DPPH Inhibition Research Articles

Evaluation of Antiradical and Antioxidant Activities of Lipopeptides Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strains.

This study investigated the antiradical and antioxidant potential of the three families of lipopeptides (i.e., surfactin, mycosubtilin, and plipastatin/fengycin) produced by Bacillus subtilis strains. The antiradical/antioxidant activities of highly purified lipopeptides were studied in acellular models using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide anion (), hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (HO.). At a lipopeptide concentration of 500 mg.L−1, the maximum inhibition of DPPH reached 22.88% (obtained for plipastatin). Moreover, the scavenging effects of , H2O2, and HO. at the highest concentration tested (250 mg.L−1) were found to be 6, 21, and 3% for surfactin, 19, 9, and 15% for mycosubtilin, 21, 18, and 59% for plipastatin, 21, 31, and 61% for the mixture of surfactin/plipastatin, and 13, 16, and 15% for the mixture of surfactin/mycosubtilin, respectively. These results showed that plipastatin was the best candidate due to its antioxidant activities.

In vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) proteins hydrolysate fractions

Chickpea is a legume that has exhibited various biological activities. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of chickpea proteins hydrolysate fractions were evaluated. The extensive protein hydrolysate (greater than 50 %) obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis was fractionated and 5-10 kDa, 3-5 kDa, 1-3 kDa, and ≤1 kDa fractions were obtained. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fractions of F5-10 kDa, F3-5 kDa, F1-3 kDa presented the highest inhibition of nitric oxide (76 %), Tumoral Necrosis Factor-α (93 %), and Interleukin-1β (90 %) synthesis. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS, DPPH methods, Fe3+ reducing power and Cu2+ chelating capacity. The fraction of F1-3 kDa showed higher inhibition of ABTS (78 %) and DPPH (7.76 %) radicals, besides showed the highest Fe3+ reducing capacity (0.508 Abs700nm), for Cu2+ chelating capacity F≤1 kDa showed higher inhibition (52.60 %). Chickpea protein shows biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, so it can be considered a source of low molecular weight bioactive peptides that can be used as alternative therapies for certain diseases related to chronic inflammation.

Therapeutic potential of biogenic and optimized silver nanoparticles using Rubia cordifolia L. leaf extract

Rubia cordifolia L. is a widely used traditional medicine in the Indian sub-continent and Eastern Asia. In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract of the R. Cordifolia was used to fabricate silver nanoparticles (RC@AgNPs), following a green synthesis approach. Effect of temperature (60 °C), pH (8), as well the concentration of leaf extract (2 ml) and silver nitrate (2 mM) were optimized for the synthesis of stable RC@AgNPs. The phytofabrication of nanosilver was validated by UV–visible spectral analysis, which displayed a distinctive surface plasmon resonance peak at 432 nm. The effective functional molecules as capping and stabilizing agents, and responsible for the conversion of Ag+ to nanosilver (Ag0) were identified using the FTIR spectra. The spherical RC@AgNPs with an average size of ~ 20.98 nm, crystalline nature, and 61% elemental composition were revealed by TEM, SEM, XRD, and. EDX. Biogenic RC@AgNPs displayed a remarkable anticancer activity against B16F10 (melanoma) and A431 (carcinoma) cell lines with respective IC50 of 36.63 and 54.09 µg/mL, respectively. Besides, RC@AgNPs showed strong antifungal activity against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus, DNA-binding properties, and DPPH and ABTS free radical inhibition. The presented research provides a potential therapeutic agent to be utilized in various biomedical applications.

Metabolite Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Candida Activity of Fermented Star Fruit Bioextract (Averrhoa carambola L.)

