Drastic Enhancement Research Articles

Drastic enhancement of the superconducting temperature in type-II Weyl semimetal candidate MoTe2 via biaxial strain

A type-II Weyl semimetal candidate MoTe2, which superconducts at Tc ∼0.1 K, is one of the promising candidates for realizing topological superconductivity. However, the exceedingly low Tc is associated with a small upper critical field (Hc2), implying a fragile superconducting phase that only exists on a small region of the H–T phase diagram. Here, we describe a simple and versatile approach based on the differential thermal expansion between dissimilar materials to subject a thin single crystalline MoTe2 to biaxial strain. With this approach, we successfully enhance the Tc of MoTe2 by fivefold and consequently expand the superconducting region on the H–T phase diagram significantly. To demonstrate the relative ease of studying the superconductivity in the biaxially strained MoTe2, we further present the magnetotransport data, enabling the study of the temperature-dependent Hc2 and the anisotropy of the superconducting state, which would otherwise be difficult to obtain in a free-standing MoTe2. Our work shows that biaxial strain is an effective knob to tune the electronic properties of MoTe2. Due to the simplicity of our methodology to apply biaxial strain, we anticipate its direct applicability to a wider class of quantum materials.

Electron Transport through Nanoconfined Ferrocene Solution: Density Functional Theory─Nonequilibrium Green Function Approach

We investigate the transport of electrons in a ferrocene aqueous solution nanoconfined between two Pt electrodes using density functional theory and a nonequilibrium Green function method. The system consists of three characteristic phases: metal electrodes, the electrode–solution interface, and the nanoconfined solution phase. By performing the geometry optimization of such systems, it is found that the molecular configuration of water molecules at the Pt surface is adjusted due to the Pt–water interaction, and the charges at the Pt surface are redistributed. Next, by applying the external bias potential via the effective screening medium method during ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, it is revealed that water molecules are packed at the Pt–water interfacial region, and the electrostatic potential profile in the water phase is significantly changed due to aligned water layers. From the analysis of the electron transport characteristics, it is discovered that the ferrocene molecule generates a strong transmission function near the Fermi level and high electron density of states spatially connecting both electrodes through the water phase. These features explain the drastic enhancement in electrical current–voltage characteristics. Therefore, it is concluded that ferrocene enhances electron transport through nanoconfined solutions, indicating that it can be used as a signaling molecule in nanoscale systems for electrochemical sensor applications.

Cationic Polymer Functionalized Copper Nanocluster-Based Fluorescent Probe for the Selective and Sensitive Detection of S2– Ions

The sensitive and selective detection of sulfide (S2–) ions in water is of major interest due to its toxicity and physiological effects on organisms. Herein, we have designed a fluorescent probe, poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) functionalized copper nanocluster (Cu NC@PAH), for the detection of S2– ions. The synthesis of the probe is based on the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged Cu NCs and the positively charged polymer, PAH. The drastic enhancement of the photoluminescence (PL) intensity of Cu NCs and the quantum yield (QY) enhancement from 0.3 to 6% are evident after functionalizing with a cationic polymer matrix of PAH. The steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies support the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) phenomenon for PL QY enhancement. In addition, the Cu NCs@PAH exhibit excellent selectivity toward aqueous S2– ions. The probe displays a reasonable quenching response for S2– ions over a concentration range of 0–20 μM with a detection limit of 2.39 μM. We believe that this facile and economical synthesis methodology of Cu NCs@PAH with interesting AIE properties will extend the scope of previously available techniques for the detection of the S2– ion.

