total count, but were highest on the hay diet. On this latter diet and on grass-feeding the streptococci (identified as Streptococcus bovis) were predominant, but contrary to expectation, streptococci were found only in small numbers on the oats diet, where coryneform rods were the major type present. Although a period of 4–6 weeks was allowed for the animals to adapt to the feeds, the 2 periods of feeding on oats and dried beet pulp with molasses markedly affected the composition of the rumen flora in the subsequent periods of feeding grass pellets and hay. Ruinen volatile fatty acid analysis showed a propionogenic effect of oats and the highest percentage of butyric acid when beet pulp with molasses was fed. The expected propionogenic effect of grass pellets was not observed.

Effect of diets containing different levels of wheat straw on lamb performance, feed intake and digestibility

SUMMARYA total of 120, 6–7-month-old fat-tailed uncastrated Kellakui lambs were randomly allotted to three groups, given fattening diets for 93 days and then slaughtered. The diets contained 10 (A), 20 (B) or 30% (C) coarsely chopped wheat straw; the latter was increased at the expense of dried beet pulp. All diets contained 45% ground barley, 10% beet molasses and 1% ground oyster shells; there were minor adjustments in the cottonseed meal percentage to maintain a similar protein level in all diets.The three diets were also given in sequence to six adult male Kizil (fat-tailed) sheep in a digestibility trial. Further digestion trials were made with chopped wheat straw given alone or supplemented with 400, 800 and 1200 g of a concentrate consisting of 75% dried beet pulp and 25% cottonseed meal; an all-concentrate treatment was also included.Daily gain (g), feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) and dressing percentages for lambs given diets A, B and C were, respectively: 154, 9·78, 54·5; 159, 9·85, 53·5; 127, 11·30, 53·1. A significant decrease in daily gain occurred with the highest straw level and considerably more feed was required per unit of gain. Supplementing straw with 400 g of concentrate increased daily dry-matter intake per sheep from 645 g to 1214 g, with further but smaller increases at higher levels of supplementation. Almost linear increases were observed in dry-matter digestibility as more concentrate was given.

A comparative study of the feeding value of dried sugar-beet pulp for milk production

SUMMARYTwo 16-week experiments with lactating Ayrshire cows were conducted to study the effect on milk production of replacing barley with dried molassed sugar-beet pulp on an equal dry-matter basis. The cows on all treatments received equal weights of hay, groundnut cake and minerals but the contents of barley and of sugar-beet pulp each varied from 0 to 80% in the different concentrate mixtures. The total daily intake of dry matter expressed as a percentage of live weight averaged 2·64 and 2·72 in the two experiments.The average yield of milk in the two experiments was 18·8 kg/cow per day, and, within each experiment, the mean yields of milk and the contents of solids-not-fat and crude protein were not significantly different on the contrasting feeding treatments. The intake of water was significantly increased as the dried beet pulp replaced the barley but no major changes occurred in the proportions of V.F.A.S in the rumen liquor.It is concluded that barley and dried molassed sugar-beet pulp had the same feeding value on a dry-matter basis when used in the production ration of milking cows. It is suggested that for most purposes barley and dried sugar-beet pulp are interchangeable on an equal weight basis, but for more precise feeding the two feeds should replace each other on an equal dry-weight basis.

Digestibility Experiments with Dairy Cows Consuming Different Quantities of Concentrates

Two digestibility experiments were conducted with both high- and low-yielding dairy cows (a total of 63 cows). All cows were part of a long-term experiment and were fed 7kg hay, 1kg dry beet pulp, and a crushed concentrate mixture. The quantity of concentrates in Experiments 1 ranged from 3.0 to 13.5kg and in Experiment 2 from 0 to 15.7kg per cow and day. The feces were quantitatively collected for 10 days.There is good fit to a straight line between consumed and digested organic matter, consumed and digested crude protein, consumed and digested nitrogen- free extract even with as high a consumption of concentrates as 15.7kg per cow and day. Cows have digested the concentrates to the same extent regardless of the quantity consumed. There seems no reason to assume a lower digestibility at high feed consumption as long as the animals are adapted to a normal feeding ration with long hat and crushed concentrates.

Feeding High Levels of Beet Pulp in High Concentrate Dairy Rations

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of replacing corn in a high concentrate dairy ration by four different levels of dried beet pulp on yield and composition of milk, body weight gain, feed utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics in cattle and sheep. The control concentrate ration contained 73% corn. In the three experimental rations, 50, 75 and 100% of the corn in the control ration were replaced by dried beet pulp. A lactation trial with Holstein-Friesian cows in the first experiment showed no significant difference in body weight gain, milk yield and composition due to treatments. A second experiment with sheep determined the utilization of ration nutrients as the proportion of beet pulp increased in the rations. No significant differences were observed among the four treatments in the digestibility of dry matter and energy. Crude fiber digestibility increased significantly at each increase in beet pulp in the ration. Metabolizable energy of the rations averaged 2,790kcal per kilogram and did not differ significantly. The result of Experiment 3 with rumen fistulated steers showed increased production of rumen volatile fatty acids and a less frothy rumen ingesta when beet pulp replaced com in the high concentrate dairy ration.

