Drastic Fall Research Articles

Sindroma Kardiorenal

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) atau sindroma kardiorenal merupakan suatu kondisi dimana terjadi penyakit ginjal dan penyakit jantung secara bersamaan yang progresifitasnya terjadi dengan cepat. Pada kasus dimana penyakit jantung merupakan penyakit primer, yang terjadi adalah gangguan dinamika kardioavaskular, aktivasi neurohormonal dan faktor inflamasi yang terlibat dalam awal-mulanya perburukan fungsi ginjal dan penyakit ginjal yang progresif.Sepsis adalah “respons sistemik terhadap infeksi yang telah terdokumenetasi atau masih dicurigai dan terjadi disfungsi satu organ”; terdiri dari hipotermia/hipertermia, takikardia, takipnea, infeksi, dan disfungsi organ akhir akibat hipoperfusi. Sepsis yang lebih modern didasari konsep SIRS, sebuah istilah yang mendeskripsikan kompleks imun sebagai respons infeksi dan digunakan untuk menggambarkan ciri klinis yang berkaitan dengan respons tersebut. Penggunaan klinis SIRS menggambarkan kekacauan laju nafas, frekuensi denyut jantung, temperature, dan jumlah leukosit. Jika ada 2 dari 4 kriteria di bawah ini, SIRS bisa ditegakkan: nafas > 20 kali per menit atau PaCo2 <32 mmHg, frekuensi nadi >90 kali per menit, suhu >38o C atau <36o C, dan leukosit >12,000/mm3 atau <4,000/mm3.CRS sepsis adalah disfungsi renal dan kardiak yang terjadi bersamaan dalam sebuah kondisi sistemik primer yang mempengaruhi kedua organ. “Tuntutan iskemik” jantung didasarkan pada alasan meningkatnya kebutuhan oksigen berkaitan dengan respons sepsis (misalnya takikardia, peningkatan curah jantung) yang mengarah kepada cedera iskemik. Disfungsi renal dapat dilihat selama sepsis berat dan merupakan bagian dari gambaran klinis syok septik dan kegagalan multi organ.

An Empirical Study of the Impact of Lockdown Measures on the Presumptive Taxation of Zimbabwe: A Case Study of ZIMRA

Following the health-care crisis caused by COVID-19, the Zimbabwean government, like many others across the world, imposed a lockdown. This had varying degrees of impact on various tax systems. This research paper examined the effects of lockdown measures on Zimbabwe's presumptive taxation. The study adopted a quantitative research approach, and semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain detailed data. The results showed that COVID-19-induced lockdown restrictions impacted Zimbabwe Revenue Authority's (ZIMRA’s) presumptive tax collection and the livelihood of informal merchants. Many factors exacerbated the situation, one of which was the short notice in declaring lockdown enforcement. The informal traders indicated that the COVID-19 lockdown measures had a negative impact on their revenue generation and demand for their goods and services. The COVID-19-induced lockdown measures resulted in a drastic fall in presumptive tax collections in 2020. The study recommends that the Zimbabwean government assist small company owners, empower them and enable them to restart their operations. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to educate informal merchants about health hazards such as COVID-19, and support from the formal sector and international donors should ensure that informal traders such as vegetable vendors, cobblers, and transport operators have protective equipment as recommended by medical experts so that they can safely continue to be in business for them to be able to pay their presumptive taxes in time without fail.

COVID-19's effects and adaptation strategies in fisheries and aquaculture sector: An empirical evidence from Bangladesh

