DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Recovery of Phenolic Compounds by Deep Eutectic Solvents in Orange By-Products and Spent Coffee Grounds

Orange and coffee grounds by-products, rich in phenolic bioactive compounds, can be used in the food industry as antioxidants, colorants, flavorings and additives, mainly because they are solvents that are easy to prepare, have a lower cost, are thermally stable, biodegradable, renewable, and are considered GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe). Deep eutectic solvents, which are sustainable and have lower melting points, are effective for extracting these compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) in extracting Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC), from orange by-products and spent coffee grounds. DES formed by citric acid: mannitol (CM-DES), and lactic acid: glucose (LG-DES), were evaluated by varying the following parameters: water content (10–50%), solid–liquid ratio (1:5–1:50 w/w) and temperature (40–50 °C). DES citric acid: mannitol presented the best efficiency in the extraction of TPC under the conditions of 10% water, 80 °C, and solid–liquid ratio 1:10 (w/w) for the orange by-products (1782.92 ± 4.50 mg GAE/L) and 1:15 (w/w) for spent coffee grounds (1620.71 ± 3.72 mg GAE/L). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extraction with CM-DES for both by-products in the three methods evaluated: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) (1.087 ± 0.004 and 1.071 ± 0.006 mol ascorbic acid/L), DPPH radical scavenging activity (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil—DPPH) (0.233 ± 0.003 and 0.234 ± 0.001 mol Trolox equivalent/L), and radical cation scavenging activity ABTS (2,2-azino-bis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid—ABTS) (0.284 ± 7.16 and 0.319 ± 0.002 mol Trolox equivalent/L). Therefore, DES with citric acid: mannitol is a promising alternative to conventional solvents to recover phenolic compounds in agro-industrial by-products, such as orange by-products and SCG.

Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activities of Ssammoo added with Natural Food Colorants

In this study, the color of ssammoo was to created in an addition of gardenia powder(GPR), citron powder(CPR), strawberry powder(SPR), and actinidia arguta powder(APR), respectivery. Ssammoo was collected on the 0<sup>th</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 7<sup>th</sup>, and 14<sup>th</sup> days of stored at 5℃. The pH of the control group and ssammoo with the actinidia arguta powder was significantly lowered over time(<i>p</i><.001). The acidity was significantly decreased in the case of ssammoo with actinidia arguta powder(<i>p</i><.05). The sugar content of all ssammoos increased due to osmotic pressure as the ripening period increased. The L value was the highest in the control group and increased over time(<i>p</i><.001). The a and b value were the highest in ssammoo with gardenia powder(<i>p</i><.001). The ΔE increased until the 7th day of storage and then decreased, suggesting that there would be a change in color value of all ssammoos after the 7<sup>th</sup> day of storage. The total phenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in ssammoo with gardenia powder. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was highest in ssammoo with strawberry powder. This study intended to contribute to increasing the intake of vegetables and fruits with high dietary fiber content by developing colored salted and pickled foods.

Evaluation of Proximate, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant Capacity, Enzymatic Inhibition, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Avocado Seed Meal as Potential Feed Additive

This study examined the proximate composition, phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, enzymatic inhibition, and anti-inflammatory properties of avocado seed meal. The proximate analysis revealed that avocado seed meal is rich in protein (17.32%), fat (15.33%), and carbohydrates (48.73%), with moderate levels of moisture (10.26%), ash (2.39%), and crude fiber (5.97%). Phytochemical analysis indicated high contents of phenols (111.56 mg/g), saponins (96.94 mg/g) and flavonoids (66.66 mg/g), but lower levels of alkaloids (14.60 mg/g), tannins (1.17 mg/g), and steroids (0.89 mg/g). The antioxidant properties assessed showed significant DPPH (50.05%) and FRAP (63.04%) free radical scavenging activities, though lower inhibition of lipid peroxidation (34.88%) and vitamin C content (0.03 mg/g). Enzymatic inhibition assays demonstrated alpha-lipase, alpha-glucosidase, and alpha-amylase inhibition rates of 31.46%, 27.56%, and 50.88%, respectively. Anti-inflammatory properties were also notable, with 24.02% albumin denaturation inhibition and 37.99% antiprotease activity. These findings suggest that avocado seed meal holds considerable potential for nutritional and therapeutic applications as natural feed supplement for livestock and humans.

