Drainage Map Research Articles

Venous drainage map of the liver for complex hepatobiliary surgery and liver transplantation

BackgroundInflow and outflow patency of the liver parenchyma is required to maximize the metabolic function of the liver. However, the definition and distribution of hepatic venous drainage regions has yet to be reported. The aim of this study was to define major hepatic venous tributaries and investigate the mean drainage volume of each territory. MethodsThree-dimensional (3D) simulations from the livers of 100 healthy donors were reviewed for living donor liver transplantation to determine the distribution of the significant hepatic venous tributaries and the drainage patterns of each segment. ResultsThe left hepatic vein (LHV), middle hepatic vein (MHV), and right hepatic vein (RHV) contributed a mean drainage of 20.7%, 32.7%, and 39.6% of the entire liver, respectively. Accessory hepatic veins accounted for remaining 7.0%. The middle right hepatic vein (MRHV) and inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV) accounted for a mean total drainage of 8.0% and 10.6%, respectively, when they present. In addition, major tributaries of hepatic veins were clearly detected, and their typical distributions were described. ConclusionsKnowledge of hepatic venous territories is necessary for complex hepatobiliary surgery. This “venous drainage map” may provide useful information for complex liver surgery and transplantation.

Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds for Conservation Measures in a Semi Arid Watershed Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Abstract: Land and water resources development plans are generally adopted at watershed level. Delineation of watersheds and their prioritization within large river basins requires host of terrain parameters to be studied and analysed. Chopan watershed in Central India has been studied for sub-watershed delineation and prioritization based on drainage morphometry, land use/land cover and sediment yield index analysis using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The watershed was demarcated into five sub-watersheds on the basis of drainage flow directions, contour value, slope, elevation. Geocoded satellite data of 1989 and 2001 on 1:50 000 scale were visually interpreted to prepare land use/land cover and drainage maps which were later digitized using Arcview/ArcGIS. Linear and shape aspects of the sub-watersheds were computed and used for prioritization. The results show widespread variation in drainage characteristics, land cover changes and sediment yield rates across sub-watersheds. On the basis of morphometric, land use/land cover change and sediment yield index, sub-watersheds were grouped into low, medium and high priority. A correlation of results show that SW1 and SW5 are common sub-watersheds falling under high and low priority based on morphometric, land use change analysis and SYI. The priority list of sub-watersheds will be crucial for decision making and implementation of land and water resource conservation projects.

Stable isotopes and digital elevation models to study nutrient inputs in high-arctic lakes

Five major factors control nutrient and organic matter inputs in high-Arctic lakes, all potentially affected by climate change: ice cover; run-off from the watershed; aquatic and terrestrial primary productivity; guano deposition from birds. Quantifying these controls is a key first step to understand what combination of factors underlies the biological productivity in Arctic lakes and drives their ecological response to climate change. Based on C and N elemental content and stable isotope analysis in sediments belonging to three lakes in North Spitsbergen (Svalbard), Digital Elevation Models and drainage maps, we propose an integrated approach for the analysis of nutrient and organic matter inputs in lakes and the role of catchment hydro-geomorphology in determining inter-lake differences in the isotopic composition of sediments. Given its high run-off and large catchment, organic deposits in Tvillingvatnet were dominated by terrestrial inputs, whereas inputs were mainly of aquatic origin in Storvatnet, a lowland lake characterised by low potential run-off. In Kolhamna, organic deposits seemed to be dominated by inputs from birds. Isotopic signatures were similar between samples within each lake, representing precise tracers for studies on the effect of climate change on biogeochemical cycles in lakes. The presented approach proved to be an effective research pathway for the identification of factors underlying nutrient and organic matter inputs within each water body, as well as for the modelling of expected changes in nutrient content associated with changes in isotopic composition of sediments.

