Draw Back Research Articles

A Critical Review on Various Buffer Layers used to Enhance the Photovoltaic Performance of Organic Solar Cells

Abstract: Due to the high need for sustainable energy sources, there has been a tremendous increase in SC (solar cell) production and research in recent years. Despite the fact that inorganic SC has led the SC consumer market due to its exceptional efficiency, its expensive and difficult manufacture method makes it unaffordable. Hence alternative technology for SC has been explored by researchers to overcome the draw backs of inorganic SC fabrication. OSC (organic solar cell) alternatively known as polymer SC has the advantage of having lightweight, low production cost, and simple device structure. During the last few years, significant attention has been given in order to overcome the material and technological barriers in OSC devices to make them commercially viable. Buffer layers play a significant part in improving the power conversion efficiencies in OSCs, thus it is necessary to comprehend the underlying microscopic mechanisms that underlie the advancements in order to support the current qualitative knowledge. In this review article, we have studied extensively the impact of different BLs (buffer-layer) in enhancing the PCE (power conversion efficiency) and absorption capabilities of OSCs.

Experimental testing on the performance of solar dryer equipped with evacuated tube collector, rock bed heat storage and reflectors

Agricultural products can be dried in an open sun; but such drying method has poor quality of the product causes to grow bacteria and microorganisms and long drying time. In order to alleviate those draw backs of open sun drying, direct solar dryers were developed; but this type of dryer reduces the product quality due to direct exposure of solar radiation. Then, an indirect solar dryer became more important and efficient method. However, the most solar dryers were developed with less efficient flat plate solar collectors. A few solar dryers were developed using efficient solar collector called evacuated tube solar collector (ETC) but they have low overall performance. The goal of this research is to create a dependable solar dryer system for drying agricultural products. It was a solar dryer system with an independent rock bed thermal storage unit and an evacuated tube collector having reflectors. In this case, a rock bed has been a well-insulated with thermal insulation and its top surface is covered by a transparent double-glass. This system is intended to dry potato slice that weigh of 7.5 kg sample having a wet base initial moisture level of 80.1 %, until it reaches the ideal moisture content of 7–13 %. The solar dryer has been developed from drying chamber having size of (length x breadth x height) of 85 cm×61 cm x 62 cm, evacuated tube collector area of 1.3 m2, and rock bed volume of 0.137 m3 (with a solar absorber area of 0.52 m2 and a depth of 0.26 m). The solar dryer system was built and tested with loading slices at various air flow rates and open sun. Here, at a 0.016 m3/s air flow rate as compared to lower and higher air flow rates, more moisture reduction (9.3 % within eight hours and 0.664 kg/h), higher efficiency of the solar collector (62.02 %), more heat production from the system (20.79 MJ, of which 4837.8 kJ was recovered from the rock bed), and higher dryer efficiency (23.87 %) were attained. Compared to open-sun drying, 20 % less time was needed for drying. In addition, the study examined the significance of the reflectors and the rock bed. In comparison to the situation of utilizing ETC alone and 30 % of the drying period in relation to the open sun, the introduction of a reflector on the collector increased the average net heat obtained from the collector by 5.1 %. In another instance, the slice's moisture content was lowered to 12.37 % in under eight hours using ETC alone, while the dryer's efficiency was 29.82 %. However, the drying rate rise by 3.7 % in comparison to the dryer equipped with ETC alone because of the enhanced heat output in the dryer, which used ETC with a rock bed's help.

Preparation and evaluation of Diclofenac & Aceclofenac pain relieving gel

It is phenyl acetic acid derivative developed as anti-inflammatory agent. It has analgesic anti-inflammatory antipyretic like actions like other NSAIDS. . It is recommended in long term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and enclosing spondylitis. It is also useful acute miscue skeletal disorder post operative pain and dysmenorrhoea Diclofenac sodium gel were developed in seven different formulations) by employing different grades of polymers such as Hpmck4m and Crbopol940. There the various Diclofenac gels are available in market. But the propose gel is formulated with two key ingredients oleoresin, and l linseed oil contribute to anti-inflammatory effect. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters, pH spredability, drug release excludability studies drug released mechanisms. Formulation showed maximum drug release of 8 hours and maximum drug. Finally the gel formulations found to be economical and may overcome the draw backs associated with the drug during its absorption. The purpose of the study is to prepare the combination of diclofenac and aceclofenac pain relieving gel. This gel combined form of gel is multifunctional and getting rapid onset of action. And that is to get instant relieve from pain as comparison of plain aceclofenac tablet and plain Diclofenac gel. This formulation is also beneficial for diabetic patient to get cure fast of skin injury and buildup of skin irritation and growth or new epidermis layer of skin in the body.

