Double Reduction Research Articles

The Current Situation and Investigation and Analysis of Home School Cooperation in the Connect between Kindergarten and Primary Education under the "Double Reduction" Policy

After the implementation of the "Double Reduction" policy, there are more standardized and scientific requirements for the connect between Kindergarten and primary education. Various regions have begun to implement policy requirements and vigorously promote the connect between primary and secondary education. However, carrying out home school cooperation during the connect from kindergarten to primary school still faces practical difficulties and challenges.Therefore, this study mainly adopts questionnaire survey and interview methods to investigate and analyze the current situation of home school cooperation in the connect from kindergarten to primary school under the influence of the "Double Reduction" policy, in order to establish a synergistic effect between kindergartens and families and achieve a smooth transition from kindergarten to primary school.

Analysis of the Main Contradictions and Solutions in Achieving Educational Equity under China's "Double Reduction" Policy

This article aims to analyze the obstacles encountered by Chinese society in implementing the "double reduction" policy and the main contradictions in achieving educational equity, explore the new contradictions and problems brought by the "double reduction" policy to the education sector, and provide corresponding countermeasures for Chinese society, communities, families, and schools. It is hoped that this can improve the "double reduction" policy while eradicating the remaining irrationality in the Chinese education sector, enhance the level and quality of Chinese education, and develop an educational powerhouse. A comprehensive review was conducted through literature review, combined with knowledge in the fields of educational equity, educational policies, and comparative education. This article explores the four major contradictions behind the "double reduction policy" and proposes four guiding suggestions: balancing educational resources, optimizing the rationality of education and training, clarifying the responsibilities of families and schools, establishing a communication mechanism between families and schools, implementing a comprehensive evaluation system, strengthening the enrollment form of higher education, enhancing community resources, and improving community after-school services.

Symmetry Reductions of the (1 + 1)-Dimensional Broer–Kaup System Using the Generalized Double Reduction Method

The generalized theory of the double reduction of systems of partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the association of conservation laws with Lie–Bäcklund symmetries is one of the most effective algorithms for performing symmetry reductions of PDEs. In this article, we apply the theory to a (1 + 1)-dimensional Broer–Kaup (BK) system, which is a pair of nonlinear PDEs that arise in the modeling of the propagation of long waves in shallow water. We find symmetries and construct six local conservation laws of the BK system arising from low-order multipliers. We establish associations between the Lie point symmetries and conservation laws and exploit the association to perform double reductions of the system, reducing it to first-order ordinary differential equations or algebraic equations. Our paper contributes to the broader understanding and application of the generalized double reduction method in the analysis of nonlinear PDEs.

An elastic piezoelectric nanomembrane with double noise reduction for high-quality bandpass acoustics

Polymer piezoelectrics with high electromechanical energy conversion (HEEC) are very promising for flexible acoustoelectric devices. However, reducing thickness and improving ordered polarization and ferroelectricity while maintaining high mechanical strength pose enormous fabrication challenges for polymer piezoelectric membranes—additionally, noise management in the acoustoelectric conversion remains an open issue. Here, we present a hydro-levitation superspreading approach for fabricating polymer nanomembranes with ordered crystalline phases and sub-nanostructures on the water surface. The elastic piezoelectric nanomembrane (EPN) is only 335 nanometers thick and consists of a conductance-stable piezoelectric layer sandwiched between two elastic damping layers. Such an all-in-one EPN can reduce background noise with low autocorrelation in the environment, suppress spurious noise caused by poor circuit contact, and achieve bandpass filtering of acoustic signals at human voice frequencies. This nanomembrane holds promise in repairing the auditory system of patients with tympanic membrane perforation and in a wide range of other acoustoelectric conversion fields.

Full-Scale Gear Tooth Bending Fatigue Tests Obtained Early in the Development of a Rotorcraft Transmission

A new gear testing method is introduced to reduce development cost and time. It allows component-level testing of individual gear meshes and new gear designs. Instrumented gear sets are tested at full load while the rest of gearbox components are still being built. Since the fatigue strength of the gears is determined earlier in the development cycle, design deficiencies are identified and understood earlier. In this new method, an individual gear mesh installed in a stiff facility housing is used to mimic the contact pattern and bending stress demonstrated by the same mesh in an actual aircraft housing. Analytical gear models are used to identify the displacement difference between the stiff test facility and the aircraft housing. The test stand is designed so it can be adjusted accurately to provide gear and pinion positions that are representative of the deflected positions under load in the aircraft housing. A spiral bevel mesh and a split torque double helical reduction stage with multiple meshes are evaluated using the developed method. The contact pattern and strain survey results of the gear meshes are correlated with predicted results.