Diffraction-limited hyperspectral mid-infrared single-pixel microscopy

In this contribution, we demonstrate a wide-field hyperspectral mid-infrared (MIR) microscope based on multidimensional single-pixel imaging (SPI). The microscope employs a high brightness MIR supercontinuum source for broadband (1.55 upmu hbox {m}–4.5 upmu hbox {m}) sample illumination. Hyperspectral imaging capability is achieved by a single micro-opto-electro-mechanical digital micromirror device (DMD), which provides both spatial and spectral differentiation. For that purpose the operational spectral bandwidth of the DMD was significantly extended into the MIR spectral region. In the presented design, the DMD fulfills two essential tasks. On the one hand, as standard for the SPI approach, the DMD sequentially masks captured scenes enabling diffraction-limited imaging in the tens of millisecond time-regime. On the other hand, the diffraction at the micromirrors leads to dispersion of the projected field and thus allows for wavelength selection without the application of additional dispersive optical elements, such as gratings or prisms. In the experimental part, first of all, the imaging and spectral capabilities of the hyperspectral microscope are characterized. The spatial and spectral resolution is assessed by means of test targets and linear variable filters, respectively. At a wavelength of 4.15 upmu hbox {m} a spatial resolution of 4.92 upmu hbox {m} is achieved with a native spectral resolution better than 118.1 nm. Further, a post-processing method for drastic enhancement of the spectral resolution is proposed and discussed. The performance of the MIR hyperspectral microsopce is demonstrated for label-free chemical imaging and examination of polymer compounds and red blood cells. The acquisition and reconstruction of Hadamard sampled 64 times 64 images is achieved in 450 ms and 162 ms, respectively. Thus, combined with an unprecedented intrinsic flexibiliy gained by a tunable field of view and adjustable spatial resolution, the demonstrated design drastically improves the sample throughput in MIR chemical and biomedical imaging.

Physical modification of hydroxyapatite: the drastic enhancement of both cation (Cd2+) and anion (F−) adsorption and recycling efficiency

(1) Novel physically modified (by ultrasound and freeze-drying) HAp nanoparticles (2) drastic enhancement in the Cd2+ (208%) and F− (488%) adsorption capacities along with rapid adsorption and greater recycling efficiency compared to the reported data.

Giant flexoelectric coefficients at critical ferroelectric transition

Flexoelectric materials, which could generate polarization in response to a strain gradient, could be utilized in a wide range of devices such as actuators and sensors. However, the flexoelectric coefficients of most dielectrics are too small to be utilized. One of the most promising flexoelectric materials is ferroelectrics whose flexoelectric coefficients are orders of magnitude higher than those of ordinary dielectrics. Despite of intensive research in the past twenty years, the record-high flexoelectric coefficient (μ1122=100μC/m) of Ba0.67Sr0.33TiO3 ferroelectric has not been surpassed. Here we show that by tuning the first-order paraelectric-ferroelectric phase transition of BaTiO3 to near-critical through doping BaZrO3, a drastic enhancement of flexoelectric coefficient (μ1122=140μC/m) occurs, which is ascribed to the enhancement of both intrinsic and extrinsic flexoelectricity resulting from the strong lattice instability at the critical transition. This study demonstrates a general design method to achieve high flexoelectric coefficients in a wide range of ferroelectric systems through searching for critical ferroelectric transition points.

Experimental Investigation of Microwave-Specific Effect on Nazarov Cyclization

Abstract A copper-catalyzed Nazarov cyclization using an aryl vinyl ketone derivative containing a 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety was carried out under microwave irradiation conditions. The Nazarov cyclization was dramatically accelerated and the kinetic rate of the microwave irradiation was 5.8 times faster than that by conventional heating conditions. A theoretical interpretation of the microwave-specific effect as physical phenomena of the molecules based on chemical kinetics and dynamics was attempted. The microwave-specific effect in terms of the pre-exponential factor in the Arrhenius equation is discussed, thus a hypothesis of the conformational equilibrium activation by microwaves is theoretically supported. To further investigate the microwave-specific effect, a catalytic asymmetric Nazarov cyclization was finally performed. As the enantioselectivity is defined as the function of the reaction temperature, observation of the same enantioselectivity implies the same reaction temperature. Interestingly, when the asymmetric Nazarov cyclization was conducted using a chiral copper catalyst, the Nazarov reaction was subsequently enhanced by the microwave irradiation without any loss of the enantioselectivity. It is suggested that the drastic enhancement with the retention of the enantioselectivity was caused not by a thermal effect, but by a microwave-specific effect on the enantioselective reaction.

