Double Meaning Research Articles

Movement, Narrative and Multiplicity in Embodied Orientation and Collaboration from Prehistory to the Present

The term ‘body of knowledge’ has a double meaning, implying a unified assemblage of knowledge as well as embodied cognition. But knowledge is not naturally unified, as was apparent in the first Body of Knowledge Conference, where the internalist neurosciences presenting themselves as universalist and objective were clearly divided from the externalist performing arts with their more experiential and practice-based character. Assemblage across such divides takes embodied, collaborative, social and technological action. I suggest that bridging of the divides from both sides is now starting to emerge through an augmentation of the dimensions of what Ed Hutchins has called a ‘cognitive ecosystem’ to include a complex multiplicity of culture, history, and exchange. A socio-historical cognitive ecosystem that emphasises the central importance of narrative, collaboration and movement, multiplicity, and orientation in embodied cognitive practises. Building on the talk I gave at the 2016 Body of Knowledge Conference, this paper aims to explore the roles of movement, narrative, and multiplicity in embodied orientation and collaboration, from prehistory to the present. Disparate narratives of movement, multiplicity, collaboration, and cognition that are emerging in a variety of seemingly unrelated disciplines are woven together in three parts: 1) recent neuro-scientific research on the ‘cognitive map’ in the brain; 2) recent reticulated accounts of how hominims moved out of Africa; and 3 how differing knowledge traditions and ontologies can be seen to work together in the case of the chart drawn for Captain Cook by Tupaia, the great Polynesian navigator.

Movement, Narrative and Multiplicity in Embodied Orientation and Collaboration from Prehistory to the Present

The term ‘body of knowledge’ has a double meaning, implying a unified assemblage of knowledge as well as embodied cognition. But knowledge is not naturally unified, as was apparent in the first Body of Knowledge Conference, where the internalist neurosciences presenting themselves as universalist and objective were clearly divided from the externalist performing arts with their more experiential and practice-based character. Assemblage across such divides takes embodied, collaborative, social and technological action. I suggest that bridging of the divides from both sides is now starting to emerge through an augmentation of the dimensions of what Ed Hutchins has called a ‘cognitive ecosystem’ to include a complex multiplicity of culture, history, and exchange. A socio-historical cognitive ecosystem that emphasises the central importance of narrative, collaboration and movement, multiplicity, and orientation in embodied cognitive practises. Building on the talk I gave at the 2016 Body of Knowledge Conference, this paper aims to explore the roles of movement, narrative, and multiplicity in embodied orientation and collaboration, from prehistory to the present. Disparate narratives of movement, multiplicity, collaboration, and cognition that are emerging in a variety of seemingly unrelated disciplines are woven together in three parts: 1) recent neuro-scientific research on the ‘cognitive map’ in the brain; 2) recent reticulated accounts of how hominims moved out of Africa; and 3 how differing knowledge traditions and ontologies can be seen to work together in the case of the chart drawn for Captain Cook by Tupaia, the great Polynesian navigator.

Trigonometric approximation of functions f(x,y) of generalized Lipschitz class by double Hausdorff matrix summability method

In this paper, we establish a new estimate for the degree of approximation of functions f(x,y) belonging to the generalized Lipschitz class Lip ((xi _{1}, xi _{2} );r ), r geq 1, by double Hausdorff matrix summability means of double Fourier series. We also deduce the degree of approximation of functions from Lip ((alpha ,beta );r ) and Lip(alpha ,beta ) in the form of corollary. We establish some auxiliary results on trigonometric approximation for almost Euler means and (C, gamma , delta ) means.

대학 성폭력의 법적 책임 제 유형 및 상호관계 - 교원-학생 간의 대학 성폭력을 중심으로 -

This paper deals with the types of legal liability for campus sexual assault of teachers and their relationship. First, we look at how the rules on campus sexual assault define sexual violence. The majority of the rules on campus sexual assault define the types of sexual assault divided into sexual violence crimes and sexual harassment. This is a reflection of the legislative attitude of the current law.<BR> The types of legal liabilities of teachers who commit sexual assault will then be largely divided into disciplinary, criminal and civil liabilities to examine each of the main contents. Among these legal liabilities, the relationship between disciplinary liabilities and criminal liabilities, which has been subject to much controversy, is reviewed, especially from the perspective of double jeopardy. The principle of double jeopardy means that the same crime cannot be criminally punished the same crime. Even if both criminal punishment and discipline are imposed on a same act, it does not constitute double punishment. This is because discipline and criminal punishment are each recognized as different in terms of purpose and content.<BR> However, the confusion of procedural and substantive perceptions about the relationship between discipline and criminal punishment remains in reality. In other words, there is still a gap between legal principles and legal perceptions of the public. The situation should be resolved little by little through mutual coordination while maintaining the independence of disciplinary and criminal liability. It is inappropriate to approach disciplinary action based on criminal liability even though criminal liability is not an issue regarding sexual assault of teachers. However, if criminal liability is a problem, it would be desirable to proceed with disciplinary action after the investigation or the first trial. At the same time, it is necessary to place a regulation on suspending disciplinary proceedings in the rules on campus sexual assault. However, it should be remembered that the denial of criminal liability does not mean that it is impossible to impose disciplinary action against sexual assault.