Computation of dynamic deflection in thin elastic beam via symmetries

The deflection profiles governed by Euler Bernoulli's fourth-order equations under varied applied loads are investigated in this research. This study provides essential insights for engineers designing aircraft components, bridges, and similar structures, ensuring system safety and efficiency. The investigation emphasizes critical factors such as amplitude and frequency, load history, and material properties. Initially, conservation laws of the equations with applied loads are derived by expressing them in the Euler-Lagrange form, where the resultant conservation laws satisfy the divergence expression. The association between symmetries and conservation laws is demonstrated, followed by the application of double reduction theory, which reduces both the variables and the order of the equation. Graphical representations of the outcomes illustrate the impact of load variations on the beam's deflection profiles. These visual aids facilitate a deeper understanding of the influence of different loading conditions. A comparison between varying loads is presented, showcasing the impact of these variations on structural behavior. The findings are crucial for enhancing structural design and ensuring safety under varied loading conditions, showcasing the novelties in the analytical approach and the practical applications of the derived results.

A narrative inquiry into EFL tutors’ career trajectories through social cognitive career theory

Despite the prevalence of English private tutoring (EPT) in EFL contexts, scant literature has focused on its tutors’ career experiences. This narrative study, underpinned by social cognitive career theory (SCCT), inquiries into the career trajectories of three EFL tutors in Mainland China. Data were mainly collected through three rounds of narrative interviews. Tutors’ photos representing significant career moments supplemented the interview data. Based on their narratives, these participants experienced ‘zigzag’ career trajectories that featured frequent turnovers, lengthy work gaps, and identity shifts from institutional tutors to start-up owners. Informed by SCCT, this study unveils that tutors’ career trajectories were shaped by their self-efficacy beliefs associated with personal attributes and prior experiences. Tutors’ trajectories were also shaped by their outcome expectations from material and social perspectives, and contextual influences, including personal opportunities and barriers, institutional management, and socio-political factors like the ongoing ‘Double Reduction’ policy. These findings are discussed in order to inform other tutors to visualize and organize their career development within the context of policy constraints and, furthermore, offer implications for tutorial institutions to retain tutors for instructional consistency. This inquiry also demonstrates the potential to apply the SCCT model to understanding teachers’ career development in the ‘shadow education’ context.

“There Is Only One Childhood”: A New Interpretation of China’s “Crackdown” on Education Companies

In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented a series of dramatic crackdowns on various business sectors in China, one of which, beginning in July 2021, targeted the private tutoring industry. This article offers a new interpretation of this crackdown on private education companies, arguing that it is part of a new comprehensive education policy called the “Double Reduction” (DR) policy. Although the policy’s main goal has been to reduce students’ educational burden, this article also links the policy to China’s core objective of advancing indigenous innovation to enable national rejuvenation. The analysis of the DR policy also reveals two contradictions that currently characterize China’s educational path: first, the contradiction inherent in the authoritarian and paternalistic state using tough measures to enforce parental compliance with policies aimed at fostering more democratic parenting styles; and second, the contradiction inherent in policies aimed at fostering happy childhoods for the purposes of global competitiveness.