Morphometric Analysis of Abdan Basin, Almahfid Basement Rock, Yemen: using Remote Sensing and GIS

To achieve the morphometric analysis of Abdan basin, Survey of Yemen Geological Survey and Mineral Resources Board (YGSMRB) topomaps in 1:100000 scales are procured and the boundary line has been extracted by joining the ridge points. The drainage map is prepared with the help of GIS tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspects of the basin have been determined. For detailed study we used SRTM data for preparing DEM, elevation and slope map. GIS was used to estimate the linear, aerial and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The result indicate that the drainage area is 922.933 km 2 , perimeter 163.115 km, basin length 54.156 km, drainage texture 1.974, constant of channel maintenance 1.145, the stream frequency 0.349, drainage density 0.873, length over flow 0.572. Mean bifurcation ratio 4.355 so the drainage pattern has not been disturbed by structural disturbance. Form factor 0.315 and circulatory ratio 0.436 indicate that the basin is sub-circular to elongate in shape.

An Approach of Remote Sensing and GIS for the Delineation of Lineaments in the Suru Valley (Ladakh-Himalayas)

An attempt has been made to map a high resolution lineament map of Suru valley (Ladakh) using remote sensing and GIS technology. The study is helpful to establish a new approach and new data acquisition of the lineament mapping, and to compare this remote, inaccessible and lesser known part of the Suru Valley by using the remote sensing source data in association with the field study of the area. In this study, Landsat ETM, Landsat PAN, LISS III images and digital elevation model were used. Different edge enhancement techniques were applied on Landsat ETM and LISS III to better identify the lineaments using different filters while 3×3 edge enhancement filter, Laplacian filter and sobel filter are mostly used. The enhanced image was merged with the PAN image in order to differentiate between the artificial linear features such as roads, canals etc. and the lineaments. In all, 36 distinct linear features were identified and digitized their latitude, longitude and the direction was analyzed by rose diagram. By the analysis of these lineaments, it was found that all lineaments are in NW-SE direction The Drainage map of the study area, was digitized from the Landsat ETM image, and extracted from DEM’s by manual digitization and automatic extraction by different software’s which shows Dendritic drainage pattern indicating that the Valley is almost composed of uniform rock type. The mapping of these geological structures improves the existing knowledge about the distribution and direction of the Stress in the Suru Valley.

A note on the Hybrid Soil Moisture Deficit Model v2.0

Abstract The Hybrid Soil Moisture Deficit (HSMD) model has been used for a wide range of applications, including modelling of grassland productivity and utilisation, assessment of agricultural management opportunities such as slurry spreading, predicting nutrient emissions to the environment and risks of pathogen transfer to water. In the decade since its publication, various ad hoc modifications have been developed and the recent publication of the Irish Soil Information System has facilitated improved assessment of the spatial soil moisture dynamics. In this short note, we formally present a new version of the model (HSMD2.0), which includes two new soil drainage classes, as well as an optional module to account for the topographic wetness index at any location. In addition, we present a new Indicative Soil Drainage Map for Ireland, based on the Irish Soil Classification system, developed as part of the Irish Soil Information System.

Improving Low-Relief Coastal LiDAR DEMs with Hydro-Conditioning of Fine-Scale and Artificial Drainages

Improvements in Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology and spatial analysis of high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) have advanced the accuracy and diversity of applications for coastal hazards and natural resources management. This article presents a concise synthesis of LiDAR analysis for coastal flooding and management applications in low-relief coastal plains and a case study demonstration of a new, efficient drainage mapping algorithm. The impetus for these LiDAR applications follows historic flooding from Hurricane Floyd in 1999, after which the State of North Carolina and the Federal Emergency Management Agency undertook extensive LiDAR data acquisition and technological developments for high-resolution floodplain mapping. An efficient algorithm is outlined for hydro-conditioning bare earth LiDAR DEMs using available US Geological Survey National Hydrography Dataset canal and ditch vectors. The methodology is illustrated in Moyock, North Carolina, for refinement of hydro-conditioning by combines pre-existing bare earth DEMs with spatial analysis of LiDAR point clouds in segmented and buffered ditch and canal networks. The methodology produces improved maps of fine-scale drainage, reduced omission of areal flood inundation, and subwatershed delineations that typify heavily ditched and canalled drainage areas. These preliminary results illustrate the capability of the technique to improve the representation of ditches in DEMs as well as subsequent flow and inundation modeling that could spur further research on low-relief coastal LiDAR applications.

