Draft Amendment Research Articles

Fate and Transport of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds During Ground Water Recharge

Fate and Transport of Pharmaceuticals and Endocrine Disrupting Compounds During Ground Water Recharge

Survey of recent developments

Summary The economy continues along the general trajectory described in recent Surveys. Growth is picking up, led by consumption but restrained by investment. Inflation has fallen well below Bank Indonesia's current target rate. Most interest rates have followed suit, including key lending rates. Bank lending has been expanding at around 20% p.a. for the past year or so, and international portfolio investors are again interested in Indonesia. But a scare in the mutual funds industry and scandals at two state banks remind that trouble still simmers just below the surface in the financial sector. Fiscal policy continues its conservative stance. The government is likely to have achieved its 2003 deficit target, and the budget for 2004 envisages further narrowing of the deficit. Still, the deadline for achieving a modest budgetary surplus has slipped two years, to 2006. Draft amendments to the income tax law foreshadow a probable reduction in corporate tax rates, increases in personal rates, and removal of certain key exemptions. Proposed administrative changes would give tax officials significantly greater powers of investigation and prosecution; observers foresee increased scope for extortion by unscrupulous officials. Monetary policy has become increasingly expansionary, given the central bank's desire to support economic recovery and its success in driving inflation down. This is reflected in quite rapid base money growth and sharp falls in policy interest rates, notwithstanding some efforts by Bank Indonesia to slow their decline. Trade policy has been dominated by increasing signs of resurgent protectionism, including a shift away from a transparent tariff regime to rent-generating systems of licensing. On the political front, opinion polls in advance of the national elections suggest a considerable shift in the parliament, away from PDI-P in favour of Golkar. The size of this shift will be critical in determining the choice of candidates for the subsequent presidential elections. At present, Megawati Sukarnoputri remains the front-runner, but almost any combination of major parties could still form a coalition and make a credible run at the presidency. With elections looming, little further progress can be expected on the economic policy front in 2004. In these circumstances, the focus for progress shifts to a politically independent Bank Indonesia. With strong policies in its areas of responsi-bility—inflation, monetary policy and financial sector development—further progress is achievable even during an election year. This would lay a solid foundation for robust economic recovery, hopefully policy driven by the next administration.

A format-compliant configurable encryption framework for access control of video

We introduce new methods of performing selective encryption and spatial/frequency shuffling of compressed digital content that maintain syntax compliance after content has been secured. The tools described have been proposed to the MPEG-4 Intellectual Property Management and Protection (IPMP) standardization group and have been adopted into the MPEG-4 IPMP Final Proposed Draft Amendment (FPDAM). We describe the application of the new methods to the protection of MPEG-4 video content in the wireless environment, and illustrate how they are used to leverage established encryption algorithms for the protection of only the information fields in the bitstream that are critical to the reconstructed video quality, while maintaining compliance to the syntax of MPEG-4 video, and thereby reduces the amount of data to be encrypted and guarantees the inheritance of many of the good properties of the unprotected bitstreams that have been carefully studied and built, such as error resiliency and network friendliness. The encrypted content bitstream works with many existing random access, network bandwidth adaptation, and error control techniques that have been developed for standard-compliant compressed video, thus making it especially suitable for wireless multimedia applications. Standard compliance also allows subsequent signal processing techniques to be applied to the encrypted bitstream.

Amendments to the Center for Devices and Radiological Health federal performance standard for laser products.

Federal law requires that all laser products that are imported into or introduced into commerce in the United States comply with the performance standard published in the Code of Federal Regulations (CRF), Title 21, Parts 1040.10 and 1040.11, administered by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), US Food and Drug Administration. Although it contains somewhat different requirements for hazard classification, engineering controls and labeling, the ANSI Z136.1 standard defers to the CDRH standard. The CDRH standard became effective in August, 1976 and was amended, in 1978 and also in 1985. In the early 1990s, US experts met to formulate an approach to bring the requirements of the CDRH standard and those of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, IEC 825, into closer agreement in order to lower barriers to international trade and to remove any excessive compliance burdens on manufacturers. In 1993, the CDRH published, formally in the Federal Register and informally, a Notice of Intent to amend the CDRH standard. Responses to those notices have now been analyzed and informal draft amendments were distributed in 1996. This draft is now being prepared for formal issuance as a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Meanwhile, the IEC standard was amended in 1993 and republished as IEC 825-1; these amendments created considerable controversy since they resulted in over classification of the hazard of many products, especially light emitting diodes (LEDs) that have a large divergence and increased source dimensions. Additional amendments are now being developed to correct this problem. The CDRH has carefully monitored developments in the IEC and actively participated in its proceedings as a guide in developing its own proposal. This paper describes the major changes that are being proposed for the CDRH standard and presents some rationale for the major changes. The more significant changes include expansion of applicability to include LEDs, reduced emission durations for classification, revised measurement for hazard classification, reduced performance requirements for lower power visible radiation products, and revised requirements for medical products.