Nowadays bioextracts are widely used in various applications, however there is limited information on chemical constituents and biological activities of the bioextract produced for consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity, anti-candida activity and metabolic profile of fermented star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) bioextract. The fermented star fruit bioextract was produced through fermentation lasting 180 days, during which the activity and the metabolite profile were determined at 30-day intervals. The antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and the anti-candida activity was determined by the broth micro-dilution method. The metabolic profile was analyzed using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The results showed that as fermentation proceeded, the potency of antioxidant and anti-candida activity observed from the bioextract increased. The lowest IC50 value for DPPH inhibition (25 %v/v) and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (6.25 %v/v) against Candida albicans were both observed after fermentation for 150 days. The metabolite analysis identified 4 main chemical classes: Sugars, organic acids, flavonoids and nitrogen compounds. The chemical diversity was highest in the Day 120 through Day 150 samples. This study shows that fermented bioextract from star fruit at incubation time 150 - 180 days carries potential health benefits for application in anti-candida and antioxidant products. Possible toxicity, skin and oral mucosal irritation should be considered for further study.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 The 150-day and 180-day star fruit bioextract exhibited strong anti-candida and antioxidant activities
 Four main chemical classes were found in the bioextract: Sugars, organic acids, flavonoids and nitrogen compounds
 The star fruit bioextract could be used as a source of anti-candida and antioxidant activity for development health promotion and cosmetic products
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Green Nanosuspensions of Elettaria Cardamomum Seeds – Comparative Data Analysis for Enhanced Bioactivities

In order to conclude the efficiency of a plant for a specific ailment, its phytochemicals are evaluated using different scientific procedures. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and biological activities of Elettaria cardamomum seeds extract and nanosuspension. Nanosuspensions were formed using nano-precipitation method. Among bioactivities, antioxidant property was measured through total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated through alpha-amylase inhibition and antiglycation assays. Cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity was determined using the hemolytic assay and micro-titer dish assay respectively. For functional groups and structural characterization FTIR was performed. In TPC and TFC the results showed 358.89 and 126.27 mg gallic acid equivalent to 100gram dry weight, 137.78 and 65.145 mg catechin equivalent to 100gram dry weight for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Whereas the DPPH inhibition was 31.3% and 32.1% for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Nanosuspensions and extract showed growth resistance against E. coli i.e. 68.12% and 64.09% respectively. Cardamom seeds nanosuspension and extract showed 55.77% and 55.15% antidiabetic property through glycation inhibition. According to alpha amylase inhibition analysis 51.67% and 33.67% inhibiting property of nanosuspension and extract was observed. Hemolytic assay gave 18% and 32% hemolysis by using nanosuspension and extract. The nanosuspension that showed existence of sulfoxides, fluoro compounds, amines, phenols, alkaloids and alcohols as determined by FTIR. In order to do this seeds were obtained and ethanol extract was formulated. This study showed that nanosuspensions and extract prepared from Elettaria cardamomum exhibited enhanced bioactivities and further research is essential to determine remarkable characteristics and pharmacological potentials of these unique seeds.

Nutritional, phytochemicals, and sensory analysis of Lapsi (Choerospondias axillaris) fruit leather

ABSTRACT Fruit leathers, which are also known as fruit rolls, are dehydrated fruit-based products. Despite the popularity of Lapsi fruit leather, its production is limited to home-scale industries, which lack uniformity in quality. Moreover, scientific research to address this issue is very limited. Therefore, in this study, Lapsi fruit leather was prepared and its nutritional, phytochemicals, and sensorial properties were studied. The fruit pulp and sugar were mixed at the proportion of 50:50, 80:20, 57.5:42.5, 72.5:27.5, and 65:35 to prepare leather and labeled as samples A, B, C, D, and E, respectively. The drying behavior was studied at 55°C in cabinet dryer. Among these samples, B had higher amount of crude fat (0.88 g/100 g sample), crude protein (3.87 g/100 g sample), crude fiber (10.95 g/100 g sample), and total ash (1.09 g/100 g sample); however, carbohydrate and energy value was significantly higher in sample A with the value of 83.21 g and 284 kcal per 100 g leather, respectively. Similarly, sample B was rich in phytochemicals containing 67 mg vitamin C/, total polyphenol of 88.33 mg GAE/g dry extract, total flavonoid of 37.57 mg QE/g dry extract and DPPH inhibition activity of 43.17%. Sample A was dried in 8.83 h, which had moisture diffusivity of 8.723 × 10−7 m2/sec, and sample B was dried in 7.33 h, which had moisture diffusivity of 10.0 × 10−7 m2/sec. Though there was significant effect (p < .05) on the taste, flavor, texture, and overall acceptability except for color of the product, sample C was preferred by the panelists. Thus, nutritionally rich and underutilized lapsi fruit can be processed into fruit leather with high consumer acceptance.

