DPPH Technique Research Articles

DPPH Screening in Mentha and Guggul Plant Different Extract

Free radicals are extremely reactive atoms or molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons on their outer orbital and have the potential to harm biological cells. The human body naturally creates antioxidants to combat free radicals, but because oxidative stress and aging cause more free radicals to develop, an exogenous antioxidant is required. The Plantae family has a lot of potential as a source of exogenous antioxidants because it is the largest family in the plant world. The goal of this study was to ascertain the antioxidant properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of mentha and guggul leaves, respectively. The DPPH technique was used to measure antioxidant activity, and the findings were noted for further study.

DPPH Screening in Mentha and Guggul Plant Different Extract

Free radicals are extremely reactive atoms or molecules that have one or more unpaired electrons on their outer orbital and have the potential to harm biological cells. The human body naturally creates antioxidants to combat free radicals, but because oxidative stress and aging cause more free radicals to develop, an exogenous antioxidant is required. The Plantae family has a lot of potential as a source of exogenous antioxidants because it is the largest family in the plant world. The goal of this study was to ascertain the antioxidant properties of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of mentha and guggul leaves, respectively. The DPPH technique was used to measure antioxidant activity, and the findings were noted for further study.

Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Bacteria isolated from (Pyrrosia piloselloides) (L) M.G. Price

Endophytic bacteria produced analogous secondary metabolites of their hosts. Similarly, the ability to generate antioxidants is not an exception. Dragon scales (Pyrrosia piloselloides), an epiphytic plant of the Polypodiaceae family, are frequently overlooked. This research aims to isolate antioxidant-producing bacteria from dragon-scale fern leaves. The antioxidant activities were tested after the extraction procedure using ethanolic extract. Bacteria were characterized and selected as candidates for antioxidant production by screening for the production of total phenolic compounds. Antioxidant levels were determined utilizing the ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH techniques. The preliminary findings of the entire phenolic compound test revealed that isolates B2, B3, C, and F produced the most phenolic compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was created by bacterial isolates B3. Bacterial isolates D1 have similar characteristics to B3 and it has been identified as Bacillus subtilis isolates D1AS. The assessment technique and extract dosages have the greatest effect on antioxidant concentration. In comparison to other approaches, the DPPH method yields considerable results when screening prospective isolates to manufacture antioxidants. Testing the ability of the results of bacterial extracts on other therapeutic effects needs to be done to ensure that the antioxidant abilities obtained in this study continue to be developed.

Analisis Mutu Fisik dan Kimia serta Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Teh Cascara dari Kulit Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica L.) Asal Papua

Several important chemical components are still present in coffee skin, although they have not yet been put to much use. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical quality as well as the antioxidant activities of cascara tea, which is produced from the skin of Papuan arabica coffee. Coffee skins are gathered by The Highland Roastery Café from several Papuan coffee producers. Cascara is used to make tea, which is packaged in tea bags after being sun-dried. The analysis of physical and chemical quality is in accordance with SNI 3753: 2014. Physical and chemical quality parameters for tea include the condition of the steeping water, moisture content, ash content, crude fiber, phytochemicals, polyphenols, and caffeine levels. It is possible to measure antioxidant activity using the DPPH technique. The physical and chemical characteristics of cascara tea manufactured from Papuan arabica coffee skins are as follows: typical brewing water conditions, moisture content, total ash content, and crude fiber are all 13.00 ± 0.11%, 10.96 ± 0.12%, and 40.55 ± 0.14%, respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that cascara tea contains alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and polyphenols, with a total polyphenol content of 1.33 ± 0.05% and caffeine of 0.44 ± 0.05%. Cascara Papua tea exhibits strong levels of antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 13.96 ppm. Therefore, it can be concluded that cascara tea, which is made from arabica coffee skins from Papua and sun-dried, has a physical and chemical quality that complies with the standards. and can be used as an antioxidant beverage to increase endurance. Key words: cascara; coffee skin; arabica coffee; physical and chemical quality; antioxidant.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Flaxseed Extract and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

Bioactive plant chemicals are considered to be rich and useful for creating nanomaterials. The current work investigated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ethanolic flaxseed extract as an efficient reducing factor. The production of AgNPs was verified by color-shifting observation of the mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3) from yellow to a reddish suspension after the addition of the extract and by evaluating it by UV–visible inspection. Additionally, FTIR spectrum was used to support the identification of functional groups. The morphology and structure of AgNPs were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations, which revealed spherical AgNPs with a diameter of 46.98 ± 12.45 nm and a crystalline structure. The zeta potential (ZP) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements of AgNPs revealed values of −44.5 mV and 231.8 nm, respectively, suggesting appropriate physical stability. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was investigated against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, while the antioxidant effect was investigated using the DPPH technique. These obtained AgNPs could potentially be used as efficient antibacterial and antioxidant nanomaterials.