Thermal neutron scintillation improvement in Ce:Li6Y(BO3)3 single crystals by thermal treatment

The development of efficient, low-cost, and stable solid-state materials for portable thermal neutron detection is highly expected in order to substitute the currently used 3He and BF3 tank detectors. A few Li-based glasses and halide compounds have emerged as candidates, however, all of them present critical drawbacks for their practical implementations. Ce:Li6Y(BO3)3 is a priori a very promising oxide candidate that however has been disregarded so far due to its negligibly low light yield, caused by a poor crystalline and optical quality. In this study, we demonstrate that a post-growth thermal treatment is the key parameter to drastically reduce the concentration of intrinsic defects and scattering centers that lead to severe non-radiative recombination of excited electrons. Even though this annealing step also involves the oxidation of activator Ce3+ ions to Ce4+, a drastic enhancement of the light yield by ∼600% is achieved independently of the Ce3+ concentration within the considered range. The obtained light yield of 4650 ph n−1 is already close to that of reference Li-glass (commercial GS20 with 6000 ph n−1). An additional improvement can be envisaged upon further optimization of the Ce3+ concentration and the annealing time, so that Ce:Li6Y(BO3)3 reaches a light yield comparable to the state-of-the-art one for thermal neutron detection.

Enhanced hydrogen adsorption properties of mesoporous nano-TiO2@SnO2

Today, hydrogen as being one of the most advantageous energy supplies for various applications and specifically not with carbon emissions, alluring strategies are made possible for its production and storage. Since the metal oxides (MOs) semiconductors give rise to the development of new technologies related to renewable energy and environmental issues, this work is envisioned to study the hydrogen adsorption properties of TiO2@SnO2 catalyst synthesized via novel approach by integrating sol–gel and thermal decomposition methods. The synthesized TiO2 and its composite have been analyzed by sophisticated instruments to reveal the drastic enhancement of hydrogen adsorption. In this work, hydrogen measurements were accomplished by quartz crystal (QC) microbalance method. The Raman scattering experiment of the composite revealed the lower peak intensity compared with pure TiO2, which demonstrated the surface defects that created oxygen vacancies with reduced oxidation states of the metal centers. Meanwhile, the mesoporous nanostructure of TiO2@SnO2 could be confirmed via High resolution transmission electron (HR-TEM) microscopic analysis. Besides, the intermediate states of the composite were analyzed through Photoluminescence (PL) spectra which demonstrated the delay in recombining charges. The Barrett-Joyner- Halenda (BJH) method illustrated the larger pore size and pore volume with decreased surface area of the composite. The addition of SnO2 into TiO2 has reported 4 times greater the adsorption of pristine TiO2 particles, because of the capacity of SnO2 to hinder pores. Moreover, the titania oxidation states play a predominant role in the procurement of larger H2 adsorption. Also, the Ti4+ and Sn4+ reveal fragile Kubas type of adsorption that facilitated the hydrogen storage.

Electro-plasmonic-assisted biosensing of proteins and cells at the surface of optical fiber

An electro-plasmonic biosensor is used to attract proteins and cells on the surface of a fiber optic probe by controlled biomolecular migration. Concentrating targets on a high performance plasmon-assisted fiber grating sensor leads to a drastic enhancement of the limit of detection. This architecture relies on a biofunctionalized gold coated tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) that operates as a working electrode to enable electrophoresis in the probed medium. The applied electric field triggers the attraction of proteins over a distance of almost 250 μm from the sensor surface, which is more than two orders of magnitude larger than the intrinsic penetration depth of the plasmon wave. Quantitative determination of target analytes was performed by cyclic voltammetry measurements using the gold coated fiber as an electrode, simultaneously with optical transmission measurements of the underlying fiber grating. In our work, these electro-plasmonic optrodes were used against a clinically-relevant biomarker in breast cancer diagnosis, namely HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2). In vitro assays confirm that their limit of detection lies in the subpicomolar range for proteins, which is beyond reach of similar sensors without voltammetry. The improved detection limit is further facilitated by an improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio of the read-out process. Whole cell capture is finally demonstrated by the same micro-system.

Information-Storage Expansion Enabled by a Resilient Aggregation-Induced-Emission-Active Nanocomposite Hydrogel.