Effect of pulse electric field assisted extraction on anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity of purple rice

Purple rice (Oryza sativa L.) is popular for planting and consuming in North and Northeast Thailand. The important pigment on the purple rice grain is anthocyanin which has high antioxidant activity. This research studied the effect of applying a pulse electric field (PEF) technique on the extraction of the total anthocyanin content, and the antioxidant activity of purple rice. The extraction treatment was divided into two levels of PEF [low and high PEF]. The low PEF treatment condition used low pulse numbers (0, 100, 300, and 500) at three levels of electric field intensity (2, 3, and 4 kilovolts / centimetres (kV cm–1) in 1 Hz). The high treatment condition used an electric field intensity of 6 kV cm–1 in 1 Hz with the pulse numbers of 1,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000. The results indicated that a sample extracted with low PEF showed low anthocyanin content but high % of DPPH inhibition. In contrast, a high level of anthocyanin content and low % of DPPH inhibition were found in the high PEF extraction treatment. The result demonstrated that PEF technology did not cause a chemical change to anthocyanin but affected antioxidant activity. This effect was due to high energy and temperature generated in the high PEF treatment. The PEF technique has a benefit in decreasing the time required for the extraction process and does not negatively affect the anthocyanin extracted. The appropriate PEF extraction condition for purple rice was obtained at 6 kV cm–1 with 3,000 pulses, which provided an acceptable total anthocyanin content (2.50 ± 0.09 mg l–1) and was consistent with a percent inhibition of DPPH (60.97 ± 0.64). The results of this study have implications for the ongoing development and use of food-based products.

A promising blueberry from Colombia: antioxidant activity, nutritional and phytochemical composition of Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C.Sm.

Many Neotropical representatives of Ericaceae have fruits with antioxidant activity and high nutritional value. However, in Colombia, these fruits are little consumed and are considered underutilized. One such example is the berries of Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C.Sm. In this study, the nutritional value, the total phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity of C. nitida fruit were performed. From the leaves, an ethanolic extract was made, which was then fractioned to measure its antioxidant activity and analyze its chemical composition. The results indicate that the fruit of C. nitida can be classified as potentially edible, due to its minerals and vitamins contents. Five anthocyanins were detected in the berries; while in the leaves extract six terpenes and one flavonol were identified. The ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity with the DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals tested. We also found a strong correlation between the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the values of percentage of inhibition of DPPH• and ABTS•+ in all the samples tested. The results of this study suggest that the berries of C. nitida are promising as edible fruits, and beneficial for human and animal health. However, even though the communities of the region use this berry as food, the toxicity of fruits must be evaluated to confirm that their consumption is safe for humans.

The Quality of Cream Formulated From Gambier Leaf Extract

Gambier (Uncaria gambier (Hunter) Roxb) is one of the natural ingredients which have quite a lot of empirical use. Many pharmacological compounds have found Gambier extract, one of which is as an antioxidant. The most dominant compound content is phenolic compounds. The present work was to evaluate the characteristics of the cream formulated from Gambier extract and its antioxidant properties. The research method was carried out in several stages, including extraction of Gambier leaf, formulation, and analysis of the characteristic of the product. The experimental design was completely randomized with 2 replications. The physical stability test was carried out by observing the cream stored at three different temperatures, namely 4 ± 2°C, 27 ± 2°C, 40 ± 2°C. The stability parameters observed were visual, pH, and viscosity. Determination of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) suppression method based on the DPPH inhibition value (IC50). The result showed that the cream has a homogeneous with a greenish yellow color to green, pH ranging from 7.62 to 7.80, and viscosity in the range of 1500 to 5000 cP at a speed of 2 rpm. After storage 6 weeks, the viscosity tends to increase, particularly in speed at 2 rpm. Meanwhile, stability testing of 3 level temperature storage, there was no changing its homogeneity, odor, and texture. The concentration of extract Gambier leaf in the formula affected the % inhibition of product. The addition of Gambier leaf extract with different concentrations to the cream is thought to affect the physical stability of cream. The inhibition of product was ranging from 44.2 to 72.9 ppm