Synthesis, molecular modeling and antioxidant activity of new thiadiazolyl-triazole analogues

The synthetic protocol of our targeted thiadiazolyl-triazole hybrids is initiated by production of the precursor thiadiazolyl-triazole compound 4 by heterocyclizing 2-((1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)amino)-2-oxo-N-phenylacetohydrazonoyl cyanide (3) with hydrazine hydrate. The precursor 4 was utilized for the preparation of the thiazolidinylidene thiadiazolyl-triazole analogues 6 and 7 through chloroacetylation followed by cyclization with ammonium thiocyanate. The DFT quantum chemical calculations were utilized in the determination of the frontier molecular orbitals energies and Fukui’s indices. The data showed that they have a low HOMO-LUMO energy gap ranging from 1.95 to 3.13 eV, for 7c and 5, respectively. The newly synthesized thiadiazole-triazole analogues were screened for antioxidant activity using the DPPH technique. In comparison to Vitamin C and BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) as controls, the analogues 5 and 7a-c demonstrated the highest inhibitions through IC50 values ranging from 22.63 to 31.71 µg/mL. Moreover, the molecular docking study of the produced thiadiazolyl-triazole analogues employ protein (PDB ID: 1HD2). The docking results were agreeable and established with the findings of the antioxidant examination.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, electrochemical studies of pesticide and biological evaluation of transition metal complexes of azo dye derived from substituted phenyl pyrazole

Diazotization of p-nitro aniline followed by coupling with 3-methyl-1-phenyl pyrazole to procure biologically active azo-dye ligand 3-methyl-4-[(E)-(4-nitrophenyl) diazenyl]-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ol (NDP) and also the array of transition metal complexes of aforementioned azo-dye ligand has been carried off along with the use of metal complex to detect pesticides electrochemically. Structural verification of synthesized compounds was carried out via 1H and 13C NMR along with the percentage of C,H,N, molecular weights, Infra-red, UV-Visible spectra and molar conductance of ligand and its complexes was observed. Also TGA, P-XRD and CV measurements were noted. An antimicrobial potency was evaluated by well diffusion method and antioxidant efficacy by DPPH technique. Molecular docking studies was used and MTT tests were conducted on MCF-7 and Hela cell lines to investigate anticancer potency. Upon utilizing physical and spectroscopic techniques to characterize the novel azo-dye ligand and its transition coordinated compounds justified the bi-dentate nature of ligand. Further CV measurements showed that the synthesized Co(II) complex exhibited excellent electrocatalysis properties for the electrochemical sensing of pesticide(Ammonium salt of glyphosate 71% SG) with wider linear range of 0.1 μM–0.8 μM and detection limit 0.033 μM. Mn(II) and Co(II) complex displayed good anti-microbial activity along with cytotoxic potency whereas Co(II) and Cu(II) compounds indicated good anti-oxidant activity. Thus, NDP and its complexes being structurally supported via spectral data and CV studies affirms that Co(II) is strongly useful in detecting pesticide. And lastly it was found that all metal complexes have admirable bioefficacy when compared to ligand.

Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Detection of Glucose and H2O2, Molecular Docking and Biological Inspection of Transition Metal Complexes of Novel Ligand 2-[(5-methyl-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetohydrazide

A renowned pharmacophore and structure of great relevance to various fields, benzoxazole is a prominent member of the heterocyclic family. Aside from that, metal complexes can enhance the drug action and efficacy of the organic therapeutic agent. These insights led us to conduct research, including synthesizing and characterizing benzoxazole-derived ligand and metal complexes, assessing their pharmacological properties, and the potential use of the metal complex as a biosensor for sensing glucose and H2O2. The novel ligand MBA and its transition metal complexes are synthesized and characterized for their geometrical composition by varied physical and spectroscopic procedures. Antimicrobial potency was measured by the well diffusion method and antioxidant levels by the DPPH technique. A molecular docking study and MTTtest were carried out to assess anticancer activity for MCF-7 and Hela cell lines. The study results show that MBA bear bidentate coordination and octahedral geometry are ideal for the coordination of metals. The Co(II)MBA/GCE sensor demonstrated astounding electrochemical activity for glucose, and H2O2 and Ni(II) and Cu(II) compounds had impressive antimicrobial and cytotoxic potency, whereas Co(II) and Ni(II) complex were stronger antioxidant agents.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of four different extracts derived from the aerial parts of Chiliadenus iphinoides

Chiliadenus iphinoides is a Mediterranean basin plant and utilized in traditional medicine in Palestine. Thus, the aim was to investigate, for the first time, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of C. iphinoides gathered from Jenin-Palestine. The DPPH technique was used to measure antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was tested employing broth microdilution and agar-well diffusion methods. Anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities were evaluated utilizing colorimetric methods. Aqueous, methanol, acetone and hexane extracts and trolox exhibited antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 5.2, 7.5, 4.2, 218 and 0.8 μg/ml, respectively. Acetone extracts had the most potent and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity followed by hexane and then methanol extracts, while aqueous extracts had no effect except against S. sonnei. Both hexane and acetone extracts had strong anti-proliferative effects followed by methanol extracts. Caspase-3 activity was induced by hexane extract 2 folds, similar to doxorubicin effect, a chemotherapeutic medicine. In the current study we demonstrated that acetone and hexane extracts possessed a strong antiproliferative property compared to methanol extract. Thiswas mediated via apoptosis; suggesting that they represent an attractive source of bioactive anticancer molecules. Acetone, hexane and methanol extracts possess broad spectrum antimicrobial effects. Acetone, aqueous and methanol extracts have strong antioxidant effects. Interestingly, aqueous extract is a potential safe source of antioxidant agents and natural preservatives instead of chemical preservatives in pharmaceutical and food products. However, it is necessary to validate these findings in vivo in the future.

Evaluation of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from four agro-industrial residues after different pretreatments

Agro-industrial wastes are not of interest to the industry that generated them; however, they can be used for the extraction of high value-added compounds. Compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity can be recovered from residues generated by different industries. Jalisco is a large agri-food producer therefore resides generated by established or growing industries in the state were selected. However, the extraction of the compounds of interest from residues cannot be carried out directly, they must be subjected to different treatments that break the matrices to release the components of interest and increase the extraction yield. In this study, aqueous, enzymatic, chemical-enzymatic and ethanolic extractions were used to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity of the extracts. As residues, agave bagasse and brewers spent grain were evaluated, as well as blackberry and raspberry, both showing the first stages of spoilage. For the evaluation of antioxidant capacity ABTS and DPPH techniques were used. The antimicrobial capacity was evaluated by observing the inhibition halo caused by the extracts, and the inhibition percentage using different concentrations of the extracts, with three Gram-positive bacteria, three Gram-negative bacteria and three yeasts. The techniques used for the recovery of compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity were adequate, and it was possible to observe differences between pretreatments for the different residues. It should be mentioned that inhibition was observed in the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using low concentrations (10% of extracts).

Radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of diarylheptanoids and steroids from Etlingera calophrys rhizome

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEtlingera calophrys (Zingiberaceae) is endemic in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and has been used in culinary as a condiment. Up till now, reports on the phytochemistry as well as the pharmacological properties of this plant is still scarce. This study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents and biological activities of E. calophrys rhizome. MethodsThe compounds were isolated and purified from the methanol extract of the rhizome using several chromatographic techniques and the chemical structures were identified using NMR. Radical scavenging activity was done using DPPH technique, while antimicrobial activity was performed using microdilution method against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus mutans), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica), and a Gram-positive fungus (Candida albicans). In addition, docking study of isolated compounds was also performed. ResultsNine compounds were isolated from E. calophrys and classified as diarylheptanoids and steroids. These compounds showed scavenging activity with IC50 ranging from 25.1 to 398.2 μg/mL. The methanol extract was found to have antibacterial properties against B. subtilis, E. coli, and S. enterica with MIC values of 512, 256, and 128 μg/mL, respectively. Three diarylheptanoids (7–9) exhibited moderate antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with MIC up to 8 μg/mL. Molecular docking analysis against xanthine oxidase showed that yakuchinone B (9) was capable of attaining similar interactions with native ligand (HPA) while acquiring much more negative XP docking score, which is in accordance with the present experimental antiradical activity. ConclusionsDiarylhepatonoids 7–9 isolated from E. calophyrs exhibited scavenging and antimicrobial activities against several bacteria. One of diarylhepatanoids also showed inhibition of xanthin oxidase activity in silico.