New Bioactive Polyketides from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41411.

Three new polyketides, including three ester derivatives (1, 3, and 5) and a new natural product, which was a benzoquinone derivative, embelin A (4), together with nine known ones (2 and 6-13), were isolated from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41411. Their structures were determined by detailed NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis of 4 was described for the first time. Compound 9 displayed obvious inhibition against PDE4 with an inhibitory ratio of 40.78% at 10 μM. Compound 12 showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an EC50 of 16.21 µg/mL, compared to the positive control (ascorbic acid, EC50, 11.22 µg/mL). Furthermore, compound 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against PC-3 and LNCaP with IC50 values of 18.69 and 31.62 µM, respectively.

Physicochemical Characteristics, Phenolic Components, and Antioxidant Capacities of Lavender Honey (Lavandula Spp.) from Isparta Region of Türkiye.

Lavender honey is one of the most desirable blossom honeys for its unique taste and aromatic qualities and can vary significantly from one region to another. In this study, melissopalynological, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of lavender honey from the Isparta region of Türkiye were investigated. The ration of the Lavandula spp. pollen were identified ranging from 9 % to 76 % in the thirteen samples. The average pH, conductivity, moisture, Hunter Lab* and proline values were 3.72, 0.22 mS/cm, 17.17 %, L*: 66.56, a*: 66.32, b*:18.41 and 576.92 mg/kg, respectively. The average F+G and F/G were 67.66 % and 1.02, respectively. The average of total phenolic (TP) and flavonoid (TF) substance were found to be 39.40 mg GAE/100 g and 3.23 mg QUE/100 g, respectively. The average total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity values were found to be 178.28 μmol FeSO4 ⋅ 7H2O/100 g and 53.09 mg/mL, respectively. In the phenolic component analysis performed with HPLC-PDA, p-OH-benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, chrysin and pinocembrin were detected as common polyphenols in the samples. Conclusively, despite considerable variability in their monofloral characteristics, no significant differences were observed in the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of lavender honeys.

Comparative studies on characterizations and cytotoxicity of oil extracted from Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) G2 spore using Soxhlet extraction and microwave-assisted extraction

This study aimed to compare the characteristics, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum G2 spore (GLS) oil extracted using two different extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction (SLE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The SLE method yielded higher oil content than the MAE method. MAE-extracted oil showed higher lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*) values but lower redness (a*) values. Both methods provided similar fatty acid compositions in GLS oils, including palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid as major components. Higher saturated fatty acid content was found in SLE-extracted oil, while MAE-extracted oil had increased levels of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The oil obtained from SLE showed slightly higher di- and tri-glycerides than that obtained from MAE (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MAE-extracted oil had high oxidative stability as indicated by lower levels of conjugated diene (CD), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and free fatty acids (FFA) as compared to SLE (P < 0.05). MAE-extracted oil had a higher total triterpenoid content than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). Also, MAE-extracted oil showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH-RSA) than SLE-extracted oil (P < 0.05). FTIR spectra of both samples exhibited similar functional groups. Additionally, oils obtained from both processes (at 0.1–10 µg/mL) showed low toxicity on Caco-2 cells (P > 0.05). Therefore, GLS oil with high antioxidant activity and oxidative stability, especially oil extracted by MAE, could be a food supplement for health. Also, the MAE used was a potential implement for extracting oil from GLS.

In vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Galega officinalis extracts.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, and galegine content and antioxidant activity, as well as the invitro antidiabetic potential of different extracts of Galega officinalis using the solvent extraction method. The results demonstrated that the highest yield of extraction (28.05%) and galegine content (17.40 ± 0.04 μg/g of sample) was obtained using water as the solvent (p < .05). However, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (138.35 ± 0.63 mg GAE per gram of dried GOEs) and total flavonoid content (TFC) (189.12 ± 1.47 mg catechin per gram of dried GOEs) were extracted using A90 (acetone-water, 90:10) solvent. A90 extract exhibited the highest inhibition of sucrase activity (91.42%) (p < .05). Also, the inhibitory activity of A90 against α-amylase (59.96%), α-glucosidase (54.3%), and maltase (62.73%) was significantly higher than that of A70 (acetone-water, 70:30) and E20 (ethanol-water, 20:80) (p < .05). According to antioxidant activity results, the highest ABTS•+ (360.5 ± 15.69 μmol Trolox eq per gram of dried GOEs), hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (3657.75 ± 21.56 μmol histidine eq per gram of dried GOEs), and FRAP assay (558.18 ± 20.26 μmol FeSO4 eq per gram of dried GOEs) were related to A90, while the best DPPH radical-scavenging activity and metal-chelating activity were related to A70 (302.66 ± 2.42 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram of dried GOEs) and E20 (36.5 ± 1.02 μmol EDTA eq per gram of dried GOEs), respectively. Taken together, A90 appears to be the best solvent to get Galega officinalis extract with the highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity.

Utilization of Germinated Seeds as Functional Food Ingredients: Optimization of Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Activity Evolution Based on the Germination Characteristics of Chinese Chestnut (Castanea mollissima).

The current study investigated the impact of germination duration on the functional components (vitamin C, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), polyphenols, flavonoids) and antioxidant activity of germs and cotyledons of the germinated Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima). We utilized seeds of the "Zaofeng" Chinese chestnut to germinate, and sowed the seeds in wet sand at 22 °C and 85% relative humidity. The germination rate, length, diameter, and fresh weight of the sprouts were investigated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days after sowing, and the kinetic changes of amylose, amylopectin, sugar components, soluble protein, vitamin C, GABA, total phenols, flavonoids, and the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity in the germs and cotyledons were monitored, respectively. The findings revealed that the germination rate and germ biomass increased continuously during germination. The germination rate reached 90% on the 8th day after sowing. Germination reduced amylose in cotyledons from 42.3% to 34.2%, amylopectin from 42.9% to 25.8%, total sugar from 12.6% to 11.4%, and vitamin C from 1.45 mg/g to 0.77 mg/g. Meanwhile, soluble protein in the embryos rose from 0.31% to 0.60%, vitamin C from 21.1 to 29.4 mg/g, GABA from 0.49 to 1.68 mg/g, total flavonoids from 53.6 to 129.7 mg/g, and ABTS antioxidant activity from 1.52 to 3.27 μmol TE/g. The average contents of D-fructose, inositol, vitamin C, GABA, polyphenols, and flavonoids and the DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity in germs were as high as 22.5, 6, 35, 7.5, 10, 20, and 10 and 20-fold those of cotyledons, respectively. Especially, the average content of glucose in germ was as high as 80-fold that of cotyledon. D-xylulose, D-galacturonic acid, and D-ribose were only found in germs, but not in cotyledons. Considering the germ biomass and functional components content, germs of Chinese chestnuts germinated at 22 °C for 8 days are considered the most suitable raw material for functional food products. In conclusion, controlled germination not only enhances the physicochemical and functional properties of Chinese chestnut germs but also reduces the caloric content and improves the nutritional composition of the cotyledons appropriately. Moreover, the comprehensive evaluation of compositional changes and functionality in the embryo and cotyledon of Chinese chestnuts will provide a solid foundation for subsequent functional food processing utilizing germinated Chinese chestnuts.