Development and characterization of the carvone-loaded zein/pullulan hybrid electrospun nanofibers for food and medical applications

In this study, the carvone-loaded zein/pullulan electrospun nanofibers (Z/PUL/CAR NFs) were developed and characterized for the first time. The zein/pullulan hybrid NFs were produced at three different blending ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30 by electrospinning method. The zein/pullulan NFs at a ratio of 80:20 exhibited more homogeneous and bead-free, as well as the lowest average fiber diameter (508 ± 159 nm). In this regard, this NFs was selected as the optimized sample for the incorporation of carvone. The Z/PUL/CAR NFs showed a bead-free and cross-linked structure with an average fiber diameter of 588 ± 288 nm. The compatibility among zein, pullulan, and carvone was approved by thermal gravimetric and X-ray diffraction analysis. Additionally, the Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy indicated the formation of interactions among zein, pullulan, and carvone. The tensile strength and water contact angle values of Z/PUL/CAR NFs were 7.09 ± 0.85 MPa and 96.6 ± 0.7°, respectively. Moreover, the incorporation of carvone in the NFs provided DPPH scavenging activity (39.95 ± 3.81%) and inhibition activity against S. aureus (12.2 ± 1.4 mm) and E. coli (9.6 ± 1.2 mm) bacteria. The biocompatibility of developed NPs was approved by in-vitro cell cytotoxicity assay. In conclusion, the developed electrospun NFs have considerable potential for multiple applications such as food packaging and wound dressing.

Therapeutic strategies of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) for stomach and forestomach ulceration induced by HCl/EtOH in rat model

BackgroundThe drumstick tree Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae), distributed in many parts of the world, is an important food plant with high nutritional value and used in medical applications and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to highlight the gastroprotective effect of Moringa oleifera in hydrochloric acid/Ethanol (HCl/EtOH) in a rat model. MethodsMoringa phytocompounds were characterized by infrared spectra (FTIR). Rats were induced for gastric ulcer with 150 mmol/L HCl/60% EtOH solution and pretreated orally with the edible infusion extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera at a single dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). Antioxidant parameters and lipid peroxide levels were measured and the pathological damage was histologically analysed. ResultsThe FTIR analysis showed the presence of several chemical biocompounds. The methanolic extract is the potent radical-scavengers with an estimated value of 87.54% at the higher concentration used (500 µg/ml) and antibacterial agent. Further, the DPPH inhibition value of the M. oleifera infusion was 80.58%. For in vivo analysis, mucus was highly produced in gastric mucosa of plant-treated rats, thereby pH were elevated in rats pretreated with M. oleifera compared to ulcerated animals. Whereas, lesion index was markedly reduced (79%) in stomach protected with plant. Interestingly, oral administration of M. oleifera protected gastric mucosa through decreasing MDA levels as well as increasing antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx). ConclusionOverall, the therapeutic value against acidified ethanol induced gastric and ulcer ability of M. oleifera might be due to its biocompounds.

Variations in Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Contents, and Free Radicals' Scavenging Potential of Onion Varieties Planted under Diverse Environmental Conditions.