The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc on the aquaculture and fisheries sector all around the world, with the impact being exacerbated in developing countries. This study is an endeavor to identify consequences of the COVID-19 on fisheries and aquaculture sectors based on primary data collected from Bangladesh as an empirical case study. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with different supply chain actors while analyzed using descriptive statistics and a problem confrontation index. As results depicted, income and employment across fish farmers, fishers, and traders were severely hurt, with a drastic fall in the market demand, coupled with a severe drop in their fish consumption. As market demand declined, fish farmers must be stocked mature fish for an extra period, and feed costs raised, eventually increasing the overall production cost. Besides, inaccessibility to inputs also made fish production and catch more troublesome. The price of all the major cultured and captured species plunged, leading to a depressing return to farmers, while inputs price underwent a significant increase except for labor and fingerling. However, traders seemed to be the worst sufferers amid striking disruption in fish value chain, which ostracized the preponderance of the traders from the chain. Some of the prime obstacles that constrained the production and trading process were but not limited to higher transportation costs, labor shortage, inability to pay for the wage, and reduced consumer demand across fish farmers, fishers, and traders. Nevertheless, our article further identified a myriad of strategies that the fish farmers, fishers, and traders followed to heal the scar of the fisheries and aquaculture sector with hands-on actions.

Uptake of screening mammogram in West Central Illinois during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned

Objectives. The study aims to reveal the trend of mammogram uptake in seventeen rural counties in Illinois to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced breast cancer screening in the area. Material and methods. Aggregated data on mammography screening for West Central Illinois was provided by the Illinois Hospital Association. Data for 2018 and 2019 was used to determine the typical monthly and annual screenings for the two years before the onset of COVID-19. Then, the two years’ data was compared to the 2020 data. The monthly mean values for the aggregated 2018 and 2019 data were generated as the base “year” to compare with the monthly value for 2020. Paired t-test analysis was used to find if there were any statistically significant differences between the years and between the base year and 2020. Results. January 2020 revealed an uptick to 2921, which is more than the uptake for January 2018 (2700) and January 2019 (2488), and 13% greater than the mean value of 2594 for the previous two years. This was followed by a gradual decrease in uptake in February 2020 by 4% compared to previous years at a mean of 2518 and a further decline in March (44%), with a drastic fall (98%) by April 2020 at 56 screening mammograms in all 17 counties. The lowest uptake in any three months occurred from March through May 2020. Compared to previous years, an increase in uptake was noted across the region in 2020 June (8%) and July (4%) after the pandemic restrictions were relaxed. Overall, the total uptake in 2020 was 15% less than the average annual uptake for 2018–2019 with a deficit of 5537. There was no statistically significant difference in mammogram uptake across the three years. Conclusions. The findings reveal that there was a significant reduction in uptake during the pandemic restriction period. However, increased uptake during the rest of the year effectively mitigated this reduction to such an extent that there was no statistically significant downturn compared to each of the previous two years. A rising trend in total annual uptake noted in preceding years could have continued without the COVID-19 event.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Financial Performance of the Banking Sector of Bangladesh

Covid-19 pandemic has affected both real and nominal sectors of all countries in the world. The paper has examined the impact of this pandemic on the banking sector of Bangladesh. Using ratio and correlation analysis on 2019 and 2020 data some interesting findings are invented. Pandemic has incurred devastating and homogeneous impacts for all type of banks in Bangladesh. Profitability and efficiency have decreased sharply. The analysis shows that if the provision criteria had not been relaxed, the profit rate would have been decreased further. Negative growth of profitability and interest earning by the most banks are very glaring. Aggregate profit of the banking system has fallen about 4 percent. Further, evidence of investment scope shrinking is also manifested. Hence, sheer income rearrangement is also detected by the banks in pandemic situation. The loss caused by the decrease of interest earning was attempted to offset by the increase of fee based income. However, productivity is remained largely unchanged during the pandemic. Additionally, drastic fall of major balance sheet items in 2020 are also noticed. Banks were desperate to save themselves from the tsunami of losses by searching alternative sources of business too. Additionally, profit fall and international linkage of individual banks have very high association. The paper has very high stake particularly for crisis management of the banking system of developing countries where banks are suffering from the less variety of product and lending activities.