Guideline for Promote Basketball Club in Shaanxi China

Background and Aims: To further enrich the learning life of students and cultivate talents with all-round development in ethics, intellect, physicality, social skills, and aesthetics, the State issued the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework on Students in Compulsory Education and the Burden of Out-of-School Training. The "double reduction" directly restricts the size of subject-based out-of-school training organizations and reduces the number of hours they conduct extracurricular training, which can greatly impact out-of-school training organizations. Based on the development of extracurricular training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, this study examines the strength of the correlation between the policy context and the development of local sports training institutions. The "Double Reduction" policy refers to the state's efforts to reduce the extracurricular burden on students and the economic pressure on parents while promoting the all-round development of students. As the sports environment improves and schools pay more attention to physical education, the development of basketball training institutions in the policy context is also worth studying. Understanding the development of youth basketball training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi under the double reduction policy can provide reference and guidance for cultivating excellent basketball reserves in Xi'an and promote improving China's basketball level. Youth basketball training institutions are an important base for cultivating excellent basketball reserve talents, and understanding their development in the context of the double-reduced policy can help assess the effect of the existing training model on talent cultivation and put forward suggestions for improvement. Methodology: This paper focuses on the youth basketball training institutions in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, and adopts the questionnaire survey method and interview method to conduct research. Using the 4M theory and POLC theory, 270 samples, including 20 managers, 50 coaches, and 100 students and parents each, were selected and studied by questionnaire survey method. Summarize the development status and give specific development measures. Finally, the results of the study were given to nine experts for evaluation to obtain a high-quality, scientific management guide for the sustainable development of basketball training organizations in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. Results: The measures were screened and finally six specific management guidelines were identified after expert evaluation and recommendations, which were accepted by the experts after validation, and the feasibility of the specific measures was verified. Conclusion: The study finds that the release of policies has a significant impact on the development of organizations. The release of policies may trigger changes in the competitive landscape of the basketball training organization industry, and the changes in the market prompt basketball training organizations to improve their strengths to adapt to the new rules of competition. However, it can also provide guidance and direction for the development direction and focus of basketball training organizations, prompting them to transform and upgrade to grasp new development opportunities. Stricter regulatory standards and requirements have prompted basketball training institutions to strengthen compliance management and improve service quality and standardization.

Analyzing the Impact of the “Double Reduction” Policy on Student Well-Being and Academic Performance in Urban China

The “Double Reduction” policy, introduced in China in 2021, seeks to alleviate academic pressure on students by reducing homework loads and regulating private tutoring services. This study analyzes the policy’s impact on student well-being and academic performance in urban settings, drawing on quantitative and qualitative data from students, parents, teachers, and school administrators. The findings indicate a dual impact: a decrease in stress and anxiety levels and improvements in social behaviors and time management, but also challenges in maintaining academic discipline and performance, particularly among students preparing for high-stakes exams. While the policy promotes a more balanced approach to education, it requires further refinement and adaptive strategies to address diverse student needs effectively. The study concludes that ongoing support and monitoring are essential to achieve the policy’s long-term objectives of reducing stress while ensuring academic excellence.

Financial Analysis of Education Industry under the Framework of Harvard Analysis —— Take New Oriental Education & Technology Group as an Example

After the promulgation of the double reduction policy, New Oriental suffered a huge impact. Based on the financial statements of New Oriental in recent years, this paper makes a financial analysis of New Oriental. the Harvard analysis framework is used to analyze the financial situation of enterprises from four perspectives: strategy, accounting, finance and prospects. PEST analysis and SWOT analysis are used in strategic analysis. Through accounting analysis and financial analysis, since the impact of the double reduction policy, the solvency, profitability and operating capacity of enterprises are not good, but due to the timely transformation, these capabilities will show an upward trend in the future. And through the prospect analysis, it is concluded that New Oriental should develop new products in an all-round way and deeply tap the potential of carrying goods. This article can provide a reference for other education and training companies that want to transform.

Changes and relevant factors in depressive and anxiety symptoms among Chinese adolescents after the “Double Reduction” policy: A repeated cross-sectional survey with a nested longitudinal subsample

BackgroundThe Chinese government has enacted the “Double Reduction” Policy, which aims to reduce students' academic burden and promote their mental health, but there is limited research examining the policy's impact on students' well-being. This study aims to evaluate changes in students' mental health problems before and after the “Double Reduction” Policy and explore relevant influential factors. MethodsA total of 101,976 elementary and junior high school students were recruited before the “Double Reduction” Policy, and 91,832 students were recruited one year later. Through data integration, a total of 36,637 students participated in both web-based surveys and provided complete data on all measures. ResultsAs a whole, we found that the prevalence of students' depression (12.1 % to 9.2 %) and anxiety (8.9 % to 6.2 %) tended to decline after the “Double Reduction” Policy. Attending private school, reduced homework, more extracurricular activities, more time with parents, reduced academic stress, and sleep duration ≥8 h/n were associated with the decrease in the likelihood of mental health problems in students. Female gender, negative life events, and negative impact of COVID-19 as risk factors for mental health. ConclusionsThese findings indicated that the “Double Reduction” Policy has improved the well-being of Chinese students. Reducing students' homework burden and alleviating their academic pressure are beneficial for their mental health. Increasing time for extracurricular activities and interaction with parents, as well as ensuring sufficient sleep for students, are also effective ways to prevent the onset and exacerbation of mental health symptoms in adolescents.