Visual thinking en personas con Síndrome de Asperger. Un caso de estudio

El artículo presenta algunos de los resultados obtenidos en la tesis doctoral “Pedagogía de la Posibilidad. Estudio narrativo sobre el proceso educativo y resiliente de dos personas diagnosticadas de Síndrome de Asperger”. A partir de dieciséis entrevistas individuales y seis grupales se han construido los relatos de vida de Isabel y Emmit, los cuales nos revelan sus habilidades cognitivas vinculadas al pensamiento visual y a la creatividad. Los relatos nos muestran la importancia que ha tenido en sus respectivas trayectorias vitales, educativas y profesionales la capacidad de “pensar en imágenes” para memorizar información, aprender, entender emociones y comprender conceptos abstractos y dobles sentidos. Entender la importancia que las imágenes tienen para las personas diagnosticadas con síndrome de Asperger interpela a los docentes a utilizar en las escuelas estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje más visuales.

Translating Humour – A Didactic Perspective

Abstract Humour has various faces and forms, deriving from double meanings, situations, wordplay, often with hidden or obvious cultural references. It may also be subjective; the same things may seem humorous for some people and not funny at all for others. Probably most translators would agree that translating humour is definitely a very challenging task, especially when it is strictly related to the language itself or to a certain culture or community. However, there are certain forms of humour, especially situational or anecdotal, which focus on universal aspects or elements of human life, and therefore may be understood and considered as funny by people from different cultures. In this study, we discuss some theories, principles, recommended techniques and strategies related to translating jokes, wordplay, and humorous idioms which in our opinion may be included in the translator-training curriculum. We also examine the strategies and techniques used by a group of translator trainees in their second year of studies in translating humour from English into Hungarian, focusing on the difficulties they encountered, in order to assess their needs and include more practice and useful tips in the training process.

The Skin of our Teeth, by Ellen Geer Will

The Skin of our Teeth, by Ellen Geer Will

Distant Interweaving, Close Knots

Interweaving always leaves loose threads, and that happens in different ways: in a text passage that recognizes its own double meaning; as a soft spot that suggests a double background; as some sor...

Translation as Defamiliarization: Translating Tawada Yōko’s Wordplay

Keijirō Suga coins the term “translational poetics” to describe the essential similarities between literary translation and creative writing, since both perform a linguistic revolution or transformation. Japanese-German writer, Yoko Tawada, exhibits a literary style that exemplifies this transformative and interactive potential of language, deriving from her self-described existence in the “poetic ravine” or border zone between languages and identities. Many of the characters in her works are also travelers and lack a sense of national identity or most-comfortable language. Tawada forces her readers to question their belief in the naturalness of their native language through a defamiliarizing style that often involves wordplay, such as humorously drawing attention to the literal meaning behind commonly-used idioms and proverbs. This paper focusses on an excerpt from Yoko Tawada’s 2002 work Yōgisha no yakōressha, “To Zagreb”, and its English translation by Margaret Mitsutani, considering how the defamiliarizing effects of Tawada’s wordplay can be conveyed to an English audience. While double meanings and puns are inevitably achieved differently in the two languages, various translation strategies may create similar effects, such as making Japanese and English creatively interact, or exploiting the inherent possibilities of wordplay in English.

Collecting women in geology: opening the international case of a Scottish ‘cabinétière’, Eliza Gordon Cumming ( c. 1798–1842)

Abstract The double meanings of ‘case’ in the subtitle pinpoint the dual investigations of this chapter. It first puts the case for better understanding of women's contributions to ‘serious’ geology in international, as well as national, contexts by overtly collecting British women collectors in the field who contributed to French geological knowledge. It can then unpack the pivotal importance of women's geology collections and women collectors ‘at home’ in the establishment of new global subfields of geological work in the 1840s, despite more famous names being given national and international recognition for key discoveries. Our examination of the geology case in point – the collection and its expert collector, Lady Eliza Gordon Cumming – discloses her international geological expertise but also longer transnational heritage of women's scientific collecting practice. By proposing the French term ‘cabinétière’ to name its clearer status, this chapter investigates the implications of serious retrospective relabelling for geology when a woman discoverer-collector is restored and reconnected to her world collections.

El Orden Social en el pensamiento de Comte

Although the real dimensions of Comte's theoretical contribution in the construction of sociology as a scientific discipline remain a controversial subject, it can’t be denied that his work constitutes an initial impetus for the development of sociological thinking. Through the revision of some central aspects of the theoretical production of Comte, the present article aims to characterize the relevance that had the configuration of the social order in the positivism of the french intellectual. It is argued in this contribution that the design of social order had a double meaning in Comte's scheme, since it was an objective to be reached through the implementation of positivism, but at the same time it played an instrumental role as the central axis of progress and the effective consolidation of positivist design. However, through the influence of determinism, the positivist social order is described in Comte's vision as an inescapable historical destiny, without receiving an adequate explanation about its functioning.