Was it Doomsday? First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on the Polish Cultural Industry

Abstract Research purpose. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a theme of the research on the functioning of the economy and particular industries. The same concerns were raised regarding the issue of the cultural industry. Therefore, the content of this paper was dictated by the recognition of the impact of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic on the activities of the cultural industry in Poland. The formulated research question reads: “How did the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic impact the economic standing of the Polish cultural industry?” Design / Methodology / Approach. The conducted literature review, whose purpose was to recognise the threads of the scientific discourse on the pandemic and cultural industry together with the cultural issues of business activity in a broad sense, was based on the use of the VOSviewer software, based on the data obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. This concerned publications from January 1, 2020, to April 4, 2022. The part of the paper that leads to answering the research question uses the inductive method. It is based on the analysis of the quantitative data and information obtained from Statistics Poland (GłównyUrządStatystyczny), research reports as well as media releases. Findings. It was determined that in the first year of the pandemic, the number of cultural events, as well as the number of their participants, drastically decreased. There was also a change in the structure and value of expenditures of the citizens of Poland. This caused a drastic fall in revenues from the activity conducted by cultural institutions at the beginning of 2020. The situation improved after the disbursement of the government aid. However, even one year after the first lockdown, the increased debt of the art industry can be pointed out. Originality / Value / Practical implications. Determining in a broad way the impact of the first wave of the pandemic on the cultural industry in Poland concerning the economic standing is a novel approach. The previous studies focused on the situation of particular types of cultural institutions and possibly on the people associated with them. Due to its specificity, the conducted research also makes it possible to identify potential research problems relating to this industry. On the one hand, these potential studies are in line with the research threads represented in world literature. On the other hand, they concerned the specificity of the Polish cultural industry.

Impact of Covid 19 on Punjab Tourism

This research is based on analyzing the conditions of tourism in Punjab after the pandemic wave globally. As covid is a pandemic it has spread all over the world therefore no region in the world has escaped from it as India so is Punjab. Not only Punjab, but the entire world of tourism has also suffered from this pandemic, especially the European countries. Numbers suggest there has been a drastic fall in the number of tourists coming to the countries, more than 70% of tourists could not make it to Europe due to restrictions of covid as international travel was banned for more than 6 months. Punjab is a highly populated province of India in terms of population and is gifted with both artificial and natural tourist places. Such places are numerous in Punjab where tourists can easily visit and spend their vacations. However, new developments were being made for the promotion of tourism, all of a sudden a pandemic hit the region, and everything was stuck in the middle so was tourism. Punjab, the hub of tourism in India used to generate millions of dollars by providing spots to tourists but could only generate less than half of the generated amount in previous years. Conditions are getting better now, it is expected tourism will flourish again in Punjab and it will generate handsome revenue like before.

Evaluating Oil Price Movement and Revenue Generation in Nigeria during Covid-19 Pandemic: Experience from Pre and Post Era

The study focusses on evaluating oil price movement and revenue generation in Nigeria with emphasis on the era of pre and post covid-19 pandemic. Measures such as crude oil price, domestic production, crude oil export and revenue, and revenue generation were assessed before, during and after covid-19 pandemic. The evidence shows that oil price and revenue generation were negatively affected during covid-19 pandemic era due to restriction on the movement of people and economic activities. Hence, the study further revealed a drastic fall in crude oil price and export, as well as domestic production (mbd) especially during the first quarter of 2020. While crude oil price appreciated slightly from June, the export and domestic production plummeted with a corresponding decrease in revenue generation which dropped deeply from $47 billion USD in 2019 to $8 billion USD in 2020. Further evaluation revealed that after the introduction of some measures by the government authorities, the Nigerian economic start to recover, which results to a slight improvement in crude oil price in December 2020, but later fell to 40.28 mbd in march 2021. Thus, other indicators such as domestic production and crude oil export has no sign of recovery between this period except for revenue generation which increases by $4 billion USD. Moreso, to control the aftermath of pandemic, we suggest for cohesive policy measures such as educating people on the benefits of covid-19 vaccines and proper enforcement on the use of facemask. In turn, this will reduce the spread and promote economic activities in Nigeria. In addition, policies that could regulate oil price movement should be initiated. Consequently, it may likely encourage increase in revenue generation in Nigeria.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Leaves Parts of Chenopodium Album Linn on Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Waster Rats.