Utilization of concentrated ion exchange non-sugar waste dried beet pulp

Utilization of concentrated ion exchange non-sugar waste dried beet pulp

Beet Pulp as a Grain Replacement for Dairy Cows and Sheep

Three experiments were to study and improve the nutritional value of dried beet pulp for its efficient utilization in the rations of dairy cows and sheep.In the first experiment, 3 digestion and metabolism trials were conducted with 8 wether lambs to study the nutrient digestibility and energy utilization of rations containing 4 levels of beet pulp as a replacement for corn in the control ration. The control ration contained 60% corn and no beet pulp. In 3 experimental rations, 50, 75 or 100% of the corn in the control ration was replaced by beet pulp, keeping the proportion of other ingredients constant. No significant difference was observed in the digestibility of dry matter, energy and crude protein among the treatments. Crude fiber of the beet pulp was highly digestible and ration digestibility increased at each increase in pulp. Metabolizable energy of the rations did not change due to incorporation of beet pulp and the average value as percent of gross energy was 71. Thus beet pulp energy was as well utilized as corn when it was incorporated up to 60% in the ration.A lactation trial involving 8 cows in a switchback design was conducted in a second experiment to study the feeding value of beet pulp for milk production. A control ration containing 57% barley was compared with an experimental ration containing 55% beet pulp. When the cows were fed the concentrate ration along with 4kg of alfalfa hay, no significant difference was observed in change of body weight or fat-corrected milk production.The results of the third experiment indicated that when 4% fat was added to a fat deficient ration containing 50% beet pulp, milk yield increased significantly by 7.5%.

INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUTING HIGHER FIBER INGREDIENTS FOR CORN ON THE DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS AND PERFORMANCE OF SOWS AND LITTERS

Twenty-four Swedish Landrace × Large White sows were individually fed one of four diets throughout gestation and lactation under confinement conditions at the Sombor Kombinat, Yugoslavia. The 80% yellow corn in the control diet was replaced by 80% corn and cob meal, 50% corn and cob meal and 30% dried beet pulp, or 50% corn and cob meal and 30% wheat middlings in the other higher fiber diets. A standard protein supplement of 10% soybean meal, 4% sunflower meal and 3.5% fishmeal was included in the diets.Observed total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were higher than calculated for the diets containing the higher fiber ingredients, suggesting that mature sows can digest some of these ingredients to a greater extent than can younger pigs on which analysis tables are based. The calculated DE in kcal/kg of corn and cob meal was 3428, dried beet pulp 3520, and wheat middlings 3155, assuming corn to be 3610 kcal/kg. The values used in formulation were 3080, 2860 and 3210 kcal/kg for the first three ingredients. Sows were most efficient in digesting organic nutrients on the 90th day of gestation, poorest on the 10th day of lactation and intermediate on the 30th day of gestation.Average number of pigs born alive was 9.9 and weaned was 8.8, with average pig weights at birth averaging 1.44 kg and at 5-week weaning, 14.1 kg. There were no significant differences between lots in litter performance, except that TDN required per kg gain adjusted for sow weight loss during lactation was greater for sows receiving 30% dried beet pulp. Sow gain during gestation was lower for this lot. Despite an overall DE intake for the complete reproductive cycle that was 23% in excess of present U.S. NRC nutrient requirements, the mature sows averaged only 3.6 kg heavier when they weaned their litters than when they were bred.

Effect of feeding dried beet pulp on growth rate of Awassi sheep

SUMMARYGroups of Awassi lambs, aged 7–13 months at start of the trial, were fed for 100 days on four different rations. A ‘control’ ration contained ground barley: the others contained different proportions of dried sugar-beet pulp, and no barley.Male lambs were initially heavier, and gave better weight gains than the females. Groups on beet pulp grew better than the ‘control’. The most economical weight gains were obtained in the group in which beet pulp constituted 40 % of the ‘concentrate’ portion of the diet.

Sequestering Phosphatic Solution as a Phosphorus Source for Ruminants1,2

A sequestering phosphatic solution (ammonium polyphosphate) was compared to dicalcium phosphate as a phosphorus source for ruminants. These materials were mixed with corn, urea, and limestone as supplements to a phosphorus–deficient ration of molasses–dried beet pulp and corn stover silage. In steer feeding trials, using six lots of seven animals each, the two phosphorus supplements supported performance equally well and considerably better than the nonphosphorus supplemented basal ration (0.62 vs. 0.10kg gain per day, respectively). Serum inorganic phosphorus was normal in the supplemented groups, 7.3–8.4 mg/100ml, compared to 2.9–4.3 mg/100ml in the unsupplemented groups. In a balance and digestion trial using sheep, no differences in digestibility were observed between the basal and supplemented groups, but phosphorus balances were +74, +357, and +474mg per day for the basal and the animals supplemented with dicalcium phosphate and sequestering phosphatic solution, respectively.