Advanced materials with high performance and distinctive function are one of the main driving forces for the development of human society. The selection of appropriate materials and adequately utilizing their features to apply them in a specific area rationally are of great significance but remain challenging. Herein, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active nanocomposite (NC) hydrogel is developed by introducing a pH-responsive AIE luminogen (AIEgen) into a Laponite XLS/polyacrylamide-based NC hydrogel (Laponite is a trademark of the company BYK Additives Ltd.). The AIEgen can protonate to interact with the negatively charged clay through the electrostatic interaction, which results in a drastic fluorescence enhancement due to the restriction of intramolecular motion by the rigid clay to the protonated AIEgen. This behavior facilitates the input of fluorescent information with a high contrast ratio in the hydrogel by acid stimulation. Moreover, by utilizing the excellent resilience of the hydrogel, hierarchically inputting and displaying the information in the original and stretched states of the hydrogel film is realized, which achieves information-storage expansion and dual-encryption via switching between stretching and restoring the film. This work showcases fully and synergistically utilizing the superiorities of various advanced materials to achieve superior applications and should guide the future development of advanced materials in emerging areas.

Coumarin-Picolinohydrazone derived Schiff base as fluorescent sensor(OFF-ON) for detection of Al3+ ion: Synthesis, Spectral and theoretical studies

New coumarin based Schiff base (7MIZ) was synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and the true nature was established by X-ray single crystal studies. The probe (7MIZ) acted as fluorescent sensor for detection of Al3+ ion among different metal ions (chloride salts) with high selectively. There was a drastic enhancement in the emission intensity at 482 nm showed fluorescence turn ‘ON’ behavior of the probe when it interacted with Al3+ ion which may be due to CHEF (chelation enhanced fluorescence) effect that inhibited the PET (photo-induced electron transfer) mechanism. Further, Job's plot, binding constant value, LOD value, DFT studies established the interaction between probe (7MIZ) andAl3+ ion and MTT assay studies were carried out for the probe (7MIZ) and Al3+ ion in Breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231).

Drastic enhancement of magnetic critical current density in Zn doped Bi-2212

At several temperatures (T) we have studied magnetization (M) as a function of magnetic field (H) in (i) the pure Bi-2212 and (ii) the Zn doped Bi-2212 below respective critical temperatures, Tc. An enhancement in ΔM(H) in Zn doped Bi-2212 has been observed. Based on the criterion, ΔM = constant the HT diagram is found. Shifting in the irreversibility line (IL) has also been investigated. An enormous enhancement of magnetic critical current density (Jcm) in the Zn doped Bi-2212 superconductor is observed. We have analysed Jcm(H) to understand the microscopic nature of vortex pinning. A possible crossover from the collective pinning regime at lower magnetic field to a single vortex pinning with the increase in H at several T is observed in both samples having almost similar granular nature. Pinning of pancake vortices is strongly affected by the localised magnetic moment induced by nonmagnetic Zn in Cu sites. Change in the pinning force density in doped Bi-2212 has been explained.

Magnesium Doping Enhances Thermal Conductivity of Polymerized Fullerene Crystals

The polymerization of C60 molecular crystals through external stimuli, such as the inclusion of alkali earth metals, offers tunable control of their physical properties through replacing weak van der Waals interactions between the fullerenes with strong covalent bonds. Herein, we use systematic atomistic simulations to uncover the drastic enhancement in thermal conductivity of two-dimensional C60 polymers along the plane forming a periodic nanocluster network of covalently bonded fullerene molecules as compared to the nonbonded fullerite structure. Moreover, we find that the thermal conductivity along the direction with two covalent bonds connecting the adjacent fullerene molecules is higher than the direction with only a single bond between the molecules, which provides a tunable knob to tailor their thermal properties. The addition of magnesium atoms in the polymerized C60 structure to form a Mg2C60 crystal is shown to reduce this anisotropy through impurity scattering. More interestingly, while the thermal conductivity is reduced at lower temperatures due to magnesium doping, we find that the thermal conductivity of the metal-doped structure can be higher than the pristine polymer C60 at relatively higher temperatures. We attribute this to the reduced temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in our Mg2C60 structure due to impurity scattering, while the dominance of anharmonic phonon scattering processes drives the reduction in thermal conductivity of the pristine polymer C60 crystal at high temperatures. Spectrally decomposed thermal conductivity calculations show that the heat-carrying vibrations in the metal-doped structure are shifted to lower frequencies due to the preferential scattering of higher frequency vibrations driven by the impurity atoms. An improved understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms in polymerized C60 molecular crystals offers valuable insights into their potential use in various applications such as C60-based electrodes for batteries.