Exploring the development of natural biopolymer (chitosan)-based proton exchange membranes for fuel cells: A review

Fuel cells use proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to transform chemical energy into electricity. PEMs are selective barriers that permeates protons, obstructing gases and other species like electrons. A polymer electrolyte containing both positively and negatively charged ions forms a PEM. Nafion, a perfluorinated sulfonic acid membrane, is the most popular polymer membrane used as PEM. It exhibits good chemical stability, strong mechanical qualities, and high proton conductivity. However, it has several issues, one of which is its propensity to degrade with time, especially at high temperatures and in the presence of pollutants. The other draw backs associated with perfluorinated based membranes are that they are expensive and non-eco-friendly In order to address these issues, researchers are looking into new materials and methods to form a PEM so that the performance and durability are enhanced .Chitosan (biopolymer) based PEMs have demonstrated great potential to be used in fuel cells. They are environmentally friendly and economical. However, the key challenge in using chitosan in fuel cells is their relatively poor ionic conductivity. Researchers have developed various strategies to improve their conductivity, such as doping with conductive materials or incorporating functional groups that enhance charge transfer. Overall, chitosan has shown promise as renewable and sustainable material for use in fuel cells. The review summarizes the current development and evolution of chitosan-based PEMs.

Assessing performance and satisfaction of micro-mobility in smart cities for sustainable clean energy transportation using novel APPRESAL method

South Korea signed the Global Methane Pledge to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030, updated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to target a 40% reduction in GHGs (Green House Gas) from 2018 levels by 2030. In addition, South Korea submitted its Long-Term Strategy (LTS) to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Nowadays, to mitigate the GHG emission every country explicitly planning to reduce non-renewable energy resource vehicles. The electric vehicle (EV) markets growing rapidly with various technologies, strategies and innovations to support decarbonization. In 2022, by the transportation CO2 (Carbon dioxide) emission report of International Energy Agency (IEA), the cars and vans contributes 48% in the over all CO2 emissions. Increasing the electric micro-mobility service would be one of the best effective approach in accordance to reduce CO2 emission. This research study support to reduce the GHG emission by increasing the clean energy vehicle. A case study conducted to analyze firm-wise e-scooter sharing service performance and its satisfaction in smart cities of South Korea. Lacking in the consistent good quality and performance affects the number of electric vehicle users. Hence, electric vehicle firm should focus into their product better performance and quality. This research supports to analyze the e-scooter based on the various criteria from the user’s perspective. This research study helps to firms to identify their lacking criteria and improve their quality and performance. We considered the performance, accessibility, tangibility, reliability and responsiveness factors which affects user’s perspective in e-scooter sharing services. A survey was conducted over sixty user’s for different e-scooter services with twenty four factors. Generally, MCDM (Multi-Criteria Decision-Making) techniques holds two phases to determine the weight of the criteria and another phase to ranking the alternatives. The existing MCDM techniques lacks to handle the user’ satisfaction index analysis and not considering the influence grade of each factors in the analysis. To overcome this draw back and analyze the micro-mobility services based over the user’s point of view, we introduced a novel fuzzy based MCDM method name as Approach for Preference, Performance and Ranking Evaluation with SAtisfaction Level (APPRESAL) approach. The findings show that Lime, a micro-mobility firm, outperformed other firms with high-quality service and user satisfaction, followed by Wind, XingXing, Alpaca, and Beam. The influences of defected factors from the accessibility, reliability, responsiveness, and assurance dimensions had an adverse effect on quality of firm’s micro-mobility service with unsatisfactory performance.

AN INTROSPECTION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN VALUES DEPICTED IN TAMIL MOVIE SUPER DELUXE

The method of cinematic teaching is influencing the attitude and human values through the people behaviour. The Cinema is used as a tool to expresses different aspects of human life in society. It indirectly explores up heals and down sides of society serves as a means for the uplift of a society by setting of cinema aside all its defects and draw backs. By the development of scientific technology the cinema also has developed which involved skills in it and made changes from periods to period. The realistic cinema is a true reflection of present and past society. Indian cinema leaves a deep impact on viewers' minds.The research discusses the movie ‘Super Deluxe’ which interrogates everything from human life. Understanding the movie characterization determines the reflection of an individual lifestyle in day-to-day life of all ages, all genders, in short, race and ranks and every aspect of life in the society. The movie analysis explores the importance of human life in society, focus on human problems, how the society constructing a human life, the emotion of an individual and the meaning and purpose of life in the globe. These are all the thematization study and focuses on human values that are explored in the director’s perceptive and the characterization of the movie which is analyzed and pointed out to the audience. The qualitative analysis is used to identify the visuals which relates to the areas of politics, justice, social norms, principles, culture, and the propaganda, these all are social system which associates with the human life. The movie Super Deluxe was created for the reflection of society and understands the significance of human life in the world.