Redispersible dry powders containing nanoencapsulated curcumin increase its antioxidant activity

The present study aimed to develop redispersible spray-dried powders containing curcumin-loaded Eudragit® L100 nanocapsules and evaluate their physicochemical properties and antioxidant potential. The spray drying process showed a yield of over 85%, low residual moisture content (<2%), and all the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocapsules were recovered after the aqueous redispersion of the dry powders. In addition to the dry powders, the following samples were also analyzed: pure curcumin, pure lactose, and curcumin-lactose mix. In TGA and DSC analysis, all samples were thermostable and exhibited no chemical interactions with each other. In FTIR analysis, the nanostructured powder system showed functional groups of the precursors (curcumin and lactose), confirming the effectiveness in the preparation of the nanostructured material. In the evaluation of the free radical scavenging activity of DPPH•, the dry powder containing nanoencapsulated curcumin showed antioxidant activity approximately six times higher than free curcumin. Therefore, spray drying of nanoencapsulated curcumin made it possible to obtain a dry powder with homogeneous aqueous redispersion, as well as promoting the potentiation of the antioxidant activity of curcumin.

A study on the photoisomerization of phenylpropanoids and the differences in their radical scavenging activity using in-situ NMR spectroscopy and on-line radical scavenging activity analysis

Phenylpropanoids are naturally occurring secondary metabolites that exhibit various biological activities such as ultra-violet (UV) light protection and reactive-oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. In this study, we utilized a light-emitting diode (LED) based in-situ UV irradiation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique to monitor the photoisomerization reactions of these phenylpropanoids under UV irradiation in real-time. Through this approach, we measured the photochemical reaction rates and photostationary state (PSS) ratios of these molecules and observed distinct reaction rate and PSS ratio information depending on the variation of substituent groups in each phenylpropanoid molecule. We also evaluated the radical scavenging activity (RSA) for each photochemical product through diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzenthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay. We found that the photoisomerization product of caffeic acid can increase both DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and confirmed the enhanced ABTS radical scavenging ability of caffeic acid cis-isomer based on the online high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ABTS analysis and the PSS ratio information of each isomer.

Characterization, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity of melanin extracted from nigerseed hulls

This study aims to characterize and explore the biological effects of melanin derived from nigerseed (Guizotia abyssinica) hulls, which are inedible. Extracted melanin was selectively soluble in alkali and DMSO. The melanin extract demonstrated robust antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. It exhibited strong antibacterial effects against foodborne pathogens, as indicated by the zone of inhibition (in mm); Salmonella enterica (40.00 ± 0.00), Staphylococcus aureus (37.33 ± 1.15), Micrococcus luteus (31.67 ± 0.58), Klebsiella oxytoca (31.33 ± 1.15), Escherichia coli (30.33 ± 0.58), and Bacillus cereus (28.33 ± 1.15). For antifungal activity, melanin displayed selectivity, suggesting its potential as a targeted antifungal agent. This research highlights nigerseed byproducts as a cost-effective and promising source for melanin production, showcasing its potential in the pharmaceutical sector as a natural alternative to chemically derived drugs.

Characterization and antioxidant activity of nano-formulated berberine and cyperus rotundus extracts with anti-inflammatory effects in mastitis-induced rats