Genetic diversity and Agro-climatic conditions contribute significantly to the agronomic and morphological features of the food plant species, and their nutraceutical potential. The present study was intended to evaluate the impact of growing conditions on total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and in vitro antioxidant potential in the bulbs and leaves of onion varieties planted under diverse environmental conditions. Standard analytical methods were used to quantify total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and free radicals’ scavenging/antioxidant capacity. The impact of climatic and soil conditions was assessed using statistical tools. In general, onion varieties cultivated at three different locations viz. Kalar Kahar, Lahore and Swabi exhibited significant variations in TPC and TFC, and antioxidant activities. The bulbs and leaves of Mustang (V1) variety planted at Lahore and Swabi had significantly (p < 0.05), high levels of TPC (659.5 ± 6.59, and 631.1 ± 8.58 mg GAE/100 g, respectively). However, leaves of Red Orb (V2) and bulbs of Mustang (V1), and Golden Orb (V6), harvested from Kalar Kahar depicted the highest concentration of TFC (432.5 ± 10.3, 303.0 ± 6.67, and 303.0 ± 2.52 mg QE/100 g DW, respectively). Likewise, bulbs of V1 planted at Kalar Kahar, Lahore and Swabi exhibited maximum inhibition of DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 radicals (79.01 ± 1.49, 65.38 ± 0.99, and 59.76 ± 0.90%, respectively). Golden Orb (V6) harvested from Lahore had the highest scavenging of OH radical (67.40 ± 0.09%). Likewise, bulbs of V1 variety planted at KalarKahar and Swabi had significant capacity to scavenge ferric ions (415.1 ± 10.6 mg GAE/100 g DW), and molybdate ions (213.7 ± 0.00 mg AAE/100 g DW). Conversely, leaves of Amazon (V8), planted at Lahore and Swabi depicted significant levels of DPPH, ABTS, H2O2 radical scavenging (90.69 ± 0.26, 63.55 ± 1.06, 51.86 ± 0.43%, respectively), and reduction of ferric ions (184.2 ± 6.75 mg GAE/100 g DW). V6 leaves harvested from Lahore and that of Super Sarhad (V3) from Swabi showed the highest inhibition of OH radical (61.21 ± 0.79%), and molybdate ions (623.6 ± 0.12 mg AAE/100 g DW), respectively. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis revealed strong relationships of climatic conditions, soil properties and elevation with TPC, TFC and free radicals’ scavenging potential in the bulbs and leaves of onion varieties. The variations in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant potential of different varieties, and their associations with climatic and soil factors revealed the complexity of the growing conditions and genetic makeup that imposed significant impacts on the synthesis of secondary metabolites and nutraceutical potential of food and medicinal plant species.

Effect of ginger extract on stability, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties of avocado powder using maltodextrin as carrier

Avocado pulp is highly susceptible to deterioration. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of avocado powder with and without ginger extract. Ginger extract and inlet temperature at 160°C improved antioxidant properties measured by DPPH inhibition (62.51%), FRAP (118.44 mg TE/g powder), and ABTS (53.35 mg TE/g powder), while the use of a higher spray-drying temperature (180°C) adversely affected color parameters and flow properties. The retention of total polyphenols in the powder during the spray-drying process varied from 64.46% to 77.44%. Changes in color and antioxidant activity showed first-order kinetics and the powders exhibited greater stability at a lower water activity of storage. The addition of ginger extract, a drying temperature of 160°C, and lower water activity favor the stability of avocado powder during storage. This powder can be used as a functional ingredient in various food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic formulations. Novelty impact statement This work demonstrated that the addition of ginger extract rich in natural antioxidants improves the physicochemical and antioxidant stability of avocado pulp powders using maltodextrin as a carrier during the drying process and during storage at different storage temperatures. This research impacts on the knowledge that exists to date about the preparation of avocado powder added with ginger, their properties, and potential use in food, pharmaceutical, biotechnological, and cosmetic applications.

Antiradical Activity Study of Momordica charantia L Seeds Based on DPPH and its Secondary Metabolites Analysis

Momordica charantia L seed is classified as the domestic waste even though it has many health benefits, namely as anti-tumor, anti-virus, and as a medicine to increase the body resistance. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of the seeds using the DPPH method. Furthermore, a GC-MS analysis will be carried out to determine the chemical compounds that play a role in the bioactivity. Based on the absorbance of DPPH in three repetitions, the average value of DPPH inhibition by 95% ethanol extract of bitter melon seeds was 60.45%, in which classified as a good radical absorbance. The GC-MS results showed that the ethanol extract of bitter melon seeds contained ten chemical compounds consisting of sesquiterpenes, fatty acids, and alkanes, which affecting the radical absorbance of M. charantia extract.

Antioxidant and Antiulcer property of different solvent extracts of Cassia tora Linn.