A Comparative Clinical Study on Effect of Agnikarma and Siravedha in Vata Kantaka w.s.r Plantar Fasciitis

Vatakantaka causes very severe pain in heal region. Vata gets aggravated and localised in Khudapradesha when person walks on unevenly or irregularly on surface. It causes difficulty to daily regular activities. It can be compared to Plantar Fasciitis as there will be stabbing (Kantaka) type of pain. Incidence is about 10% of the population, about 83% of these patients being actively working between age of 25-60 years. There is only conservative management for short term relief with certain draw backs and surgical management which increase hospital stay and high economical expenses. Acharya Sushruta described Agnikarma painful condition of Twak, Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Asthi Sandhi. Sushruta also mentioned Siravedha of vein situated two Angulas (4cm) above the Kshipramarma in Vatakantaka. The study is aimed to compare efficacy of Agnikarma and Siravedha in Vatakantaka w.s.r plantar fasciitis. A total of 40 patients are selected and randomly divided into two groups, Group A Agnikarma in 20 patients and Group B Siravedha in 20 patients. Both group given relief in symptoms of Vatakantaka. Group A - Agnikarma (90.53%) and group – B Siravedha (88.31%) were significant in treating Vatakantaka. But Agnikarma is better effect then Siravedha in management of Vatakantaka. Both therapies can be done with less economical expenditure and minimum hospitalization.

PRELIMINARY PHARMACEUTICO – ANALYTICAL STUDY OF CHINCHA PATRA MALAHARA

In classical literatures, many formulations containing herbal drugs are mentioned for the management of Dadru Kushta.Chincha Patra Swarasais one among them. Chincha is a widely grown tree botanically identified asTamarindus indica L. There is limited knowledge regarding its medicinal utility but is easily available and cost-effective. Inconvenience in the usage of ChinchaSwarasa and only seasonal availability with this draw back Chincha patra swarasa was modified into Chincha Patra Malahara form. A very wide range of topical formulations are described in texts of Ayurveda. Malahara Kalpana is one of them. Malahara Kalpana is a very convenient form of topical application.Malahara was prepared by using Chincha Patra, tila taila & bee wax. The attempt is made in this article to assess its Pharmaceutical and analytical aspects while processing the drug Chincha patra Malahara. A preliminary analytical study was carried out to set the basic quality of formulation. The Quantity of Malahara obtained was 650gm witha characteristic odor, green in color, and smooth consistency. The results show a Ph value of 10.6, Loss on drying- 23.85, Rancidity-7.160, Total fat- 87.3 and Spreadability was1.2cm. Further details are explained in the full paper.

Experimental Study on Conventional Recycled Aggregate Concrete Associate with Micro Silica

Abstract: The ongoing need for infrastructure around the world as a result of continued population growth suggests that more aggregate and cement will be needed in the manufacture of concrete. This would eventually result in greater carbon emissions, increased resource extraction, and depletion. The increasing aggregate and cement requirements are a result of the constant global demand for concrete. More extraction occurs as a result, depleting natural gravel resources and increasing CO2 emissions from quarrying operations. Construction costs and carbon emissions could both be reduced by partially substituting recycled material for natural aggregate. Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, potable water, and the cement-based binder make up the heterogeneous material known as concrete. The heterogeneity is increased more by the presence of coarse particles. An aggregate consumes about 60% to 75% of the overall volume of concrete. The aim of this research work was to develop high performance concrete using recycled coarse aggregate, microsilica, and synthetic macro fibre with the object to boost higher use of recycled coarse aggregate in the construction industry. Concrete is most important material used in the construction industry. Large amount of natural aggregates were used in concrete, this causes the nature. Now a day’s many structures are demolished & rebuilt, demolishing of structures causes problem with dumping of waste material. An important aspect of sustainable construction is recycling or reuse of the construction material and demolition waste. It will maintain a friendly green environment. Recycled aggregates has micro cracks on its surface causes low strength, low workability of concrete. This draw back can be avoided by using micro silica. In this paper experimental results were shown for recycled aggregate incorporating with micro silica.