Bovine mastitis caused by infectious pathogens, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), constitutes a major destructive challenge for the dairy industry and public health. Berberine chloride (BER) and Cyperus rotundus possess a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiproliferative activities; however, their bioavailability is low. This research aimed first to prepare an ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes (CRE) followed by screening its phytochemical contents, then synthesis of BER and CRE loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) (BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs), afterward, the analysis of their loading efficiency in addition to the morphological and physicochemical characterization of the formulated NPs employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Zeta Potential (ZP), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) assessments compared to their crude forms to evaluate the enhancement of bioavailability and stability. Isolation of bacterial strains from the milk of mastitic cows, used for induction of mammary gland (MG) inflammation in female albino rats, and a preliminary investigation of the prophylactic oral doses of the prepared NPs against S. aureus-induced mastitis in female rats. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs is 1 mg/kg b.w. BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs alone or in combination show significant (P ≤ 0.05) DPPH radical scavenging activity (69.2, 88.5, and 98.2%, respectively) in vitro. Oral administration of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs to mastitis rats significantly (P ≤ 0.05) attenuated TNF-α (22.1, 28.6 pg/ml), IL-6 (33.4, 42.9 pg/ml), IL-18 (21.7, 34.7 pg/ml), IL-4 (432.9, 421.6 pg/ml), and MPO (87.1, 89.3 pg/ml) compared to mastitis group alongside the improvement of MG histopathological findings without any side effect on renal and hepatic functions. Despite promising results with BER and CRE nanoparticles, the study is limited by small-scale trials, a focus on acute administration, and partially explored nanoparticle-biological interactions, with no economic or scalability assessments. Future research should address these limitations by expanding trial scopes, exploring interactions further, extending study durations, and assessing economic and practical scalability. Field trials and regulatory compliance are also necessary to ensure practical application and safety in the dairy industry. In conclusion, the in vitro and in vivo results proved the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of BER/CH-NPs and CRE/CH-NPs in low doses with minimal damage to the liver and kidney functions, supposing their promising uses in mastitis treatment.

It Is Not All about Alkaloids-Overlooked Secondary Constituents in Roots and Rhizomes of Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil.

Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. is an evergreen shrub occurring naturally in North and Middle America. So far, more than 120 alkaloids have been identified in this plant in addition to steroids, coumarins and iridoids, and its use in traditional medicine has been traced back to these compound classes. However, a comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the plant with a special focus on further compound classes has not yet been performed. Therefore, the present study aimed at an extensive HPLC-MSn characterization of secondary metabolites and, for the first time, reports the occurrence of various depsides and phenolic glycerides in G. sempervirens roots and rhizomes, consisting of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives as well as dicarboxylic acids. Furthermore, mono- and disaccharides were assigned by GC-MS. Applying the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, the phenolic content of extracts obtained with different solvents was estimated to range from 30 to 50% calculated as chlorogenic acid equivalents per g dry weight and was related to the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the respective extracts. Upon lactic acid fermentation of aqueous G. sempervirens extracts, degradation of phenolic esters was observed going along with the formation of low-molecular volatile metabolites.

Effect of foaming conditions and drying temperatures on total polyphenol content and drying rate of foam-mat dried banana powder: Modeling and optimization study

This study aims to optimize the parameters of the foam-mat drying to produce banana powder. Input parameters of the foam drying such as foaming agent (egg albumin) concentration used from 5 to 15 %, the foam stabilizer (maltodextrin) used from 1 to 3 % and the drying temperature varied between 60 and 80 °C. Factors with 3 levels are arranged according to the Box-Behnken design, which further modelled by RSM (response surface methodology) and ANN (artificial neural network), and optimized. The drying rate and total polyphenol content (TPC) of banana powder under the studied conditions were determined as the target output. The moisture, color, total polyphenol, antioxidant activity and some physical parameters of final fine powder were analyzed. Increasing temperature has increased the drying rate. In addition, increasing the concentrations of egg albumin and maltodextrin maintained the highest TPC and maximum drying rate. ANN model showed the higher forecasting capacity than that of RSM. Moreover, simultaneous optimization of two responses (TPC and drying rate) was selected to maximize the desired value at the concentration of albumin, maltodextrin and drying temperature of 11.86 %, 1.92 %, 74.94 °C, respectively, corresponding to the highest TPC value and drying rate of 1.31 mgGAE/g DW and 2.48 g water/g dry matter/min. At this condition, the drying time was recorded as 103 min. Validation of the optimal ratios showed that the experimental values of TPC and drying rate were in good agreement with the model predicted data. The moisture content and water activity of product were found to be 5.87 ± 0.07 % and 0.37 ± 0.01. The product had bright colors with L*, a* and b* values were measured as 86.4 ± 0.5, 1.75 ± 0.08 and 15.2 ± 0.3, respectively. The high DPPH radical scavenging activity was detected (53.5 %) with the water solubility index and water absorption index of banana powder was determined at value of 56.98 % and 5.17 g/g, respectively. Foam mat dried banana powder was well preserved in paper packaging with aluminum foil.