Lantana undulata Schrank – A New Source of Biological Potential in the Verbenaceae Family

Background : The presence of condensed tannins, flavonones, flavonols, flavones, xantones, catechins and alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Lantana undulata leaves has been associated with cytotoxicity and virucidal effect on suid herpesvirus. Objective: To evaluate cellular toxicity, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and anti-phlogistic property of the ethanolic extract leaves of Lantana undulata, a plant from the Verbenaceae family. Method: Cytotoxicity was evaluated on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells and erythrocytes and through leukocyte DNA damage. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were performed using the agar diffusion technique and broth microdilution. The inhibition percentage and viral inhibition index were established against bovine herpesvirus. The antioxidant effect (EC50) was determined by the DPPH technique and the mouse ear edema model was used to determine the anti-phlogistic activity. Results: The maximum nontoxic concentration for MDBK cells was 650 μg/ml. The ethanolic extract of L. undulata was considered non-hemolytic from 2 to 16 μg/ml and not genotoxic at the concentration tested (<8 μg/ml). High concentrations (3500 μg/ml) were needed to inhibit bacteria and yeasts, and the action of the extract was bacteriostatic or fungistatic. The IIV was of 0.37 and the IP was of 57.34% against bovine herpesvirus. The antioxidant EC50 was 540.87 μg/ml and the reduction of oedema occurred at 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg in the mouse model used. Conclusion: Although the ethanolic extract of L. undulataleaves showed to be potentially toxic and to have a reduced spectrum of action on microorganisms, the outstanding antiphlogistic action puts the therapeutic potential of this plant into perspective.

Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies for New Schiff Base Complexes derived from 4-Bromo-O-toluidine

In this article, new Schiff base ligand LH-prepared Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) materials were analyzed using spectroscopy (1 Metal: 2 LH). The ligand was identified using techniques such as FTIR, UV-vis, 1H-13C-NMR, and mass spectra, and their complexes were identified using CHN microanalysis, UV-vis and FTIR spectral studies, atomic absorption, chloride content, molar conductivity measurements, and magnetic susceptibility. According to the measurements, the ligand was bound to the divalent metal ions as a bidentate through oxygen and nitrogen atoms. The complexes that were created had microbicide activity against two different bacterial species and one type of fungus. DPPH techniques were being used to test the ligand and its complexes for antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Glycoside Extract of Solanum Betaceum on the Kidney of Wistar Rats

Flavonoid glycosides are a type of secondary metabolite that is one of the active chemicals in plants. The antioxidant efficacy of solanum betaceum flavonoid glycosides extract on malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity in Wistar rat kidneys with maximum physical activity is the focus of this investigation. The DPPH technique was used to conduct an in vitro activity test. The in vivo test includes four treatment groups: control, stress, ethanol extract, and flavonoid glycoside extract group. Swimming almost one and a half hours every day for five days and being fed and drinking ad libitum is the treatment for stress conditions. Ethanol and flavonoids glycosides extract were given at doses of 50 mg/kg/BW/day respectively. In vitro test result with DPPH technique glycoside flavonoid extract was categorized as a strong antioxidant with an IC50 of 69.89 ppm. The intake of ethanol extract and flavonoid glycoside extract at a dose of 50 mg / Kg BW significantly lower MDA levels (p < 0.05), and can prevent oxidative stress through SOD in Wistar rat kidneys.