The liver is among the most complex and important organ in the human body. Its primary function is to control the flow and safety of substances absorbed from the digestive system before distribution of these substances to the systemic circulatory system. Carbon tetra chloride is well- known hepatotoxin which is widely used to induce hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals. Chenopodium album Linn also known as frost Bilte, Pigweed (Canada), found to have antipruritic and antinociceptic, sperm immoblizing agent, cryptomeridiol and 8- alpha-acetoxycryryptomeridiol as growth promoting activity, (patak and pandey) Chenopodium album has reported hepatoprotective activity, antifungal, antihelminitic, contraceptive, antipyretic and antinoceipetive activity. The present study was aimed to investigate hepatoprotective activity of alcoholic extract of leaves parts of Chenopodium album Linn on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in waster rats. The leaves of plant was dried under shed and then powdered. The Powder was packed into a Soxhlet apparatus, extract was concentrated in steam bath till the complete evaporation of the solvent. Administration of Carbon tetra chloride subcutanously (SC) in the lower abdomen, in a suspension of liq. paraffin (LP, 1:1 v\v) at the dose of 1ml\kg B.W. on alternate days of week showed significant increase in SGOT and SGPT. Methanol extract of Chenopodium album Linn. at dose of 200mg\kg B.W. P.O. (Group III) in a carbon tetra chloride treated groups cause significant decrease in SGOT and SGPT. Result of biochemical parameters of Chenopodium album Linn. (400 mg\kg B.W. P. O.), showed significantly arrestedin in rise of level of SGOT, SGPT was found in group IV. The standard drug Liv2R showed significant reduction in all parameters when compared to CCl4 treated groups. This study concluded that methanolic extract of Chenopodium album Linn. has hepatotprotective effect in CCl4 induced liver damage. This effect is evident especially with high dose of Chenopodium album Linn. (400 mg\kg B.W. p.o) because it caused drastic fall in serum markers as compared to other doses of Doses of Chenopodium Album Linn.
 Abbreviations- serum glutamate oxaloacetatae transaminase (SGOT) and serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)
 Keywords- Chenopodium album Linn., methanolic extract, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), hepatotoxicity

Negative Impact of Covid-19 On Oil Price and Export: An Assessment of CounterMeasures Taken by The Nigerian Government

The unprecedented outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected individuals and countries in diverse ways. One of such areas that have suffered a massive hit is the socio-economic aspect of man. Efforts to contain the spread resulted in close down of manufacturing centres of major economies of the world, travel restrictions, total lockdown, border closures and a host of others. This has negatively affected world trade as it has led to decrease in the demand of raw materials particularly crude oil by producers and drastic fall in its price following disagreement of oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia. Nigeria is greatly affected as it relies heavily on crude oil as its major export commodity coupled with an already weak economy. The negative impact of the drop in oil price and export is taking its toll on the economy. In a bid to manage the situation, the federal government has taken certain countermeasures. The study examined the negative impact of the drop in oil price and exports on the Nigerian economy and counter measures to checkmate the effects therein. By analyzing secondary data, the study found out that the negative impact on the Nigerian economy is drastic and there is a need to cushion its effects, some of the countermeasures identified include devaluation of the naira, extension of moratorium, review of the budget, release of 50 billion naira to households and affected SMES among others. The study recommends that there is increased need to diversify the economy and increase local production.

IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN RESTRICTION OF COVID-19 ON SELECTIVE DISSOLVED HEAVY METALS IN COASTAL WEST BENGAL

In this study, the effect of COVID-19 lockdown (2020) on dissolved heavy metal load (Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the coastal West Bengal were analyzed concerning the pre-COVID 19 phases (2016-2019). Two stations namely Shankarpur (Stn.1) and Haldia (Stn. 2) were selected for the study as both have two contrasting operational features. Haldia is an important port-cum-industrial complex whereas Shankarpur is an important fish landing station-cum-tourism site. The results showed that in both the stations there was a drastic fall in the metal concentrations due to lockdown implementation, but in Haldia, the aquatic health exhibits much improvement as in lockdown there was complete shut-down of the industries. ANOVA results also highlight significant variations between the two stations as well as between the pre COVID-19 (2016-2019) and COVID-19 lockdown phases.