Polyketide Derivatives from the Mangrove-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. HDN15-312.

Four new polyketides, namely furantides A-B (1-2), talamin E (3) and arugosinacid A (4), and two known polyketides were obtained from the mangrove-derived fungus Penicillium sp. HDN15-312 using the One Strain Many Compounds (OSMAC) strategy. Their chemical structures, including configurations, were elucidated by detailed analysis of extensive NMR spectra, HRESIMS and ECD. The DPPH radicals scavenging activity of 3, with an IC50 value of 6.79 µM, was better than vitamin C.

Evaluation of Physiochemical, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Micronutrients Properties of Bangladeshi Crude and Commercial Rice Bran Oil

Rice bran oil was extracted by product of milling of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Oryza sativa &amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;seeds. The focus of the study was to determine the physiochemical, phytochemicals, micronutrients and antioxidant potentiality of rice bran oil and effect of refining process. The oil is extracted from bran of three popular rice varieties (BRRI-28, BRRI-29, Rajvogh) of Bangladesh. The acid value, peroxide value, iodine value and saponification value of extracted oils were observed in the range of 14.03-16.82 mgKOH/g, 26.68-34.50 meqO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;/kg, 71.61-84.70 gI&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;/100g and 175.13-180.26 mgKOH/g respectively. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric method was used for determination of micronutrients. The concentrations for copper, zinc, iron and chromium were found to comprise between 0.03-0.25, 0.25-0.39, 17.97-64.47 and 0.96-4.87 ppm respectively. It was observed that BRRI-29 showed the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity with the IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; value of 187.55µg/ml, followed by BRRI-28 (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;- 284.04), Rajvogh (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;- 325.56) and refined oil (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;- 465.12). All the samples acted upon nitric oxide free radical according to following order- BRRI-29 (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;- 286.4)&amp;gt; BRRI-28 (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; -416.81) &amp;gt;Rajvogh (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; -453.95)&amp;gt; refined oil (IC&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;50&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;- 557.86).All the extracted and refined oils were found to have considerably good antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. The extracted oils were found to contain more phenolic and flavonoid content than refined oil that serve as antioxidants. Some literatures show that, RBO contains tocotrienol and oryzanol which absent in soybean oil which regarded to be the best in perspective of antioxidant potentiality and categorize rice bran oil as promising edible oil. Comparative to crude bran oil commercial refined oil were lower in these parameters which shows the effect of refining process. Further investigation should be conducted on animal model (in vivo study) for safe human consumption. The knowledge would be useful in recommending various ways of using the oil in food industry, as well as in households.

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinus edodes).

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are renowned as the "King of mountain treasures" in China due to their abundant nutritional and health-enhancing properties. Intensive chemical investigations of the fruiting bodies and mycelium of Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) afforded five new compounds (1-5), named lentinmacrocycles A-C and lentincoumarins A-B, along with fifteen known compounds (6-20). Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including one-and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). The anti-inflammatory activity test showed that lentincoumarins A (4), (3S)-7-hydroxymellein (9), (3R)-6-hydroxymellein (11) and succinic acid (18) exhibited strong NO inhibitory effects (IC50 < 35 μM), and that (3S)-5-hydroxymellein (10) and (3R)-6-hydroxymellein (11) exhibited potent TNF-α inhibitory effects (IC50 < 80 μM) and were more potent than the positive control, Indomethacin (IC50 = 88.5 ± 2.1 μM). The antioxidant activity test showed that (3R)-6-hydroxymellein (11) had better DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 25.2 ± 0.5 μM).