Molecular modeling of new thiazolyl-thiophene based compounds as antioxidant agents

The targeted N-(thiazol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives 4–9 were synthesized based on heterocyclization of the functionalized thiocarbamoyl precursors 1 and 2 with 2-chloroacetamido-thiazole (3). The synthesized compounds were studied using DFT/B3LYP level to explore their structural and electronic properties. The frontier molecular orbital, HOMO and LUMO, showed that HOMO was consisted mainly of heteroatoms non-bonding lone pairs of electrons and the π-orbitals of the phenyl and thiophene rings with minor contribution from the thiazole nucleus of the non-bonding lone pairs. Furthermore, the investigated compounds had low energy gap (ΔEH-L), 1.64–2.62 eV, with the derivatives 7 and 4 having lowest and highest gap, respectively. The synthesized compounds exhibited good NLO properties due to their lower charge transfer resistance. The antioxidant activity for the synthesized thiazolyl-thiophene hybrids showed rational antioxidant effectiveness over DPPH technique. The results showed that hybrids 5, 7 and 9 exhibited respectable antioxidant with IC50 values (32.26±0.07, 27.31±0.23 and 23.17±0.36), respectively. However, thiazolyl-thiophene hybrids 4, 6 and 8 were shown tolerable IC50 values (43.28±0.14, 35.36±0.11 and 37.52±0.04), respectively against both of BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) and Ascorbic acid as references. The molecular docking estimation was also used on the generated thiazolyl-thiophene hybrids (PDB Code- 3OXI). The hybrids 4, 6 and 8 demonstrated a high binding affinity for the 3OXI amino acids. The docking results were satisfactory, and they mirrored the findings of the antioxidant study.

Comparative In-vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Miliusa tomentosa

Green medicine, the drugs derived from plants attained a wide spread interest, as believed to be safe and dependable, compared with costly synthetic drugs that have adverse effects. The present study aimed to analyze a comparative in vitro free radical scavenging and antimicrobial potentials of leaf hydroalcoholic extract fractions of Miliusatomentosa (Roxb.) J. Sinclair (M. tomentosa, Annonaceae) commonly known as hoom, kari.It is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 20 m tall and are given to children to cure the weakness in summer. The hydroalcoholicextract of leaves of M. tomentosa was studied for antioxidant activity on different in vitro models namely 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging method. Agar well diffusion method has been used to determine the antimicrobial activities of plant extracts against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella Bongori,Propionibacterium acnes), and fungus (Aspergillusflavus). In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, M. tomentosa leaves extract had an IC50 value of 335.92g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68g/ml). The IC50 value for hydrogen peroxide was determined to be 96.42g/ml, which compares favourably to ascorbic acid (IC50=36.61g/ml). The IC50 value for nitric oxide was 105.87g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=24.63g/ml). The extracts exhibited both antibacterial and antifungal activities against tested microorganisms using standardampicilin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin and fluconazole (10-30μg/ml). The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition in term of millimeter (mm). The antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves against all microorganisms was concentration dependent but less than standard drug. On the basis of results obtained, it is suggested that both M. tomentosa leaves extracts may be a potential source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial compounds to be used in the treatment of various oxidative disorders, infectious diseases caused by resistant microorganisms.

Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Viola odorata Linn

Bioactive chemicals found in medicinal plants are used to treat a variety of human ailments and serve a vital part in healing. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, saponin, steroids, and tannins are examples of secondary components. Anticancer, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anti-diuretic, and anti-inflammation properties are all found in medicinal plants. The growing interest in secondary metabolites' significant biological action has highlighted the need of assessing their presence in therapeutic plants. Viola odorata (Viola odorata, Violaceae) is a Viola species native to Europe and Asia that has recently been introduced to North America and Australasia. In India, the plant is known as Banafsa, Banafsha, or Banaksa, and it's often used to treat sore throats and tonsillitis. It was known to be used to treat cancer-related pain. It has traditionally been used to treat anxiety, sleeplessness, and high blood pressure. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, methyl slicylate, mucilage, and vitamin C are all found in it. Antioxidant, analgesic, antihypertensive, and diuretic properties have been documented for the plant. The goal of this research is to identify phytochemicals, assess phenolic and flavonoid content, and measure the antioxidant potential of V. odorata flowers. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of various phytochemical elements as well as quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of V. odorata flowers was tested in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay and the hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging technique. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals were discovered by phytochemical investigation. The total phenolic and flavonoids content of the hydroalcoholic extract of V. odorata flower was 0.521 and 0.637 mg/100 mg, respectively. In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, the IC50 value of V. odorata floral extract was 109.78g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=27.82g/ml). The IC50 value for hydrogen peroxide was discovered to be 85.85g/ml, which compares well to ascorbic acid (IC50=16.48g/ml). The present study describes the phytochemical profile and antioxidant activity of V. odorata flower which will further used for medicinal applications.