Assessment of groundwater level fluctuation by using remote sensing and GIS in West Bokaro coalfield, Jharkhand, India

West Bokaro coalfield is mostly affected by active mining industries and faces acute shortage of portable surface water and thus, people are very much dependent on groundwater. The objective of this paper is to assess the parameters which have significant impact on groundwater level fluctuation in West Bokaro coalfield by using remote sensing, GIS, and field-based water level data for two seasons. The objective is achieved by preparation of thematic maps of parameters which have significant impact on groundwater level fluctuation viz. geology, drainage map, soil map, slope map, and elevation map using digital elevation model and Survey of India Toposheet in GIS and analyzed with respect to field-collected groundwater level data to determine the overall water level situation of the study area. Based on results and discussion, it has been found that northwest, southwest, and central region of the study area show higher water level fluctuation (WLF) whereas northeast and southeast region have shown lower WLF. Thus, the study have shown that there is definite relationship of WLF with above-mentioned parameters which are physically related to slope and elevation, lithologically related to geology, texturally related to soil, and hydrologeologically related to drainage pattern.

Comparing GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making and Boolean logic modelling approaches for delineating groundwater recharge zones

Artificial groundwater recharge is a corrective measure for restoring the fast-depleting groundwater resources. This study, for the first time, employed and compared both the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) and Boolean logic modelling (BLM) approaches to delineate groundwater recharge zones in a hard-rock catchment of Udaipur, India. Thematic maps of geomorphology, soil, land use, ground elevation, percent slope, slope length, slope steepness, drainage density, transmissivity and groundwater fluctuation were prepared by using remote sensing and geographical information system. Suitable relative weights to variables and their classes were assigned depending upon their influence on groundwater recharge. The weights were normalized by MCDM technique to remove subjectivity. Thematic maps were integrated to delineate recharge zones. In BLM approach, decision rules were developed and AND operator was used to integrate the thematic maps to delineate recharge zones. It was found that 36.07 km2 (10 % of total area) and 30.55 km2 (9 % of total area) were rendered as suitable zone by the MCDM and BLM approaches, respectively. Two approaches were successfully validated based on net recharge estimates of 50 sites, and results were found in agreement and comparable to each other in 90 % area. Moreover, 29 favourable artificial recharge sites were identified in suitable recharge zone based on drainage map. Finally, the recharge sites were grouped into four clusters by using multivariate statistical analyses, which characterized the most influencing variables. These findings may be useful for decision-makers to formulate appropriate groundwater management strategies, and the approach may be well-opted in other hard-rock regions of the world especially in economically poor nations.

Identification of Potential Sites for Detention Ponds along the Vrishabhavathi River

Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Arkavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 360.620Km2, representing seasonally dry tropical climate. In Vrishabhavathi watershed Vrishabhavathi River is the main surface water source which is tributary of river Arkavathy, which joins the Cauvery River at a later stage. Earlier this surface water was mainly used for agricultural purpose and drinking purpose. The watershed lies in Bangalore urban and Bangalore rural area. The stream receives a lot of waste water released from industrial and domestic areas. The water is highly polluted and generates lot of foul smell in the flow stretch in urban region. An attempt has been made to identify the potential sites for detention ponds along the Vrishabhavathi River which will be used to maintain the acceptable water quality for sewage irrigation. For this analysis we need the thematic maps such as Base map, Drainage map, Land use /land cover map and Vrishabhavathi River geometry map. Remote sensing and GIS is useful to identify the sites for detention ponds along the river. By assigning the weights to point feature in Vrishabhavathi River geometry map, then calculating suitability indices potential sites for detention ponds are identified .The water stored in the detention ponds are continuously treated with minimum cost and allowed to flow in the downstream for further oxidation. At suitable location water can be used for sewage irrigation.

Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Deep Midland Aquifers Along Bharathapuzha River Basin, Kerala Using Geophysical Methods

The occurrence and movement of groundwater especially in fractured bedrock aquifers in a given area is governed by many factors viz., topography, lithology, geological structures, fracture density, aperture and connectivity, secondary porosity. The study is an attempt to delineate groundwater potential zones in deep midland aquifers along the Bharathapuzha river basin, Kerala, India. The study area (∼ 840 km2) is part of the Bharathapuzha river basin (10̊ 40′-10̊ 50′ N latitude and 76̊ 05′-76̊ 30′ E longitude), is mainly underlain by massive Charnockite/Charnockite gneiss type of rock formation. Vertical Electrical Sounding data collected from 66 locations was interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively to obtain layered resistivity parameters and potential fractured zones in the deep aquifer. Thematic maps of drainage, geology, geomorphology, slope and lineaments were prepared using toposheets and IRS P6 LISS III imagery. Slope map shows steeper slopes in the southern and northeastern part of the study area. Dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern is dominant in the area, is often controlled by lineaments and fault zones. Qualitative interpretation of vertical electrical sounding (VES) data shows multi-layered profiles in most of the locations (> 4 resistivity layers). Out of 66 VES curves, 24 nos. are 5 layered, 23 nos. are 6 layered, 17 are 7 layered and 2 are 4 layered. Resistivity of first layer varied from 11.9 Ωm (VES-37) to 8089 Ωm (VES-3) and thickness varied from 0.78 m (VES-37) to 4.79 m (VES-64). Resistivity of second layer varied from 35.3 Ωm (VES-3) to 11382 Ωm (VES-11) and thickness varied from 0.364 m (VES-11) to 11.3 m (VES-59). Bore wells of moderate to high yield tapping the deep aquifer zones are mainly located along lineament intersections.

TECNOLOGIA DA GEOINFORMAÇÃO APLICADA NO MAPEAMENTO DAS TERRAS À MECANIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA

This study aimed to map the lands of Paraiba state aimed at planning and environmental management. With SPRING 5.2.5 program was generated map of slope from altimetry data and using the key of interpretation for assessing the degree of restriction mechanization were classified parameters of soils and generated maps of texture, depth effective, stoniness, drainage and slope. The suitability map mechanization of land was obtained by crossing thematic maps using the language of LEGAL subprogram. The results showed that the classes of land suitability, mechanization had the following percentage distribution: Very High, with 0.44%, High with 2.06%, Moderate with 14.23%, Lower with 58.27%, Restricted with 23.63%, Inept with 0.88% and Special with 0.49%.

Spatial Analysis for Groundwater Potential Zones using GIS and Remote Sensing in the Tons Basin of Allahabad District, Uttar Pradesh, (India)

After the advent of modern techniques such as remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) there is a breakthrough in the field of groundwater research. When these two techniques integrated they provide a platform where delineation of groundwater potential can be done efficiently, which facilitate the proper management of this precious resource. In present paper the groundwater potential zones have been derived for entire basin of river Tons in Allahabad district (U.P) using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Various thematic layers such as base map, drainage map, counter map, geology map have been prepared using Arc GIS 9.3 software. These thematic layers have been integrated on GIS environment through assigning proper weight to various factors controlling occurrence of groundwater. As a result groundwater potential zones map obtained, classifies the study area into very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor zones.

Watershed prioritization of Palar sub-watershed based on the morphometric and land use analysis