Anomaly Detection using Generative Adversarial Network VAE

Fraudulent credit card transactions continue to be one of the problems facing businesses and banks. It causes us to lose billions of dollars each year. Designing efficient algorithms is one of the most important challenges in this field. This paper aims to propose an efficient approach that automatically detects fraud in credit card transactions using Generative Adversarial Network Variational Auto encoders. The effectiveness of the proposed method (Generative Adversarial Network VAE) has been proved in identifying fraud in actual data from transactions made by credit cards. However, the typical credit card data set presents an imbalanced classification landscape due to highly skewed class distributions. Researchers have proposed several strategies to address these imbalances, but draw backs still remain. The proposed method is tested on an open credit card fraud dataset, which contains 20 million transactions generated from a multi-agent virtual world simulation performed by IBM. Experimental results show that the VAE method performs better than traditional deep neural network methods. Through experiments, compared with the VAE and traditional fully connected neural networks, the results showed the proposed algorithm improves the classification accuracy of a minority class of imbalanced datasets.

Water absorption behavior of functionalized graphene reinforced PVA based composite crosslinked using citric acid

Graphene is a versatile 2-D atomic carbon nanomaterial having a unique combination of thermal/electrical conductivity and high surface area along with impressive mechanical properties which makes it attractive in the field of composites. Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) is a well-known synthetic biodegradable polymer. One of the draw backs of PVA that restricts its use is hydrophilicity due to the presence of hydroxyl group in its structure hence, water absorption is an important criterion while experimenting with PVA. The water absorption test reveals information about the adhesion action between the particles and matrix in the interface region. Higher the adhesion, lower will be water absorption. We used ASTM D5229 standards to perform water absorption test where we use a gravimetric test method that monitors change over time of moisture content by measuring the total mass change of a sample that is exposed to a specified environment. Present work studies the water absorption behaviour of crosslinked PVA based composite reinforced with different weight percentage of functionalized graphene. For this test samples of size 20 × 10 mm2 of different compositions are first dried in the microwave oven at 60 °C for 2 h and corresponding weight of each sample are measured and then samples are dipped in the distilled water at ambient temperature for 24 hrs, after that removed from water and wiped with tissue paper and weighed again. Present work also compares the water absorption behaviour for different weight percentage of functionalized graphene. We found that the rate of water absorption is extremely rapid for the first 20–40 min followed by slight reduction in rate of water absorption for next 50–60 min and after 80–100 min rate of water absorption becomes almost steady. As we increase the wt.% of functionalized graphene the percentage of water absorbed also increases for the particular time interval.

Plant Leaf Disease Detection using IoT, DL and ML

Agriculture is crucial in the development of the country. It takes the major role in the economy of the country. The major problem arises in the agriculture is the plant diseases. Due to heavy rains and use of the pesticides and global warming many types of disease are born and infected the crops. These plant diseases lead to the death of the crop at early stage. Various detection methods are introduced for plant diseases has some draw backs in them. Whereas plant disease detection methods are made by using IoT, ML and DL algorithms. In this paper, to overcome the problems in the previous methods. Our model is made by combining the IoT, ML and DL, by placing the algorithms in three different stages to get the higher accuracy in the plant disease detection. And end the disease at the early stage. By using three classes of tomato plants, system for plant disease detection using IoT, ML and DL was developed to predict the disease at early stage in stage-by-stage testing.

Hybrid Deep Learning-Improved BAT Optimization Algorithm for Soil Classification Using Hyperspectral Features

Now a days, Remote Sensing (RS) techniques are used for earth observation and for detection of soil types with high accuracy and better reliability. This technique provides perspective view of spatial resolution and aids in instantaneous measurement of soil’s minerals and its characteristics. There are a few challenges that is present in soil classification using image enhancement such as, locating and plotting soil boundaries, slopes, hazardous areas, drainage condition, land use, vegetation etc. There are some traditional approaches which involves few drawbacks such as, manual involvement which results in inaccuracy due to human interference, time consuming, inconsistent prediction etc. To overcome these draw backs and to improve the predictive analysis of soil characteristics, we propose a Hybrid Deep Learning improved BAT optimization algorithm (HDIB) for soil classification using remote sensing hyperspectral features. In HDIB, we propose a spontaneous BAT optimization algorithm for feature extraction of both spectral-spatial features by choosing pure pixels from the Hyper Spectral (HS) image. Spectral-spatial vector as training illustrations is attained by merging spatial and spectral vector by means of priority stacking methodology. Then, a recurring Deep Learning (DL) Neural Network (NN) is used for classifying the HS images, considering the datasets of Pavia University, Salinas and Tamil Nadu Hill Scene, which in turn improves the reliability of classification. Finally, the performance of the proposed HDIB based soil classifier is compared and analyzed with existing methodologies like Single Layer Perceptron (SLP), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Deep Metric Learning (DML) and it shows an improved classification accuracy of 99.87%, 98.34% and 99.9% for Tamil Nadu Hills dataset, Pavia University and Salinas scene datasets respectively.

