Box Drawing Research Articles

Development of Parametric Drawing System of Corrugated Boxes Based on SolidWorks

Corrugated box is a widely used means of transportation packaging, there are various box types such as slotted type, nested type, folding type, slide type, fixing type, automatic type and other types of boxes, special standards on the type and size of corrugated box is formulated by Chinese national standards. However, when drawing corrugated boxes with various CAD software now, we need to model and edit according to the box shape, specific size of corrugated boxes and the drawing efficiency is low. In this paper, on the basis of the established corrugated box access database, we use the Visual Basic to develop corrugated box parametric drawing system on SolidWorks platform. The users only need to select the desired corrugated box carton and the key parameters, then can get the 2D expansion diagrams and 3D stereoscopic diagrams in accordance with the national standard, which significantly improve the efficiency of the corrugated box drawing.

Computer Aided Drawing System Development of Corrugated Box with Auto CAD

Corrugated box is one of the most widely used packaging products. Currently drawing and modelling corrugated box in AutoCAD system is complicated, it needs to consult the national standard size and draw step-by-step. Based on the establishment of Access database, we use Visual Basic to develop corrugated box drawing system on the AutoCAD platform. The corrugated box drawing system development has the characteristics of parameter standard and using easily. Users only need to select the box type in the main interface of the software and input the important parameters, the two-dimensional expansion diagram and three-dimensional model can be quickly obtained, which greatly improves the efficiency of corrugated box drawing, reduces labour and production cost.

Isothermal drawing of small boxes from anisotropic oval blanks

The forces involved in the isothermal drawing of thin boxes with large radii from anisotropic blanks are considered as a function of the die speed, the frictional conditions at tool–workpiece contact, and the working pressure.

Research on Box Drawing Coefficient of Friction Based on Dynaform

The box body drawing process is prone to breakage defect. Using finite element analysis software Dynaform5.7, the box part in deep drawing process was simulated. The friction coefficient was observed to change between sheet metal and die. Analysis of sheet metal forming limit and wall thickness distribution，therefore came out with the following conclusion：box deep drawing is affected by the lubrication , when the friction coefficient is lower than 0.17, Lubrication can effectively prevent the box shaped parts from cracks. At the same time, the research still is developing a new drawing.

Study on Weld Seam Control and Thickness Distributing of Tailor-Welded Blanks Drawing

Deep drawing of square boxes of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) was studied by experiment and simulation in this paper. When the tailor-welded square boxes with different thickness was drawn to square boxes, the weld seam moved towards the thick part on the bottom and towards the thin part on the wall of square boxes. If the blank-holder force was very small, the wrinkling will happen on the thin part. If the blank-holder was very large, fracture will occur on thin part. Draw beads and non-uniform blank-holder force were investigated to control the deformation of the TWBs workpieces in this paper. When using the draw beads during TWBs drawing, using draw beads in both sides was better measures to control the movement of the weld seam. When non-uniform blank-holder force was used to control the movement of weld seam of tailor-welded blanks, it should be choice that the non-uniform blank-holder force on thick part was a half of that on thin part. It was shown that draw beads give better effects on the control of TWBs drawing than other methods. The variation of thickness was little in the bottom, and the variation of thickness was obviously in the corner of bottom. The maximal variation of thickness of TWBs workpieces on different area was both about 90.1%.

Influence of Segmented Blank Holder for Rectangular Box Drawing

Blanker holder force (BHF) is one of the important parameters in sheet metal forming process, which is loaded by blanker holder in order to avoid wrinkling. With the development of technology, segmented blanker holder is applied to complicated product forming in order to improve the parts quality. On the basis of analyzing the character of rectangle box forming, the blank holder was divided eight portions, including 2 long straight segments, 2 short straight segments and 4 corners, which each part can separately move. Then the forming simulation of the low carbon steel rectangular box with segmented constant BHF was conducted using orthogonal experiment and considering test conditions. After the results were analyzed according to the thinnest level of the parts, the influence of the segmented blank holder on rectangular box forming was obtained. It indicates that the segmented blank holder has the ability of the local control to sheet metal forming, and can effectively adjust material flow and the strain distribution.

Study on Segmented Variable Blank Holder Force Method of Rectangular Box Drawing

The form of blank holder and the manner of blank holder force (BHF) on the complicated parts forming are very important. The blank holder of rectangle box forming was divided long straight segments, short straight segments and corners. The forming process simulation of rectangular box was conducted by FEM based on explicit algorithm, including single-piece blank holder with constant BHF, single-piece blank holder with variable BHF, segmented blank holder with constant BHF, segmented blank holder with variable BHF. The results were analyzed according to the thinnest level of the parts. The displacement in the Z direction of blank holder in the simulation was considered, and the method of determining segmented variable blank holder force (VBHF) was proposed. Finally rectangular box was obtained by rectangular box drawing system of segmented variable BHF on the basis of the simulation result.