Influence of annealing on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the τ-MnAl alloy deformed by high pressure torsion

Ferromagnetic alloys of the Mn-Al system are promising materials for permanent magnets and details of electric motors. Deformation methods of processing these alloys allow obtaining high magnetic properties, however, they are still not well researched. In the current study the effect of the τ-MnAl alloy structure obtained by severe plastic deformation on the phase composition, structure, and magnetic properties gained during subsequent annealing is investigated. It was shown that a twinned structure is preferable for recrystallization (in terms of recrystallized volume) than a dislocation one. The largest coercive force of 3.7 kOe was reached in the current investigation after deformation by 20 revolutions (ε ≈ 6.83). Subsequent annealing led to a drastic fall in coercive force due to vanishing of defects (dislocations and nanotwins) acting as sites of domain wall pinning.

Optimization of dissolved oxygen levels in extender prevents development of cryocapacitation like changes, oxidative stress and augments zona binding capacity of crossbred bull spermatozoa.

The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of partial deoxygenation of extender at constant temperature (35°C) in freezability of crossbred bull semen. The dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were reduced by the use of newly developed technique of nitrogen effervescence at a flow rate of 2-3 bubbles per second. Four different levels of oxygen in semen extender, that is 11.7, 2, 4 and 8ppm as control (Group-I), Group-II, Group-III and Group-IV, respectively, were used to assess the effect of partial deoxygenation on semen quality parameters. The 4ppm level of DO resulted in higher (p<0.05) progressive motility in comparison with non-treated group at post-thaw stage, whereas reduction up to 2ppm resulted in drastic fall in motility. Oxidative stress status revealed low superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Group-II, whereas higher (p<0.05) SOD and TAC activities were observed in Group-III in comparison with non-treated group at pre-freeze and post-thaw stages. The sperm-zona binding at 4ppm level of DO was significantly higher than control group, 2 and 8ppm levels of DO. In conclusion, reduction of DO in the extender up to 4ppm reduced oxidative stress and improved in vitro fertility of crossbred bull spermatozoa.

Asymptomatic immune thrombocytopenia in immediate post surgery following fresh frozen plasma transfusion

Occurrence of thrombocytopenia in immediate post operative period is less frequently encountered, and identifying the cause(s) is also challenging. Because multiple interventions in the form of fluid administrations, blood products transfusion, use of drugs (heparin) and increased risk of infection and organ dysfunction in post operative period can all cause thrombocytopenia. Fresh frozen plasma transfusion (FFP) transfusion is an uncommon cause of drastic thrombocytopenia, with only 14 such reported cases in the literature. And this complication is most frequently witnessed in perioperative period, 11 out of 14 of all reported cases. It is explained by transfusion of plasma containing antibodies against platelets, which develop as a consequence of plasma donors being exposed to varied platelet antigen via previous blood transfusion or during pregnancy. Here we are presenting a case of a young male who was transfused with FFP in post-operative period which led to a drastic fall in platelet count without any bleeding manifestations, which was a diagnosis of exclusion and managed with suspension of FFP transfusion.