Extraction, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Aerial Parts of Bauhinia variegata

The goals of this research are to screen phytochemicals, perform thin layer chromatography, assess the quantity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and measure the antioxidant potential of Bauhinia variegata. The well-known test methodology available in the literature was used to determine the qualitative analysis of various phytochemical elements as well as the quantitative analysis of total phenol and flavonoids. The hydro alcoholic extract of Bauhinia variegata aerial parts was investigated for qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as antioxidant activity using an in vitro model, namely the 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The presence of phenols and flavonoids was discovered by phytochemical research. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of Bauhinia variegata hydroalcoholic extract was 1.454 and 1.112mg/100mg, respectively. Ascorbic acid, which was employed as a control, was also assessed for comparison. In the investigated models, the extract demonstrated dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity. Bauhinia variegata aerial parts For the DPPH technique, hydroalcoholic extract had an IC50 value of 60.22g/ml, which was close to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68g/ml). The IC50 value for the hydrogen peroxide technique was determined to be 76.97g/ml, which compares favourably to ascorbic acid (IC50=18.69g/ml). The current study discusses the phytochemical profile, antioxidant activity, and TLC of Bauhinia variegata, which will be employed for medical purposes in the future.

Phytochemicals and Aroma Compounds Content of Crabapple (Malus tribolata C.K. Schneid.) Genotypes in Kahramanmaraş Province

Crabapple (Malus tribolata C.K. Schneid.), which one of the rare wild fruit trees in Turkey. This study was carried out to determine the aroma compounds, phenolic compound, antioxidant capacity and some fruit properties of fruits obtained from 2 different crabapple genotypes. The amount of phenolic substance was done by Folin-Ciocalteu method; antioxidant analysis was done using DPPH technique. With respect to antioxidant capacities, the highest value (70.12%) was determined in 46 EL 01 genotype. We found that 46 EL 01 genotype had the highest total phenolic content (839.13 mg/100 g). Determination of volatile compounds that play a major role in fruit quality using the HS-SPME/GC/MS technique, total of 37 aroma compound, namely 7 alcohols, 2 terpenes, 5 aldehydes, 17 esters, 1 ketone, 3 acids and 2 other compounds, were found in two different crabapple genotypes. Total aroma compounds in 46 EL 01 and 46 EL 02 genotypes were calculated as 101.78 μg/L and 102.26 μg/L, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that crabapple, which is a wild fruit, has high phenolic and antioxidant contents and also has many aroma compounds.

Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Potential of Plumbago indica Root Extracts

Due to their well-known attribute of having minimal side effects as compared to medicines, natural items with medical potential are progressively gaining prominence in clinical research. The roots of Plumbago indica (P. indica, Plumbaginaceae) are commercially significant since they are the primary source of plumbagin and its derivatives. Plumbagin is well-known for its many pharmacological properties. P. indica roots yielded three naphthoquinones: plumbagin, 3, 30-biplumbagin, and elliptinone, which were employed as standard markers for quantitative HPLC analysis. The goal of this research was to screen phytochemicals, assess alkaloids, phenolic and flavonoid content, and measure the antioxidant potential of P. indica roots. The well-known test methodology was used to determine qualitative analysis of several phytochemical ingredients as well as quantitative analysis of total alkaloids, phenol, and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity of an ethanolic extract of P. indica roots was investigated in vitro using the 1,1-diphenyl, 2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test technique. Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, proteins, and glucose were found in the ethanol and aqueous extracts, according to phytochemical study. P. indica roots ethanolic extract had 5.55, 0.930, and 3.940 mg of total phenolic, flavonoids, and alkaloids respectively. For comparative purposes, ascorbic acid was employed as a benchmark. In the investigated models, the extract showed dose-dependent free radical scavenging properties. For the DPPH technique, P. indica roots extract had an IC50 value of 23.02 µg/ml, which was equivalent to that of ascorbic acid (IC50=17.68 µg/ml). These researches contributed to the accurate identification of this plant material. The plant's broad variety of phytochemicals implies that it has medicinal potential, which might be investigated in the pharmaceutical sector as well as in traditional medicine.