Study for Rectangular Box Drawing of Segmented Variable Blank Holder Force

The sheet forming simulation of rectangular box was conducted by finite element method (FEM), the forming process experiment, further, was investigated, so as to understand the effect of the form of blank holder and the manner of blank holder force (BHF) on the complicated parts forming. In my study, a kind of low carbon steel was investigated, and its mechanical properties were obtained by simple tension tests. The outermost contour of the blank shape was determined by “one step method”. Furthermore, the finite element model was constructed by ANSYS parametric design language (APDL), which has characteristic of grid meshing by Belytschko-Tsay (BT) shell element, applying anisotropic constitutive equation of Barlat yield criterion, dealing contact by penalty function method and using adaptive mesh algorithm in the simulation process. Then the forming process simulation of rectangular box with segmented variable BHF was conducted. On the basis of analyzing the work principle and technical parameters of XP3CEF-100 hydraulic press, the rectangular box drawing system of segmented VBHF was established, which was made of hydraulic press, rectangular box drawing die of segmented blank holder, hydraulic part of blank holder and control part. Finally the low carbon steel forming tests were fulfilled by the rectangular box drawing system on the basis of the simulation result.

A comparison study on the effectiveness of stepped binder and weld line clamping pins on formability improvement for tailor-welded blanks

Forming of tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) is challenging frequently due to the unbalanced deformations in the thicker/stronger and thinner/weaker sides. While various process schemes have been developed to improve the TWB formability, their relative effectiveness is not clear. In this paper, the influences of stepped binder and weld line clamping pins on the formability of TWBs were evaluated via box drawing simulations and experiments. Process schemes of flat/stepped binder with/without clamping pins are compared addressing the formability measures, namely weld line movement, thickness reduction, and critical strain. It was shown that a combined use of stepped binder and clamping pins provides the best TWB forming quality.

Preliminary Assessment of Cognitive Function in Older Adults by Clock Drawing, Box Copying and Narrative Writing

Objective: To examine 3 cognitive screening tasks in older adults and determine which demographic, medical and lifestyle variables obtained 13–17 years previously predicted cognitive performance. Design: Population-based longitudinal cohort study begun in 1981. Setting: Leisure World Laguna Hills, a California retirement community. Participants: The cohort is predominantly white, well educated, upper-middle class; two thirds are women. Data from 1,744 participants (mean age 83 years, range 57–103) were analyzed. Measurements: The baseline postal survey (1981–1985) asked demographic information, medical history, selected drug use and personal habits. The 1998 follow-up included 3 tasks to assess cognitive function: (1) clock drawing, (2) copying a box drawing and (3) narrative writing to describe a pictured scene. Results: Within age groups, women tended to have lower scores than men on box copying, similar scores on clock drawing, but higher informational and complexity scores on narrative writing. Performance decreased with increasing age and was poorest in individuals ≧90 years old. In addition to age, sex and education, significant predictors of performance were: exercise, body mass index and cataract surgery (clock); vitamin E supplements, daily aspirin use and gallbladder surgery (box); vitamin A supplements (narrative writing). Mean scores on all tasks were lower in those later identified as demented compared with nondemented but significantly different only for clock and box drawings. Conclusion: Performance on 3 cognitive tests showed significant effects of age, sex and education and was related to later dementia. Better performance by users of antioxidant supplements and aspirin suggests that these drugs may maintain cognitive function in later life.

Springback effect evaluation in three-dimensional stamping processes at the varying of blankholder force

The quantitative evaluation of elastic springback in sheet metal stamping processes is still today a very interesting research topic, since this phenomenon causes a manufacturing shape defect. A measurement technique based on the shadow moiré method, already developed by the present authors, has been further upgraded and applied to evaluate the springback phenomenon in the deep drawing of square boxes, the basic three-dimensional stamping process. In particular this technique is able to determine the final lateral surface of the drawn parts, once extracted from the dies, and to compare such surface with the ideal one derived from the die's computer-aided design (CAD) geometry. Proper quantitative coefficients are introduced to describe the investigated shape defect. The proposed technique is applied to a deep drawing operation of aluminium and steel square boxes and the influence of the blankholder force level on the elastic springback is taken into account.

Increasing the stability of the deep drawing process by simulation-based optimization

The paper deals with the possibilities of evaluating and increasing the stability of the deep drawing process. Not only the size of technological windows but also the stability of production processes is studied by means of numerical simulation based on the finite element method. An approach for optimization of the deep drawing processes is presented. It is capable of determining the optimal values of input parameters for the highest stability of the deep drawing process. As an example, deep drawing of rectangular boxes is studied.