Greenland petroleum exploration history: Rise and fall, learnings, and future perspectives

In a period of less than 10 years, Greenland has seen a dramatic change in industry interest from being one of the hottest regions for investments to virtually no activities at all. As a result of detailed strategic planning and several successful licensing rounds offshore West Greenland, in Baffin Bay, and offshore North-East Greenland, activities culminated in the period 2010–2015 with large 2D and 3D seismic programs, seven exploration wells and lots of relevant science based on large field campaigns and drilling of cored holes. The history behind the licensing activities and research projects, and the most important results and models with implications for exploration are reviewed in this paper that also gives a status on present knowledge, main risks, and future needs. In the same period, Greenland experienced many political and administrative changes in relation to petroleum exploration. The massive relinquishment of licenses took place during a short period, and various key factors of importance for decision makers are discussed. It is not the resource potential nor the data background that is the main problem in Greenland exploration. It is mainly a combination of drastic fall in oil prices causing reduced exploration budgets in a critical period of decisions, high costs and technical challenges, rigid regulations, and lack of flexibility in relation to commitments that caused industry to leave Greenland. With the present industry outlook, it does not seem likely that industry will ever come back, especially not with the signals from the new Greenland Government. Data and knowledge will, however, be of importance for future scientific drilling and new research projects, especially on tectonic history combined with models of paleo climate and oceanography.

Self-defocusing, Kerr nonlinearity of green light emitting phosphors, Calcium–Strontium bimetallic tungstate nanoparticles decorated rGO

Hydrothermal method has been employed to prepare bimetallic tungstate CaSrWO4- rGO as a 3D/2D nanocomposite with various concentrations such as 0.5, 1 and 5 wt. %. The primary concern of this work is to carryout structural characterization of the synthesized nanocomposite and to investigate its third-order optical nonlinearities. The growth of CaSrWO4 on the surface of rGO sheets with uniform particle size distribution is evident from SEM and is augmented by TEM analysis. The formation of CaSrWO4/rGO nanocomposite is confirmed with the appearance of the D and G band with an increase in the ID/IG ratio as observed in the Raman spectra and with the shift of Ca 2p and Sr 2p singlet towards higher binding energy in the XPS spectra. The linear optical properties exhibit a broad absorption in the UV vis spectra and the drastic fall in the electron-hole recombination rate after the addition of rGO in the composite is signified by the transitions of e-s between the intermediate energy levelsexplicited in the PL spectra. For the first time, CaSrWO4/rGO nanocomposite has been investigated for third-order optical nonlinearities by using the Z-scan method in which the nanocomposite is being irradiated with a Gaussian beam of continuous wave of 532 nm wavelength. Nonlinear absorption of CaSrWO4/rGO nanocomposite exhibits a higher reverse saturable absorption and the two-photon absorption β is calculated to be around 7.2 ⨯ 10−5 (cm/W). CaSrWO4/rGO nanocomposite exhibits a self-defocusing effect in nonlinear regime prioritizing it to be a potential optical limiter.

Guayulin content in guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) along the growth cycle

The commercial development of guayulins might help spur industrial-scale applications of guayule as an alternative source of natural rubber, making necessary to build knowledge on their seasonal response and accumulation in plants. In the present study, the seasonal content of the four known guayulins (A–D) was profiled in 14 different guayule accessions, including hybrids, from age 13 months to age 23 months. Analysis revealed that the accessions could be categorized into four groups based on guayulin content and potentially reflective of their genetic origin and hybridization: one rich in guayulin A, one rich in guayulin C, one rich in guayulin D, and one with intermediate values. Despite the evident differences in guayulin profiles, all four groups shared the same general response. The content of guayulins A and B increased between April and September, followed by a drastic fall in content in November likely triggered by low temperatures, and then a gradual recovery. By contrast, the content of guayulins C and D was much more stable, especially for those accessions showing the highest production. The relationship between the guayulins was useful to characterize their evolution during the growth cycle, with some groups halting production of guayulins during the summer (group rich in guayulin C) and others initiating production earlier, after the winter period (groups rich in guayulin A and those with intermediate values). The higher producers of guayulins were the accessions 11591(CL-1) and AZ-6, and the best harvest time was between September and November, depending on climatic conditions.