Antifungal potential of Azotobacter species and its metabolites against Fusarium verticillioides and biodegradation of fumonisin.

In the study, seven Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) Azotobacter species were screened against three strains of Fusarium verticillioides to test its antifungal activity. Azotobacter strains were tested for the degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides. Secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from the Azotobacter strains for the first time. Potential seven Azotobacter species antifungal activity was tested following the dual culture assay against three strains of Fusarium verticillioides namely FVM-42, FVM-86 and MTCC156 estimating the substantial zone of inhibition. Azotobacter species AZT-31 and AZT-50 strains significantly inhibited the growth of F. verticillioides recording drastic growth enhancement of maize under in-vitro conditions by calculating the infection incidence, vigour index and germination percentage. As confirmation, dereplication studies were conducted for the reconfirmation of Azotobacter strains by isolating from rhizoplane. Azotobacter strains played a key role in the degradation of fumonisin produced by F. verticillioides reporting 98% degradation at 2h of incubation with the pathogen. Furthermore, in the study first time, we have tried to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolites from the Azotobacter strains exhibiting six compounds from the species AZT-31 (2) and AZT-50 (4). Preliminary in-vitro experiments were carried out using the compounds extracted to check the reduction of infection incidence (90%) and increase in germination percentage upto 50 to 70% when compared to the test pathogen. Azotobacter strains referred as PGPR on influencing the growth of plant by producing certain substances that act as stimulators on inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. The future perspective would be the production of an active combination of carboxamide compound and Azotobacter species for preventively controlling the phytopathogenic fungi of plants and crops and also towards the treatment of seeds.

Study of dielectric properties of CaCu3Ti4O12 synthesized via different routes: Effect of sintering temperature

In this paper, the dielectric performance of calcium copper titanate (CCTO) synthesized by various possible routes is investigated. The effect of sintering temperature on dielectric, structural, morphological properties is conferred in text. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy reveals the presence of Im3 space group and body centred cubic structure. The results confirmed that 950 °C temperature is appropriate temperature for synthesis of oxide via various routes. The average particle size of CCTO is estimated to be 500 nm by field emission scanning electron microscope. The good capacitive dielectric performance of 500 °C and 1000 °C temperature sintered pellets is examined by LCR meter at frequency range of 40 Hz to 8 MHz. It is quite evidenced that oxalate co-precipitation and sono-chemical technique attributed to remarkable dielectric permittivity of 12,000 and 10,980 with minimum dielectric loss at high sintering temperature, as the temperature plays a major role in drastic enhancement in dielectric performance of a perovskites.

Mo-activated VC as effective cocatalyst for an enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of CdS

Seeking an efficient and stable cocatalyst is of importance for semiconductor-based photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen. In this sense, Mo-activation of VC for better cocatalytic properties was proposed for the first time, aiming to attain improved hydrogen generation of CdS. Our novel, yet facile physical preparation method permits intimate coupling of Mo-activated VC cocatalyst to CdS (through electrostatic attraction force), thereby promises drastic activity enhancement for hydrogen generation. Results indicate the best VC-activating competency of Mo against other transition metals (Co, Fe, Ni, Zn and Cu), which induces highest H2 productivity of CdS after modifying with Mo-activated VC. Under optimum setting, CdS/Mo(0.38)-VC(5 wt%) manifested highest photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 2267 μmol h−1 g−1, associated to 300 % and 440 % improvement as compared to that of CdS/VC(5 wt%) and pure CdS, respectively. Such activity also outperformed those that yielded by MoSx- or noble metals(Pt, Au or Ag)-co-catalyzed CdS, attributed to the promoted interfacial charges transfer and lowered overpotential of CdS/Mo(0.38)-VC(5 wt%) in hydrogen generation. Correspondingly, high apparent hydrogen production quantum efficiency of 4.3 % was also recorded by the same photocatalyst at 420 nm. In term of stability test, CdS/Mo(0.38)-VC(5 wt%) manifested excellent longevity in 24 h continuous photoreaction and fair recyclability over five consecutive photoreaction cycles. This work provides a new insight to cocatalysts design and synthesis, thereby realizing economic alternatives to precious metal (Pt, Au, Ag) in solar-derived H2 production.