Morphometric analysis is an indispensable tool for hydrological investigation that involves the development and management of drainage basin. This study characterizes the micro watersheds in the Palar sub-watershed using morphometric analysis and assesses its risk by land use and land cover features in a particular micro watershed. Palar sub-watershed is divided into 6 micro watersheds for prioritization based on morphometric and land use analysis. Several morphometric parameters (linear, shape and relief) are determined from the drainage map; ranks are assigned based on their capacity to induce erodability and degradation. Final ranking is based on the composite index calculated from the sum of the ranks of each morphometric parameter. Morphometric analysis reveals micro watersheds 5 and 6 as most susceptible and 2 and 3 as low susceptible. Land use is mapped using IRS ID LISS III satellite data. The risk in terms of watershed degradation involved to each micro watershed is based on the ranks of each land use feature, obtained from a similar composite index as that of morphometric analysis. Land use analysis shows that micro watersheds 2 and 4 fall under high priority category while 5 and 6 under low priority category. Integration of the morphometric and land use analysis shows that only micro watershed 1 falls under the same category in both analyses. Control measures are suggested to contain degradation depending on its specific land use pattern and morphometric features. This study can be used to prepare a comprehensive watershed plan for the development or for planning resource conservation strategies, by integrating land use features with the drainage characteristics of the region, in particular for a hill ecosystem as the prioritization is at micro level.

Digital mapping of a soil drainage index for irrigated enterprise suitability in Tasmania, Australia

An operational Digital Soil Assessment was developed to inform land suitability modelling in newly commissioned irrigation schemes in Tasmania, Australia. The Land Suitability model uses various soil parameters, along with other climate and terrain surfaces, to identify suitable areas for various agricultural enterprises for a combined 70 000-ha pilot project area in the Meander and Midlands Regions of Tasmania. An integral consideration for irrigable suitability is soil drainage. Quantitative measurement and mapping can be resource-intensive in time and associated costs, whereas more ‘traditional’ mapping approaches can be generalised, lacking the detail required for statistically validated products. The project was not sufficiently resourced to undertake replicated field-drainage measurements and relied on expert field drainage estimates at ~930 sites (260 of these for independent validation) to spatially predict soil drainage for both areas using various terrain-based and remotely sensed covariates, using three approaches: (a) decision tree spatial modelling of discrete drainage classes; (b) regression-tree spatial modelling of a continuous drainage index; (c) regression kriging (random-forests with residual-kriging) spatial modelling of a continuous drainage index. Method b was chosen as the best approach in terms of interpretation, and model training and validation, with a concordance coefficient of 0.86 and 0.57, respectively. A classified soil drainage map produced from the ‘index’ showed good agreement, with a linearly weighted kappa coefficient of 0.72 for training, and 0.37 for validation. The index mapping was incorporated into the overall land suitability model and proved an important consideration for the suitability of most enterprises.

Geomorphometric analysis of a hilly watershed in north east India

Morphometric analysis of a hilly watershed was carried out using GIS. The drainage map generated from the Survey of India toposheets was used for morphometric analysis of the watershed in terms of stream order, stream length, bifurcation ratio, relief ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, form factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, infiltration number and ruggedness number. The Um Shipra watershed is a fifth order watershed having dendritic drainage pattern with high drainage density (6.22 km.km−2). The logarithmic plot of the stream length versus stream order showed a linear relationship indicating the watershed has developed over a homogeneous rock material. The mean bifurcation ratio of 1.71 indicated absence of strong structural control on the drainage pattern and that the watershed was structurally less disturbed. The number of streams belonging to the order I, II, III, IV and V were found to be 327, 147, 78, 45 and 46 respectively. Lower values of form factor (0.19), circularity ratio (0.29) and elongation ratio (0.49) suggested that the watershed has elongated shape with lower peak flows for longer duration. The ruggedness number having relatively higher value implied that the area has rugged topography which is prone to soil erosion. Higher values of stream frequency and drainage density indicated that the watershed has high runoff potential despite having lower peak flow creating a good scope for surface water resource development. The results obtained can serve as a useful input for developing soil and water resources conservation and management plan on a watershed basis.