COVID-19 and Obstetricians and Gynecologist

Introduction: Since its emergence, COVID 19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, turned out to be a health threat throughout the world. The degree of risk for the health-care workers who are dealing with the COVID-19 patients is uncertain. Questionnaire-based prospective cross-sectional study was done to assess the extent to which the Indian obstetrics and gynecology practice has been affected by the pandemic. Materials and Methods: From August to October 2020, 309 obstetricians (OBs) and gynecologists took part in the survey via Google forms. Impact on the present working scenario during the pandemic compared to the Pre-COVID era was evaluated. The categorical variables got illustrated through frequency (%). The association among the variables Chi-square test was utilized. Statistical significance was contemplated by the P &lt; 0.05. Graphs were prepared using Google Sheets and Microsoft Excel 365. Results: There was drastic fall in parameters of obstetric practice. Over half of the OBs witnessed fall in outpatients over 90%. Significant association seen reduction in earnings with the sector, type of set-up, and duration of practice (P &lt; 0.001) was found. Apprehension among the study group was present still majority 54.8% said that they were working voluntarily in this time of national crisis. Conclusions: This research indicates that the pandemic has entailed practice of obstetrics and gynecology in India. However, the smooth functioning was maintained due to the high degree of knowledge and preparedness among the doctors and the well-laid guidelines by the authorities.

Mitigate Wormhole Attack and Blackhole Attack Using Elliptic Curve Cryptography in MANET.

Numerous network can be connected by using the mobile ad hoc network. It can have security attacks like the worm hole, denial of service attack, jellyfish and also the blackhole. During this they take a path which is the shortest for the place where it has to reach. During sending of message two types of attacks are generally seen such as the blackhole attack and the wormhole attack. In this research we have tried to focus on two major attacks such as the black hole and the worm hole attack. In this we have used two types of protocol such as the AODV whose other name is SWBAODV and the scalable-dynamic elliptic curve cryptography. During the use the prime numbers are selected at random. We can also choose certain specific prime number. Moreover the security level does not depend on the size of the key. Keeping A as worm hole and B as the black hole we have made a two dimensional vector function named as F [A, B]. Two types of study is done by us in our research such as the with attack and without attack. In case of no attack study we have shown graphically using the AODV and the in case of attack we have given it as the BAODV and also the WAODV. Here we have applied a specific method SWBAODV to our selected attack case. The results were found to be interesting for the case of, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay was near 188.40 on comparing it with the BAODV and the WAODV. It has shown 51.38% more value compared to the BAODV and WAODV. There has been a drastic fall in the value of delay and it reached to a 63.2 for BAODV to WAODV. The other two things which we have discussed here is the consumption of energy and the overhead routing. The results in case of SWBAODV were good compared with the consumption of energy and save about 73.52% with the attacked case and around 69.35% with the routing done on the BAODV and WAODV. From our study we were able to say that it will give protection to the (MANET).

Classical and machine learning modeling of crude oil production in Nigeria: Identification of an eminent model for application

The production and exportation of petroleum plays a dominant role in Nigeria’s economy. A drastic fall in the quantity of crude oil produced is fatal to the Nigerian economy since Nigeria depends heavily on the oil sector. Different classical statistical methods have been used to model the crude oil production but the application of machine learning models on crude oil production has been grossly understudied. In this study, we identified a high-performance model between a classical statistical model (ARIMA) and two machine learning models (ANN and RF) in modeling the crude oil production in Nigeria. The monthly data on crude oil production in Nigeria collected from January, 2006 to October, 2020 used in this study is secondary data from Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Reuters. The ANN model has a significant modified Diebold–Mariano test when compared with the ARIMA and RF models in the test set. The ANN model had the best trade-off of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values and was used for forecasting crude oil production in Nigeria. The crude oil production is predicted to increase slightly from March, 2021 (1.67 mmbd) to September, 2021 (1.685 mmbd) before it begins a downward trend from October, 2021 (1.684 mmbd) till it gets to 1.628 mmbd in December, 2023. This predicted fall in the quantity of crude oil produced will obviously affect the Nigerian economy since Nigeria depends solely on the oil sector. There is need to diversify the monoculture economic system in Nigeria to explore and harness untapped natural resources.