Trion-phonon interaction in atomically thin semiconductors

Optical and transport properties of doped monolayer semiconductors are dominated by trions, which are three-particle compounds formed by two electrons and one hole or vice versa. In this work, we investigate the trion-phonon interaction on a microscopic footing and apply our model to the exemplary case of a molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) monolayer. We determine the trion series of states and their internal quantum structure by solving the trion Schr\"odinger equation. Transforming the system into a trion basis and solving equations of motion, including the trion-phonon interaction within the second-order Born-Markov approximation, provides a microscopic access to the trion dynamics. In particular, we investigate trion propagation and compute the diffusion coefficient and mobility. In the low density limit, we find that trions propagate less efficiently than excitons and electrons due to their stronger coupling with phonons and their larger mass. For increasing densities, we predict a drastic enhancement of diffusion caused by the build-up of a large pressure by the degenerate trion gas, which is a direct consequence of the fermionic character of trions. Our work provides microscopic insights into the trion-phonon interaction and its impact on the diffusion behaviour in atomically thin semiconductors.

Formaldehyde-modified NH2-UiO-66 for specific sensing and simultaneous removal of mercury ions

Herein, a formaldehyde-modified metal-organic framework, FA/NH 2 -UiO-66 is facilely synthesized via one-pot solvothermal reaction. Under excitation of 365 nm UV light, the drastic fluorescence enhancement triggered by Hg 2+ ions and the un-interfered signal by the coexisting metal ions renders a sensitive and specific fluorescent detection of Hg 2+ ions. A low detection limit (0.0885 nM, M refers to mol L −1 ) and a wide linear range (0.1 nM∼40 μM) are obtained based on calculation of the fluorescence intensity versus the concentration of Hg 2 ions. The mechanism of fluorescence enhancement is ascribed to the intermolecular cyclization when Hg 2+ is trapped by imino group on FA/NH 2 -UiO-66. Moreover, the target- directed adsorption by FA/NH 2 -UiO-66 leads to an effective mercury separation from contaminative system, which exhibits a satisfactory adsorption efficiency of 95.42% within 50 minutes. This work thus delivers a dual-functional MOFs-based platform for visual and hypersensitive Hg 2+ tracking and effective removal of the toxic heavy metal ions, showing promise in tackling the environmental problems with monitoring and remediation synchronously.

An enhanced PSO algorithm to configure a responsive-resilient supply chain network considering environmental issues: a case study of the oxygen concentrator device.

In recent years, the hyper-competitive marketplace has led to a drastic enhancement in the importance of the supply chain problem. Hence, the attention of managers and researchers has been attracted to one of the most crucial problems in the supply chain management area called the supply chain network design problem. In this regard, this research attempts to design an integrated forward and backward logistics network by proposing a multi-objective mathematical model. The suggested model aims at minimizing the environmental impacts and the costs while maximizing the resilience and responsiveness of the supply chain. Since uncertainty is a major issue in the supply chain problem, the present paper studies the research problem under the mixed uncertainty and utilizes the robust possibilistic stochastic method to cope with the uncertainty. On the other side, since configuring a supply chain is known as an NP-Hard problem, this research develops an enhanced particle swarm optimization algorithm to obtain optimal/near-optimal solutions in a reasonable time. Based on the achieved results, the developed algorithm can obtain high-quality solutions (i.e. solutions with zero or a very small gap from the optimal solution) in a reasonable amount of time. The achieved results demonstrate the negative impact of the enhancement of the demand on environmental damages and the total cost. Also, according to the outputs, by increasing the service level, the total cost and environmental impacts have increased by 41% and 10%, respectively. On the other hand, the results show that increasing the disrupted capacity parameters has led to a 17% increase in the total costs and a 7% increase in carbon emissions.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00521-022-07739-8.