Aim: The fundamental objective and goal of the current research is to determine the effectiveness of Cassia tora in the treatment of gastric ulcers in order to produce an anti-ulcer medication of natural origin. Method: The plant material was successively extracted by the Soxhlet extraction technique with chloroform, methanol, butanol and water. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts and the standard drugs were based on consideration of the radical scavenging influence of the stable "1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl" (DPPH) free radical action and hydrogen peroxide process. Two models, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory induced ulcer and pyloric ligation, were analysed for methanolic extract of Cassia tora for its antiulcer activity. Results: Among all the extract, the percent of DPPH inhibition at 200 μg mL-1 for MECT extracts (Cassia tora methanolic extract) was 58.67±1.95. The overall scavenging potential for the H2O2 process was 68.23±0.19 at 200 μg mL-1 by MECT extract. Hence MECT extract was undertaken for the antiulcer property. Compared with control, there was a significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in free acidity, gastric volume, and total acidity in the extract-treated classes and ranitidine (standard). The Cassia tora methanolic extract demonstrated significant (p&lt;0.05) inhibition activity, i.e. 59.42 and 69.59 percent at 500 mg mL-1 with the PL (Pylorus ligation) and NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) process respectively. Conclusion: The findings of present study provide the scientific evidence to Cassia tora as a strong antiulcer and antioxidant agent.

Oxidative stability of soybean and corn oils enriched with Pluchea quitoc hydroalcoholic extract

Soybean and corn oils are among the most popular vegetable oils, and are ingredients which are widely used in cooking and in the food industry. These oils contain many unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, which makes them easily oxidized by oxygen. Extensive efforts are being made to prevent or minimize vegetable oil oxidation through the development of antioxidants. Phenolic antioxidants which are present in some extracts can be used as food additives to prevent lipid oxidation. In this study chromatographic analyses (HPLC and GC) of the Pluchea quitoc hydroalcoholic extract were performed. The content of phenolic compounds by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and the antioxidant properties against radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) were also evaluated. The effect of samples prepared with soybean and corn oils enriched with Pluchea quitoc hydroalcoholic extract was determined and compared with samples of these oils which were free of antioxidants and with samples containing the synthetic antioxidant BHT. The results showed potential for application of the extract. A high content of phenolic compounds (314 milligrams of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g of extract) and good IC50 values were detected for the inhibition of the radicals DPPH and ABTS (13.2 µg·mL-1 and 5.6 µg·mL-1). In the evaluation of the oxidative stability of the oils enriched with this extract, it was found that at 1% concentration it was possible to obtain values of induction period (IP) close to the samples with added BHT.

Acacia jacquemontii ethyl acetate extract reduces hyperglycemia and pro-inflammatory markers while increasing endogenous antioxidant potential in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Acacia jacquemontii possess has numerous traditional therapeutic uses. The rationale of this study was to investigate the role of Acacia jacquemontii ethyl acetate extract (AJEAE) in the downregulation of hyperglycemia. The current study was performed in two parts, in vitro, through characterization (high-performance liquid chromatography), estimation of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylassay), and α-amylase inhibitory activities of the studied extract, and in vivo using Wistar rats in which animals were divided into five groups NC, DC, GL, AJEAE 250mg/kg, and AJEAE 500mg/kg. The effects of AJEAE on fasting plasma glucose, plasma insulin, HOMA-IR, oral glucose tolerance test, glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c), lipid profile, inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), and oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation, nitic oxide, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated. Our findings confirmed the presence of quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, M-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, and ferulic acid in AJEAE. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents in AJEAE were 83.83mg GAE/g and 77.06mg QE/g, respectively. Significant inhibition of DPPH (69.470%/1mg/ml) and α-amylase (71.8%/1mg/ml) activities were exhibited by AJEAE. Alloxan-injected rats showed marked hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia, and increased inflammatory marker levels as compared to normal control (p < 0.001). Additionally, raised levels of triglyceride (139.7 ± 2.771), total cholesterol (198.7 ± 1.856), very low-density lipoprotein (33.43 ± 0.2728), low-density lipoprotein (155.5 ± 2.754), lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide (p < 0.001) and decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (17.20 ± 0.1732), superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in diabetic rats (p < 0.001). AJEAE significantly (p < 0.05) improved the aforementioned parameters and the protective efficacy was comparable to glibenclamide. Histopathological findings also evidenced the anti-hyperglycemic properties of AJEAE through regeneration of pancreatic β cells. Conclusively, our findings demonstrated the antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pancreatic beta β cell regenerative properties of AJEAE against alloxan-induced diabetes.

Sustainability in Skin Care: Incorporation of Avocado Peel Extracts in Topical Formulations.