The Reasonality of Social Cognitive Theory in Subject Remediation for Junior High School Students in the Era of "Double Reduction": Findings and Discussions Based on the Survey of Junior High School Students' Tutoring in Lucheng

The Reasonality of Social Cognitive Theory in Subject Remediation for Junior High School Students in the Era of "Double Reduction": Findings and Discussions Based on the Survey of Junior High School Students' Tutoring in Lucheng

How can the failure mode and effect analysis improve the working processes in the ART center?

Objective(s)Assisted reproductive technology (ART) Centers and laboratories perform complex tasks with patients and their gametes/embryos daily. The degree of problems/non-conformances in such surroundings must be minimized at zero point. This study aimed to establish the proper risk management system with well-defined process steps to prevent and eliminate problems/non-conformances. Study designFailure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) was introduced in the ART Center and the IVF laboratory. ART Center working processes were grouped into the categories of Clinical procedures, Forms, Identification, Personnel, Patients, and Facility. Working processes in the IVF laboratory were grouped into the categories of Consumables, Media, Equipment, Personnel, Working space, and Procedures. The traceability and safety of the working processes were evaluated before and after corrective measures regarding risk priority number (RPN). The severity (S), occurrence (O), and detection (D) index of problems/non-conformance were scaled from 1 to 5. The RPN was calculated by multiplying the SOD index, and the cut-off value for RPN was ≥12. ResultsThe increased RPN was found in the following working processes of the ART Center: Embryo transfer and pregnancy (RPN = 18) in the category of Clinical procedures; Informed consents and agreements (RPN = 16) in the category Forms; Continuous education of the knowledge and skills (RPN = 12) in Personnel category; Space conditions (RPN = 24) and Equipment (RPN = 12) in the category Facility.In the IVF laboratory, increased RPN was found in the following working processes: Production of the plasticware (RPN = 12), Transport (RPN = 12) and Storage (RPN = 12) in the category Consumables; Media production (RPN = 16) in category Media; Alarm notification system for the critical equipment (RPN = 12) in category Equipment; Personnel number and qualifications (RPN = 12), Standard operative procedures (SOP) (RPN = 12) and Continuous education of the knowledge and skills (RPN = 12) in category Personnel; Working conditions (RPN = 18) and Security (RPN = 20) in Working space; Patient identification (RPN = 20), Biological samples identification (RPN = 20), Records (RPN = 12), ART procedure (RPN = 30), Embryo transfer (RPN = 30) and Cryopreservation and thawing of biological samples (RPN = 30) in category Procedures.According to the RPN score, corrective measures were implemented. Most RPN scores were reduced after the implementation of the electronic witnessing system in patient/sample tracing steps. Phases Patient identification and Biological sample identification showed a double reduction of RPN scores, from 20 to 10. Also, for critical steps in ART procedures, Embryo transfer, Cryopreservation, and thawing of biological samples, the RPN score was reduced from 30 to 10. Proper education of personnel was another corrective measure that significantly contributed to a reduction of RPN scores in most of the categories. Conclusion(s)The FMEA analysis is useful in recognizing the critical steps of an ART Center. The RPN scores for patient traceability were successfully reduced using the electronic witnessing system. Nonetheless, the study has certain limitations, as FMEA is highly dependent on the specific healthcare organization, adherence to national guidelines, and the subjective nature of SOD and RPN evaluations.

Adduct of Pesticide and Lignocellulosic Waste via Cleavable Silaketal Linkages for Agricultural Double Reduction.