Interim Relief Pursuant to Institutional Rules Under the English Arbitration Act 1996

Does the Arbitration Act 1996 (hereafter referred to as ‘the Act’) allow an arbitral tribunal in England to grant interim relief during the course of an arbitration? In particular, can it grant interim injunctive relief? The answer to both questions is yes, but the power is not automatic. Further, the Act deals with interim relief in a way which raises issues for anyone drafting arbitration clauses or institutional arbitration rules. The rules of two of the most important international arbitral institutions have been updated (the ICC Rules have been finalised and the LCIA Rules are in final draft). Both the LCIA and the ICC have produced draft amendments which will be implemented on 1 January 1998. Both sets of amendments incorporate new provisions for interim relief. This note discusses the application of the Act to those rules in the context of interim relief, and concludes that issues will arise in relation to interim relief in England under the different rules, which parties may wish to address in their agreements to arbitrate.

Polityka karna w sprawach o wykroczenia w początkach lat dziewięćdziesiątych

Polityka karna w sprawach o wykroczenia w początkach lat dziewięćdziesiątych

Taiwan: reform at a snail's pace

This article provides a descriptive overview of Taiwan's telecommunication sector and recent developments in telecommunications policy. If focuses in particular on the growth of VANs and the legal and regulatory problems they pose in Taiwan's still predominantly monpolistic environment. To resolve these problems and to further promote the development of the communication and information services sector, the Taiwan government has proposed draft amendments to the current telecommunications laws. The author shows that the draft amendments constitute a big step back from the goal of industry liberalization as originally conceived. The author also examines the relationship between Taiwan and mainland China in the telecommunication sphere, and shows that the government's continuing monopoly on basic telecommunication service constitutes an obstacle to direct communication links.

Computer graphics metafile standard — an update

The Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) is the International Standards Organisation standard that defines the functionality and encoding for pictures stored on computer systems. First published in 1987 as a relatively simple standard, it has since been subject to, and continues to undergo, revision so that its facilities may be developed and extended to support applications. The paper lists and explains the extensions to the standard provided in Amendment 1 and Draft Amendment 3.

An Update on Some Deductions, Credits and Incentives in the Oil and Gas Industry

This paper considers various deductions, credits and incentives available under the Income Tax Act. CEDIP and the Canadian Exploration Incentive Program to those participating in the oil and gas industry. Since this paper was written in May 1988. the draft amendments to the Income Tax Act released on April 13. 1988 and discussed in this paper, have been enacted by S.C. 1988. c. 55.

Parental leave–time for action?

Abstract In February 1981 the European Parliament in a resolution on the position of women in the European Communities recommended some action towards securing rights to parental leave and leave for family reasons.1 The new Community action programme on the promotion of equal opportunities for women accordingly provides2 that the Commission “will draft a Community legal instrument to promote parental leave and leave for family reasons while maintaining and extending existing public childcare facilities and services.” As a result the draft directive on Parental Leave and Leave for Family Reasons was published late in 1983.3 This was followed by an amended draft in late 1984.4

Recent Developments in Federal Taxation of Interest to the Resource Industries

This paper considers certain aspects of the proposed legislative changes to the Income Tax Act (Canada) and the Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax Cut set out in the January 30, 1985 and May 9, 1985 Notices of Ways and Means Motions, the Western Accord and the federal budget of May 23, 1985 which may be of interest to advisers to the oil and gas industry. Certain of these changes have been incorporated in Bill C-72, which was passed October 29, 1985, and draft amendments to the Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax Act released September 16, 1985.

The International Court of Justice's “natural prolongation” and the continental shelf problem of islands

Attempts at the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea at Geneva in 1958 to define the legal characteristics of islands for the purpose of delimiting continental shelf boundaries proved abortive, despite the presentation of several proposals and draft amendments to the relevant provision of the International Law Commission's 1956 Draft Articles Concerning the Law of the Sea. One difficulty the Fourth Committee faced arose from its formalistic approach. It seemed reluctant to look behind the word “islands”, and appraise different categories of islands differently. A prime example of the confusion this nominalism caused is to be found in the report of Mr. Gihl's intervention in this regard. He reasoned about offshore and coastal islands on a single continental shelf with the mainland coast in terms of islands “having a continental shelf of their own”.