The avocado peel is an agro-industrial by-product that has exhibited a massive increase in its production in the last few years. The reuse and valorisation of this by-product are essential since its disposal raises environmental concerns. In the present study, ethanolic extracts of avocado peels of the Hass variety were obtained, for three extraction times (1.5 h, 3 h and 4 h) and analysed for their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Antioxidant evaluations of the extracts revealed that the extraction time of 1.5 h exhibited the best results amongst the three, with a DPPH inhibition percentage of 93.92 ± 1.29 and an IC50 percentage, the necessary concentration of the extract to inhibit 50% of DPPH, of 37.30 ± 1.00. The antibacterial capacity of the extracts was evaluated and it was revealed that they were able to inhibit the growth and development of bacteria of the Staphylococcus family. The obtained extract was incorporated in two types of cosmetic formulations (oil-in-water and water-in-oil) and their stability was evaluated and compared with formulations containing synthetic preservatives (BHT and phenoxyethanol). The results of the stability evaluation suggest that the avocado peel extract has the potential to be incorporated in both types of emulsions, acting as an antioxidant and antibacterial agent, proving it to be a viable option to reduce/replace the use of synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, the avocado peel extract proved to be more effective and stable in oil-in-water emulsions. These results highlight the possibility of obtaining sustainable cosmetics, significantly reducing the negative impacts on the environment by the incorporation of extracts sourced from the avocado peel, an interesting source of phenolic compounds, an abundant and low-cost by-product.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY BIOAUTOGRAPHY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF CLITORIA TERNATEA (FABACEAE)

Objective: The present study aims at the investigation of antioxidant activities both by qualitative (thin-layer chromatography [TLC] bioautography) and quantitative (in vitro) methods and thereby comparison of the same in different parts of the plants of Clitoria ternatea (Fabaceae). Methods: Leaves, stems, and seeds were macerated with methanol separately and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. The extracts were developed using two mobile phase combinations such as Toluene: Ethyl acetate: Formic acid (5:4:0.2) for test 1 and toluene: Ethyl acetate: Methanol (5:3:2) for test 2 on silica gel GF254 TLC plates and further sprayed with DPPH. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities were assayed by inhibition of lipid peroxidation and DPPH method with the different concentrations of test extracts (25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/ml) and standard ascorbic acid. Results: The methanolic extract of the leaves, stems, and seeds revealed to possess chiefly alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids and have shown promising antioxidant activity by all the methods in dose-dependent manner. Leaves were found to be most potent having IC50 value of 111.652 µg/ml and 106.683 µg/ml which is almost similar to the stems (IC50 of 111.685 µg/ml and 106.26 µg/ml), respectively, in DPPH method and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Seeds failed to produce any significant activity in any of the methods performed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of leaves and stems can act as a potential antioxidant and antiradical, which are highly comparable with standard.

In vitro Assessment of sun protection factor (SPF) and Antioxidant activity of Viola odorata extracts

The harmful effects of sunlight on the skin have triggered several studies. They concentrated on the synthesis or extraction of natural compounds that can absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In this study, we investigated the in vitro photo-protective potential of Viola odorata flowers extracts, in three states (fresh, dried, frozen), using three solvents (chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol) by sequential extraction. In vitro SPF values were determined by spectrophotometric method. Antioxidant activity was tested by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The ethanolic extract fraction, at the concentration of 2 mg/ml, from the three flowers states had the best SPF values (27.249, 26.978, 27.907) respectively, followed by ethyl acetate extract fraction of dried flowers (SPF=21.11). The highest DPPH inhibition (about 85%) was also obtained in ethanolic extract fraction from the three states of flowers. The ethanolic extract fraction of fresh flowers showed the highest total phenolic content (18.575 mg GAE/g crud extract), followed by ethanolic extract fraction of dried flowers (15.06 mg GAE/g crud extract). There was a significant positive correlation between SPF values and each of antioxidant activity (R=0.92) and TPC (R=0.748) in the different extract fractions. Our results showed that ethnolic Viola odorata flowers extract, in different states, has a great potential to be used as a sunscreen agent due to its polyphenol content, which is also associated with strong antioxidant activity.