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF VRISHABHAVATHI WATERSHED USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Vrishabhavathi Watershed is a constituent of the Ar kavathi River Basin, Bangalore Urban and Ramanagara District and covers an area of 381.465Km 2 , representing seasonally dry tropical climate. To achieve the Morphometric analysis, Survey of Ind ia (SOI) topomaps in 1:50000 scales are procured and t he boundary line is extracted by joining the ridge points. This will serve as study area or area of interest for preparing base m ap and thematic maps. The recent changes are update d with the help of Remote sensing satellite data. The drainage map is prepare d with the help of Geographical Information System tool and morphometric parameters such as linear, aerial and relief aspect s of the watershed have been determined. These dime nsionless and dimensional parametric values are interpreted to understand the watershed characteristics. From the drainage map of the study area dendritic drainage pattern is identified. Strahler (1964) str eam ordering method is used for stream ordering of the watershed. The drainage density of the watershed is 1.697 km/km 2 .

Identification of groundwater prospects in the Khammam district

Water is our most precious natural resource. It is imperative need to human life and is a vital necessity for plant and animal life. Due to increase in population and industrial activities, water is gradually becoming a scarce commodity rather than a freely available natural resource. Even in areas where normally there is an abundant surface water supply through major, medium and minor irrigation projects, groundwater is playing an increasingly vital role in supplementing surface water. The primary objective of this paper is to identify groundwater prospects in Khammam district using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques. The present work involves creating a database both spatial and non-spatial with the help of Survey of India toposheet to a scale of 1:2, 50,000 and Remote Sensing imageries. Various thematic maps like base map, drainage map, slope map, soil map, hydrogeomorphology map, water table fluctuation map and landuse landcover maps are prepared. After integrating all thematic maps using Arc GIS 9.1 software, groundwater prospects map is generated for the study area.

Model prediction of soil drainage classes over a large area using a limited number of field samples: A case study in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada

Zhao, Z., Ashraf, M. I. and Meng, F.-R. 2013. Model prediction of soil drainage classes over a large area using a limited number of field samples: A case study in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 73–83. Soil drainage maps are frequently required for crop, forest, and environmental management. However, modelling soil drainage over a large area (>1000 km2) is difficult due to complex soil-forming processes, large spatial variations, and the limited number of field samples, which are often insufficient to reflect local variations. In this study, a two-stage approach was used to produce soil drainage maps over a large area (the province of Nova Scotia). In the first stage, an existing soil drainage model developed in a small watershed with a sufficient number of field samples that could represent local topography was adopted. As a comparison, an artificial neural network model was built and calibrated with 1545 field samples across the province of Nova Scotia. Both models were used d...

An Integrated Study on Sustainable Development of Groundwater Resources in Coastal Environs, Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh-A Watershed Approach

The study area, centered around the Madhurawada structural dome, lies in Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh State on the east coast of India. Covering 192 km 2 , the area consists of two non-perennial drainage basins of the Peddagedda River and Maddigedda rivulet. The average annual rainfall of the area ranges from 1000 to 1200 mm. There are about 50 surface water bodies of which eight are perennial. The population of the area in 2010 is estimated at 63,668. In this study, topographic maps, satellite images and geologic maps of the study area have been used to generate thematic maps of drainage, geomorphology, lineaments and land use/land cover. Cultivation is the major land use in the upper and lower reaches of the Peddagedda River whereas urban built-up occupies the watershed of Maddigedda rivulet. Twenty-four dug wells monitored during pre- and post-monsoon periods in 2010 revealed the area configuration of the water table. Analyses of these data in ArcGIS 9.2 environment helped to delineate zones with groundwater potential. Quality of groundwater revealing higher contents of hardness and fluoride in few villages have been affecting arthritis and mild gastrointestinal disorders as reported by Public Health Center. Following the guidelines of the Groundwater Estimation Committee-1997, studied available groundwater resources, current discharge and future requirements for the year 2025. The study area has been divided into run-off zones (about 57 km 2 ) and recharge zones (about 135 km 2 ) corresponding to hills and plains, respectively. The study area has total groundwater resources of 77,715,280 m 3 . The groundwater requirement in 2025 is estimated at 1,621 h.m/day. The study revealing surplus groundwater resources, population boom and recent developments have significant impact which leads to stress on groundwater. Keeping in view of this, drainage and geology were intersected and buffered to locate potential areas for artificial recharge of groundwater for sustainable occurrence to meet