Voter Turnout and the Meaning of Elections in South Korea

A x rapid succession of events in South Korea is recent months has confounded many outside observers of political scene.' Why was martial law declared on October 19, 1972? Why constitutional amendments? What are prospects in North-South negotiations for unification of country? Since division of Korea in 1945 and resultant War, both sides have been uncompromising in their hostility. In his address to nation on October 27, 1972 announcing the draft amendments to Constitution, South Korea's President Park Chung-hee stated: Today Extraordinary State Council has deliberated and adopted draft amendments to Constitution with firm determination to bring about national stability, prosperity and unification which all of our people are so ardently desiring, and we take this occasion to announce them to At this moment, President Park continued, I sincerely pray that democracy, which best suits our situation, will take root promptly in this land and contribute to establishment of a proper constitutional order... .2 President Park's statement is ambivalent to say least. He mentions Korean democracy. He emphasizes national stability and prosperity. He underlines theme of unification as desire of all people. His very action of imposing martial law and bringing about constitutional amendments, however, amounts to emasculation of earlier constitution which he himself helped formulate and by which he was elected president of Third Republic in 1963. Whether result is economic prosperity or chaos, political stability or instability, and unification or no unification, President Park-under new constitutional framework-could make himself a lifetime president accountable to a non-partisan National Conference for Unification. Korea's democratic experiment is on trial. As a matter of fact, one could argue that

Warsaw Convention: The 1971 Protocol of Guatemala City

The Warsaw Convention (1929) was amended for the first time by the Protocol signed at The Hague on September 28, 1955.1 The latter increased the limit of liability of international air carriers by 100 percent to $16,600 (250,000 francs Poincare), modified the articles relating to the notice to be inserted in the ticket and the baggage check, and redefined the acts of willful misconduct which prevent the carrier from invoking the limitation of liability. The U.S. signed The Hague Protocol, which came into force on August 2, 1963, but never ratified it because it considered the new liability limit too low.2 Instead, the U.S. on November 15, 1966 gave notice of denunciation3 of the Warsaw Convention, effective from May 15, 1966. This, in turn, led to the so-called Montreal Agreement and later to the famous Order of the U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board implementing an interim whereby passengers on participating carriers going to, from, or stopping in, the U.S. are subject to a limit of liability of $58,000 (or $75,000 inclusive of legal fees) regardless of fault on the part of the air carrier. This arrangement was generally assumed to be an emergency measure, pending formal amendment of the Warsaw Convention. The U.S. agreed to withdraw their denunciation of the convention, but pressed for an even higher liability limit in case of death or personal injury, first of $100,000 and finally in the order of $200,000 to $300,000. After a series of unsuccessful meetings held under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization,5 the Legal Committee of ICAO at its session in 1970 produced draft amendments which became the basis for the Diplomatic Conference held at Guatemala City March 3-17, 1971.

Food and Agriculture Organization

The 27th session of the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from October 31 to November 1, 1957. In considering the provisional agenda for the ninth session of the FAO Conference/ the Council recommended a number of amendments and a rearrangement of certain items in the Director-General's program for work for 1958–1959. The Council approved various reports for submission to the Conference: that of the subcommittee on rules of procedure and financial regulations, containing proposed draft amendments to the constitution; that of the 29th session of the committee on commodity problems; and that of the 24th session of the committee on financial control.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

The thirtieth session of the Executive Board of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization met at UNESCO House in Paris from May 26 to June 6, 1952. The board approved a provisional agenda for the seventh session of the UNESCO General Conference, which was scheduled to open on November 12, as well as proposals concerning the organization of its work. The board decided that the fourth meeting of representatives of national commissions should be held on November 8 and 10 and December 11, and approved the Director-General's proposals regarding the agenda for this meeting. Draft amendments to the rules of procedure of the General Conference, to the financial regulations, and to the directives concerning relations with international non-governmental organizations, necessitated by adoption of the system of biennial sessions of the General Conference, were approved.

Hungary at the Conference of Paris: Papers and Documents Relating to the Czechoslovak Draft Amendment Concerning the Transfer of 200,000 Hungarians from Czechoslovakia to Hungary. Zoltan Baranyai , George Heltai , Alexander Vajlok , Stephen Revay , Arpad Snyder , Zoltan Viragh , Francis Kemeny , Stephen Kertesz

<i>Hungary at the Conference of Paris: Papers and Documents Relating to the Czechoslovak Draft Amendment Concerning the Transfer of 200,000 Hungarians from Czechoslovakia to Hungary</i>. Zoltan Baranyai , George Heltai , Alexander Vajlok , Stephen Revay , Arpad Snyder , Zoltan Viragh , Francis Kemeny , Stephen Kertesz

The Problem of South Slesvig, Austria's International Position: The Case For a Treaty For the Re-Establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria, The Polish Eastern Territories and Their Importance to Poland and Europe, East Prussia, On the Situation in Berlin, Asia Awake: Inaugural Number of United Asia, International Journal of Asian Affairs, Birth-Pangs of New Kashmir, India's Leading Commercial Problems,

The Problem of South Slesvig, Austria's International Position: The Case For a Treaty For the Re-Establishment of an Independent and Democratic Austria, The Polish Eastern Territories and Their Importance to Poland and Europe, East Prussia, On the Situation in Berlin, Asia Awake: Inaugural Number of United Asia, International Journal of Asian Affairs, Birth-Pangs of New Kashmir, India's Leading Commercial Problems,

The Amended Draft Bill

The Amended Draft Bill