A linear algorithm for compact box‐drawings of trees

AbstractIn a box‐drawing of a rooted tree, each node is drawn by a rectangular box of prescribed size, no two boxes overlap each other, all boxes corresponding to siblings of the tree have the same x‐coordinate at their left sides, and a parent node is drawn at a given distance apart from its first child. A box drawing of a tree is compact if it attains the minimum possible rectangular area enclosing the drawing. We give a linear‐time algorithm for finding a compact box‐drawing of a tree. A known algorithm does not always find a compact box‐drawing and takes time O(n2) if a tree has n nodes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

With J for TeX

Last summer I asked the Jforum for advice regarding the conversion of J text to a format suitable for placing J expressions and session logs into TeX word processing documents. There were a couple dozen follow-up posts to the Jforum and I received many private e-mail messages. There have been independent threads regarding TeX in comp.lang.apl too. I was quite surprised by the high level of interest and impressed by the number of sophisticated comments. I also enjoyed a few good laughs. This note offers some remarks on the Jforum discussion, what I eventually did, what the alternatives were, and what I might have done if I could have foreseen the future. While the core computation was simple escape sequence substitution, there also were subtle contexts for modifications when lines end and when box drawing characters appear. J's adverb facility helped with those situations and the use of J-defined function keys made the J to TeX conversion much easier.

Preliminary assessment of cognitive function in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen.

Tamoxifen is an anti-estrogen used in the treatment of breast cancer and to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in high risk women. Although the brain is an estrogen target organ and several studies have found a beneficial effect of estrogen on cognitive function, the effect of tamoxifen on cognition has not been reported. Therefore, we initiated a follow-up study of women who had participated in a study of breast cancer to assess the effect of tamoxifen treatment on cognitive function. We recruited previously interviewed patients who were cases in a population-based case-control study of 2,653 women with primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1987 and 1996 at ages 55-72 years in Los Angeles County, California, USA. In November 1997, each case was mailed a follow-up questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed by (1) clock drawing. (2) copying a box drawing, and (3) narrative writing to describe a pictured scene. Women reporting treatment with tamoxifen were categorized as standard-term users (4-5 years), short-term users (< 4 years) or long-term users (6 + years) and compared to never users. Tamoxifen users were also classified as past or current users. Differences in the mean cognitive test scores were tested after adjusting for age, age at diagnosis, stage of disease, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, race, education, marital status, previous use of oral contraceptives, type of menopause, age at last menstrual period, previous use of hormone replacement therapy, and depressive symptoms using analysis of covariance. All p-values for differences in the proportion of women who had errors on the tests are 2-sided and adjusted for age, stage of disease at diagnosis, and chemotherapy. Information from 1,163 women aged 57-75 years of age was analyzed; 710 had taken tamoxifen. There was little difference between women who had used tamoxifen for the standard five years and never users on the three cognitive tests. However, more women who had used tamoxifen for the standard term reported seeing their physician for memory problems than non-users (3.8% vs 1.5%, p = 0.04). This was especially true for current users of standard-term (8.0%, p = 0.003). Current users also had a significantly lower mean complexity score (p = 0.03) on the narrative writing task. No differences were seen between past users and non-users. Our study suggests that current use of tamoxifen may adversely effect cognition. Further study of tamoxifen and cognition is needed so that healthy women considering tamoxifen for the primary prevention of breast cancer have comprehensive information about the side effects of the treatment.

Robust single chip on screen display for home VCRS

This paper describes the design of a robust on-screen-display (OSD) chip with improved automatic frequency control (AFC). The built-in AFC reduces the amount of sync jitter caused by the VCR head switching pulse, video copy guard signals, etc. This chip contains the OSD circuitry which can display characters of up to 12 rows by 30 columns on display systems. The character colors can be changed by programming the content of an 8-bit control register through the serial interface. It also provides the functions of half tone, box drawing, scroll, and blink. The chip was fabricated by using a 0.65 /spl mu/m double metal CMOS process.

Prediction of Ductile Fractures Occurrence in Deep Drawing of Square Boxes

The authors propose a new approach for the prediction of tearing in the deep drawing process of square boxes. Such an approach is based on a damage mechanics formulation and in particular on the yield condition for damaging materials proposed by Tvergaard and Needleman and on a strain controlled nucleation model. The flow rule associated to the yield condition is introduced in a finite element explicit formulation founded on the solution of the dynamic equilibrium equation and on an explicit time integration scheme. By this way the developed model allows to calculate the void volume fraction value during the deep drawing process of square boxes and consequently to predict the insurgence of tearing by comparing the maximum achieved void volume fraction with the value corresponding to the coalescence of microvoids. The obtained results have been used to construct a particular type of a master curve and their goodness has been confirmed by means of a set of experimental tests.

Shape-choice partition and size-determination method for the blanks for the drawing of boxes

Through experimental comparison and comprehensive analysis of the shape- and size-determination method for several box blanks used commonly at present, a set of choice- and size-calculation methods for the ideal box-blank shapes is assessed. Experimental results show that the choice partition for the given reasonable method of the shape- and size-determination of the box blank for two types of blanks cannot only determine the reasonable blank shape conveniently, but also can standardize the choice of the blank shape and the calculation method of the sizes.