Nutritional compositions, microbial quality, bioactivities, and volatile compounds of a novel vinegar from wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr

Vinegar is commonly utilized in cooking and food preparation as a flavoring, preservative, and condiment. It can be made from various sources, including fruits, grains, and vegetables. This study produced vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, Russula delica Fr., using microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis extraction. The nutritional composition, bioactivities, microbial quality, and volatile compounds were analyzed in the production process and final vinegar product. Sugar syrup as total soluble solids (TSS) and total phenolic content (TPC) were extracted from mushroom powder using commercial enzymes and yielded 5.60 ± 0.10°Brix and 7.01 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g substrate, respectively. The extracted syrup was rich in amino acids such as aspartic and glutamic acid, with glucose as the main type of sugar. Maximum alcohol content at 10.95 ± 0.21% (w/v) with 1.28 ± 0.23 mg GAE/mL TPC was obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation after 21 days, while highest acetic acid was obtained at 5.60 ± 0.42% w/v with 1.87 ± 0.14 mg GAE/mL of TPC content and 74.85 ± 1.24% of DPPH radical scavenging activity after surface fermentation using Acetobacter aceti TISTR 354. Thirteen volatile compounds, including acids, alcohols, and aldehydes, were found in the wild edible mushroom vinegar, contributing to the unique aroma of the product. This study presented the first report on the analysis of vinegar from a wild edible mushroom, R. delica Fr. which showed high nutritional value, antioxidant activity and volatile compounds, with the potential for future commercial production.Graphical

Exploring the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of TdGASA2 protein: From molecular insights to a promising natural preservative for Tunisian cheese shelf-life enhancement

Gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) proteins, also known as Snakin proteins, have emerged as key players in plant development and stress tolerance. The investigation of the role of TdGASA2 in host defense responses revealed dynamic expression patterns under different stress conditions. TdGASA2 expression showed a consistent increase after wounding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and ethylene (ETP) treatments, peaking after 12–24 h for MeJA and ETP and after 1 h for pathogen elicitor (PA) treatment. Optimal expression conditions were determined, and the protein was successfully purified with a molecular weight of approximately 10 kDa. In vitro experiments demonstrated the potent antimicrobial activity of TdGASA2 against a range of pathogens, surpassing the efficacy of kanamycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values confirmed its bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against various bacteria. Time-kill assays also highlighted its efficacy against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic agent. Additionally, TdGASA2 exhibited superior DPPH radical-scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid, indicating its potential as a natural antioxidant. In situ experiments revealed dose-dependent effects of TdGASA2 treatment on microbial growth in cheese, suggesting its efficacy as a preservative to extend shelf life and enhance food safety. These findings underscore TdGASA2's multifaceted potential in both antimicrobial and antioxidant applications, positioning it as a promising candidate for food preservation and health promotion.

Physicochemical properties, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of different hydrolysates of goat milk protein

There is growing interest in the origin, preparation, and application of bioactive peptides. This study investigated the impact of 6 enzymes on the structural, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and antidiabetic potential of defatted fresh goat milk. Structural and functional changes resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis were assessed using gel electrophoresis, laser particle size analysis, multi-spectroscopy, and evaluations of foaming and emulsification properties. Antioxidant capacity was determined through free radical scavenging, Fe2+ chelation, and reducing ability experiments. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the hydrolysates on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were measured to evaluate antidiabetic activity. Results showed that enzymatic hydrolysis disrupted the spatial structure of goat milk protein and reduced its molecular weight. Papain hydrolysate exhibited the highest degree of hydrolysis (32.87 ± 0.11%) and smallest particle size (294.75 ± 3.33 nm), followed by alcalase hydrolysate (29.12 ± 0.09%, 302.03 ± 7.28 nm). Alcalase hydrolysate showed the best foaming properties, while papain hydrolysate demonstrated the strongest DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, Fe2+ chelation, and antidiabetic potential. These findings provide solid theoretical basis for utilizing defatted goat milk as functional ingredients or excipients in the food, medical, and cosmetic industries.