Management and Modeling of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Abstract The use of solar electric vehicles (SEV) has recently been the subject of frantic communication by many researchers in this sector such as researcher (GASBAOUI Brahim and F. Burling). In this research, we focused on adopting other renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, to convert this energy into kinetic energy for the vehicle (EVWTG electric vehicle). The main aim of this research is to adopt the principle of a wind turbine generator in order to power an electric vehicle (EV), which relies on energy of the air currents on the surface of the vehicle and converts them into electrical energy to feed the electric motor simultaneously or storage by batteries. This system has several draw backs such as continuous energy production and controlling the speed of the wind turbine. For this, we developed a technique to ensure the production of electrical energy and its management according to the proposed system energy management technology. The operation model of the proposed EVWTG system was simulated using MATLAB, where the results obtained proved the effectiveness of the proposed control and energy management, which can be used in other practical studies in the future.

An Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Properties of Hybrid Fibrous Ferro Cement

Ferro-Cement is a notably new material such as cord meshes and cement mortar. This fabric turned into developed via P L Nervi, an Italian architect and engineer, in1940. He revived the idea of Ferro-Cement and used it for building fishing boats. Ferro-Cement is skinny and light weight cement composite, with numerous specific houses. The inclusion of fibers to the concrete can amplify the energy homes of the blended and transfigure the frangible cement blended into more consistent and malleable fabric known as FRC. Yet the both substances consists few draw backs. Both the substances unable to be waged where unreasonable tremble, unreasonable bending intensity and excessive effect are to be endured. Accordingly the answer lies within the new compound known as fibrous Ferro-Cement, that's the mixture of fibber bolstered concrete and fibrocement. This new composite has some stepped forward mechanical homes, inclusive of sturdiness, impact resistance and so on. Addition of a couple of kind of fibers to the composite improves the energy houses to even greater quantity. However the inclusion of multiple kind of fiber in to the fibrous Ferro-Cement steers to hybrid fibrous Ferro-Cement, which is having more power, homes than the mono fibrous Ferro-Cement.

Numerical study of enhancement of heat and mass transport in the flow of power-law hybrid nano liquid under chemical reaction

Ethylene glycol with nanoparticles behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid and its rheology can be best described by the power-law rheological model. Further, hybrid nanoparticles are responsible for anti-oxidation, anti-evaporation, and anti-aging. Therefore, their dispersion in ethylene glycol is considered as these properties make the nanofluid stable. This article examines the impact of hybrid nanoparticles on the thermal enhancement of ethylene glycol as it is a worldwide used coolant. Moreover, simultaneous effects of temperature and concentration gradients, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, thermal radiations, and Bouncy forces are modeled and models are solved numerically using the finite element method (FEM). An increase in temperature due to composition gradient and an increase in concentration due to temperature gradient are observed. A significant increase in the Ohmic phenomenon with an increase in the intensity of the magnetic field is observed. The thermal performance of ethylene glycol is much improved due to simultaneous dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles relative to the thermal performance of ethylene glycol with mono nanoparticles only. Highlights The simultaneous dispersion of and in ethylene glycol is recommended to improve and optimize its thermal conductivity. Hence, and -ethylene glycol is a better coolant. The use of the Newtonian rheological model for ethylene glycol (when nanoparticles are dispersed in it) is an appropriate model. Therefore, to capture accurate information from numerical/theoretical analysis, the power-law constitutive model is suggested as it is an appropriate model and that is why is used in this study. -ethylene glycol is more heat generative than -ethylene glycol. This is the draw back with –-ethylene glycol when it is used as an engine coolant. The property of ––ethylene glycol to generate heat may cause over heating in the engine en used as a coolant. Thus, it is recommended to use non-heat generating fluids as base fluids.