Concentrations of Volatile Fatty Acids and Lactic Acid in the Rumen as Influenced by Diet and Post-Feeding Time

The concentration and the percentage of individual volatile fatty acids and the concentration of lactic acid was determined in the rumen fluid of rumen-fistulated cattle at 15 intervals after feeding. Diets consisted of long alfalfa hay, dehydrated alfalfa pellets, flaked corn, rolled barley, dried beet pulp, rolled milo, cracked corn and corn silage, and flaked corn and corn silage. An acetic: propionic acid ratio similar to that for hay was produced by dried beet pulp or milo. Flaked corn produced a lower ratio than cracked corn but more lactic acid when both were fed with corn silage. Dried beet pulp resulted in the highest lactic acid levels (73mg %). The possible significance of ruminal lactate levels to milk-fat depression is discussed.

The feed increment method for evaluating the net energy of feedstuffs for milk production

A feeding-trial procedure was employed as a means for estimating the net energy value of feedstuffs for milk production, using an adaptation of the feed increment principle. The reported observations were made over a period of three years in four trials with Latin-square designs. Basal rations made up of 70 per cent alfalfa and 30 per cent barley were tested against increments of alfalfa hay, barley, dried beet pulp, dried beet pulp with molasses, dried beet pulp with concentrated Steffen’s filtrate, and milo. Results indicated that the procedure could be useful for routine evaluation of feeds. Repeatability appeared encouraging as shown by net energy values of 71.8, 68.4 and 68.8 mcal/100 lb. dry matter, determined with three different lots of barley in as many years. The main problem yet to be solved is the determination of milk energy equivalent of liveweight change. In this regard the greatest source of error was the estimating of liveweight change.

Utilization of Carotene from Corn Silages by Steers

Silages were made from well-eared, well-matured corn which had received a normal rate of fertilization and from corn which had received an additional 200 lb. of nitrogen per acre. Neither silage contained significant amounts of nitrates. However, the high nitrogen-fertilized silage contained less beta carotene. Hereford steer calves grazing green pasture had high initial blood plasma carotenoids but low levels of vitamin A. After being fed a carotene-deficient ration consisting of white corn, molasses dried beet pulp and soybean meal for 61 days, plasma carotenoid levels declined markedly but vitamin A values increased to normal. The carotene-deficient ration at different levels of intake resulted in varying rates of gain but did not influence the rate of vitamin A depletion. Fifty-six steers which had been fed the depletion ration for 137 days were fed silage rations for 126 days. Blood plasma carotenoid and vitamin A levels quickly returned to normal after the silage rations were fed, and supplemental vitamin A had no measureable effect. Forty-two non-depleted steers were fed silage rations for 182 days, followed by a full feed of ground ear corn for 56 days. Feeding 20,000 I.U. of vitamin A per head daily brought about no improvement in performance or carcass value. However, plasma vitamin A values of nonsupplemented steers declined when the ear-corn ration which contained suboptimum amounts of carotene was fed. Growing-fattening steers were able to meet their daily vitamin A requirements from the carotene supplied by the corn silages. There were no apparent differences in feeding value of silages from corn which had received normal or excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilization.

High Dry Matter Zinc Bacitracin-Treated Legume-Grass Silage vs. Untreated High Dry Matter Silage: Each with Corn, Soybran Flakes, and Dried Beet Pulp

Summary Zinc bacitracin–treated alfalfa-brome high dry matter silage and similar untreated silage were each fed free-choice with one-third of a pound of hay per 100 lb of body weight per day to similar groups of milking cows. Each silage was fed in a 6 × 6 Latin-square design experiment with three different supplemental grain mixtures containing 15% total protein, in which either ground shelled corn, soybran flakes, or dried beet pulp predominated. The amount of grain fed represented 25% of the ration dry matter intake. The differences in digestibility of dry matter and protein, due to each of the above three grain mixtures, were not significant, indicating that the cellulose of soybran flakes and dried beet pulp supplemented the silages as well as ground shelled corn. Differences in milk production and body weight changes were not significant. Digestion trials showed the dry matter of the bacitracin treated silage to be significantly more digestible, near the 2.5% level of probability, whereas differences in digestibility of protein were not significant.

Determination of the Net Energy of Dried Beet Pulp using Barley as a Reference Standard

Determination of the Net Energy of Dried Beet Pulp using Barley as a Reference Standard