The abuse of hazardous agrochemicals leads to excessive toxic agricultural emissions, posing a tremendous threat to the natural surroundings and human well-being. In practice, the amount of pesticides in protecting crops is often far less than that lost into the environment through evaporation and leaching. Minimizing the use of pesticides as well as improving their use efficiency has been included in the policy of "agricultural double reduction," besides replacing the chemical fertilizer with straw returning. Here, we establish a strategy for controlling pesticide release from the lignocellulosic waste based on the stimulus-responsive cleavage of silaketal linkages. Noting that the cleavage of the silaketal linkages relies heavily on the substituent groups on silicon atoms, this pesticide-releasing system has the advantages of predictable service life and less environmental pollution in a desired time window. Instead of lengthy laboratory synthesis, outdoor instant synthesis can be conveniently realized with the help of a photothermal heating apparatus. After utilization, both silaketal linkages and lignocellulosic residuals are eco-friendly and can be a source of nutrients for soil. Referring to agricultural double reduction, this type of pesticide formulation is coined as a competitive approach to minimize pesticide pollution along with straw returning.

Mechanism of dual reduction centers containing nano zero-valent iron and single-atom iron carbon spheres for removing hexavalent chromium from water

The passivation and agglomeration issues of ZVI were effectively addressed through the preparation of a carbon-coated material (ZVI/BC-0.8–800) containing embedded iron atoms and nZVI，which exhibits excellent reducing properties towards Cr(Ⅵ). Our results demonstrate that ZVI/BC-0.8–800 possesses iron atoms and nZVI, achieving a remarkable removal rate of 99.8 % for Cr(Ⅵ) within 20 minutes, surpassing that achieved by commercial nZVI. Moreover, nearly all Cr(Ⅵ) is reduced to Cr(III). After ageing different water bodies or in the air for 15 days, the removal rate of ZVI/BC-0.8–800 remains at approximately 70 % when placed in water reaches up to 95 % in air. This efficient and stable removal is due to the protective effect of carbon materials, and the presence of iron atoms and nZVI as the double reduction center in the Cr(Ⅵ) removal process, which enhances the reduction effect. The respective contribution rates from iron atoms and nZVI are 29.13 % and 50.32 % respectively. Overall, this multi-form composite with double reduction centers consisting primarily of nZVI embedded within a carbon material holds great promise for in-situ groundwater remediation applications.

P222. A comparative analysis of single versus double intravertebral reduction device implantation for single-level osteoporotic vertebral fractures: radiological and clinical outcomes

P222. A comparative analysis of single versus double intravertebral reduction device implantation for single-level osteoporotic vertebral fractures: radiological and clinical outcomes

Evaluation of Out-of-School Education and Training Institutions in Ningxia Province, China Amid the 'Double Reduction' Policy

Evaluation of Out-of-School Education and Training Institutions in Ningxia Province, China Amid the 'Double Reduction' Policy

Research on the Identity of English Normal Students in the Western Region Under the “Double Reduction” Policy: A Case Study of S Normal University

Research on the Identity of English Normal Students in the Western Region Under the “Double Reduction” Policy: A Case Study of S Normal University

“There is Demand, There is a Market”: Implementation of the Prohibitive Chinese Double Reduction Shadow Education Policy—From the Tutors’ Perspective

Amidst the growing prominence of shadow education (known as supplementary tutoring) in China and the implementation of the Double Reduction Policy (prohibiting academic tutoring for compulsory schooling stage students), this study presents a comprehensive assessment of tutor responses to the implementation of the Double Reduction Policy and investigates the dynamic landscape of the shadow education sector, considering historical and contemporary developments. Employing a qualitative research approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of seven tutors, consisting of both institutional and private tutors. Thematic analysis was applied to the interview data to identify and interpret key themes. The findings show that while the Double Reduction Policy exhibits efficacy in certain aspects, the emergence of alternative approaches poses potential challenges to its overall effectiveness. Notably, this research offers a novel perspective by incorporating the viewpoints of tutors, shedding light on the potential trajectories of Chinese shadow education within the context of the Double Reduction Policy. Furthermore, this study contributes valuable insights to the scholarly discourse and serves as a pivotal reference for policymakers and stakeholders involved in the governance of the shadow education industry.