Design and implementation of a microcontroller based electrostatic spray pyrolysis instrument for thin film deposition

This research is focused on the design and implementation of a microcontroller based electrostatic spray pyrolysis instrument that can sense and regulate temperature change with an alternating current to direct current converter in the range of 220V-1KV AC to 20KV DC for thin film deposition. In spray pyrolysis technique precise management of the spray parameters helps to create good and uniform thin films with ease of reproducibility of film properties. However it is a draw back in the manually operated electrostatic spray pyrolysis instrument mostly used in developing countries of Africa which causes variations in film structure, thickness, associated film properties and difficulty of reproducibility of film properties. The need for improved locally made ESP unit is also timely due to the inadequacy/unavailability of thin film deposition apparatus in most African institutions/materials research laboratories. The circuit was simulated on Multism software and transfer to PCB, etching was done using Lead (II) oxide while the unit components where assembled by soldering of electronics components, bonding and drilling of associated components. Arduinounoatmega 328 micro controller was employed. The fabricated device operated at 1KV to 20KV dc voltage for film deposition, at a substrate temperature range of 100oC to 450oC with a steady flow rate of 0.04ml/min, define spray pattern, define precursor usage and a precise control of major deposition parameters. ZnO:Al thin film deposited with the equipment was found to have a crystalline structure of fine grains.  Â

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic studies of Omeprazole Co-crystals dry suspension

A novel omeprazole co-crystals instant dry suspension dosage was formulated by applying co-crystallization which is a particle engineering technique to enhance the physicochemical properties. As omeprazole has major critical draw backs in their solubility and stability (acidic pH degradation, thermal sensitivity, photosensitivity and highly hygroscopic nature) bioavailability of omeprazole was drastically reduced and purpose of administration of drug was not fulfilled. There by this formulation was invented to check maid these problems. In this present study in-vivo evaluation were performed. Pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic parameters were determined and statistically analysed. The prepared formulation of omeprazole produced reliable satisfaction in solving the drawback problems of pure omeprazole by enhancing bioavailability. Statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA test with P value less than 0.0001, Dunnet multiple comparison test was performed between the groups with P value < 0.01 which was considered to be significant.

Deep Learning-Based 3D Instance and Semantic Segmentation: A Review

The process of segmenting point cloud data into several homogeneous areas with points in the same region having the same attributes is known as 3D segmentation. Segmentation is challenging with point cloud data due to substantial redundancy, fluctuating sample density and lack of apparent organization. The research area has a wide range of robotics applications, including intelligent vehicles, autonomous mapping and navigation. A number of researchers have introduced various methodologies and algorithms. Deep learning has been successfully used to a spectrum of 2D vision domains as a prevailing A.I. methods. However, due to the specific problems of processing point clouds with deep neural networks, deep learning on point clouds is still in its initial stages. This study examines many strategies that have been presented to 3D instance and semantic segmentation and gives a complete assessment of current developments in deep learning-based 3D segmentation. In these approaches’ benefits, draw backs, and design mechanisms are studied and addressed. This study evaluates the impact of various segmentation algorithms on competitiveness on various publicly accessible datasets, as well as the most often used pipelines, their advantages and limits, insightful findings and intriguing future research directions.

Production, Partial Purification, and Characterization of Lipase from <i>Aspergillus niger</i> and Its Application in Treatment of Vegetable Oil Effluent

Vegetable oil factories generate considerable quantity of waste. The wastewater from the production process causes severe environmental pollution. Although, several conventional and biological treatment methods have been tested, the outcomes are usually fraught with significant draw backs. The enzymatic method was employed in the present study due to their many beneficial attributes. Lipase was produced by submerged fermentation using the effluent as a sole source of carbon. Upon partial purification, a 3-fold increase in lipase activity was obtained. The enzyme reacted optimally at 50°C, pH of 6.0 and substrate concentration of 7mg/ml. The crude ezyme displayed identical characteristics with the partially purified one. The crude and partially purified lipase were used to treat the wastwater separately. From the results, crude lipase liberated higher fatty acids (1.0591%) from the vegetable oil effluent than the partially purified lipase (0.6066%) did. Kinetic parameters of the enzyme indicate a K_m value of 8 mg/ml and V_max value of 344.83 μmol/min. The results of this study could be applied for the purpose of formulating appropriate policy directives that will aid clean-up of pollution from vegetable oil factories. In addition, vegetable wastewaters can be used as substrates for the production of lipases which could be processed for industiral and biotechnological applications.