Performative Governance

ABSTRACTThe state often struggles to meet citizens’ demands but confronts strong public pressure to do so. What does the state do when public expectations exceed its actual governing capacity? This article shows that the state can respond by engaging in performative governance—the theatrical deployment of language, symbols, and gestures to foster an impression of good governance among citizens. Performative governance should be distinguished from other types of state behavior, such as inertia, paternalism, and the substantive satisfaction of citizens’ demands. The author illustrates this concept in the realm of environmental governance in China. Given the severity of China’s environmental pollution, the resulting public outcry, and the logistical and political challenges involved in solving the problem, how can the state redeem itself? Ethnographic evidence from participant observation at a municipal environmental protection bureau reveals that when bureaucrats are confronted with the dual burdens of low state capacity and high public scrutiny, they engage in performative governance to assuage citizens’ complaints. This study draws attention to the double meaning of “performance” in political contexts, and the essential distinction between the substantive and the theatrical.

The Cultural Differences And Similarities Of Message Structure In Magazine Advertisements

In term of target user of the product being advertised, both magazine also have differences and similarities. The similarity is both magazines mostly targeted baby from 0 to 5 years old as the primary user of the product being advertised. Meanwhile the differences of both magazines are beside the number of advertisement of target user, they also different in selecting the advertisement which the products are used by parents or the whole family. Mami Baby magazine select the advertisement of product which is used by parents or the whole family lesser than Practical Parenting does.The reason is maybe because of the name of the magazine, Practical Parenting is targeted for both parents, while Mami Baby is targeted only for mother and baby and their relationship. In term of message structure, there are several differences and similarities. Advertisements in Practical Parenting use more resonance than advertisements in Mami Baby magazine. The other differences is advertisements in Mami Baby more using wordplay than double meaning, while advertisement in Practical Parenting more using the combination of wordplay and double meaning. However, there is no differences in term of message framing in both magazine advertisements. Advertisements in both magazines more stress on positive message framing rather than negative message framing.

Disinheritance in an Ageing Society

Disinheritance has a double meaning. In common law systems, the etymological sense prevails: disinheritance means denying someone from a share of a certain decedent’s succession.In civil law systems, disinheritance means deprivation of the compulsory share. This paper, combining both senses of disinheritance, principally analyses mechanisms that exclude relatives from the list of kin entitled to share in a succession, either because they are potential intestate heirs or because – in civil law countries and some mixed systems – they are entitled to the compulsory share. Specifically, the paper focuses on the demands of an ageing society.

The "Square Box": Therapeutic Equivalence as a Foundation of the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines.

Every two years, the World Health Organization (WHO) updates its Model List of Essential Medicines, intended as a guide for countries to adopt or adapt in accordance with local priorities and treatment guidelines, for the development of national essential medicines lists. When more than one therapeutic option is available for a given indication, the WHO Model List often includes a single medicine as representative of a group of equivalent and interchangeable medicines. The representative medicine of that group is listed with an accompanying ‘square box’ symbol. The intended purpose of the square box is to highlight pharmacological classes or groups of medicines for which countries, institutions and health professionals can assume homogeneous therapeutic efficacy and safety and select the most appropriate single medicine based on price, local availability, and acceptability. Though this concept of therapeutic equivalence within a therapeutic class has been endorsed by most authoritative textbooks of pharmacology since Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics and evidence-based guidelines, marketing forces have often made claims on individual drugs to distinguish them beyond relevant differences shown by reliable evidence: this has generated the concept of “me-too drugs” with its double meaning—i.e., market latecomers differing minimally from products preceding them and whose marketing budgets have significant opportunity costs, or medicines which may be useful to substitute for equivalent products in the event of shortages. The square box concept is applied in the context of a comprehensive list: therapeutic equivalence or interchangeability cannot always be easily established. Different interpretations have been applied to different groups of medicines over the 40+ year history of the Model List. This paper presents the concept of the square box, provides key examples and guidance on how square box listings should be practically interpreted in the development and implementation of national essential medicine lists, considers the applicability of a square box listing concept to biologic medicines and proposes that an updated review of the square box concept and listings is warranted.

Venoms and Poisonings during the Centuries: A Narrative Review.

The first traces of man's of poison use date back to ten thousand years ago since the last period of the Paleolithic era. Man used poison for hunting and defense. Indeed, in the second half of the 19th century, arrows made from the bones of animals characterized by particular grooves were found in some caves. In ancient Greece, the term pharmakon (φάρμακον) had a double meaning: remedy for therapy and venom. This is the period in which humans became aware of the fact that poison cannot be defined simply as a substance capable of changing the properties of things. Poison is very frequently mentioned in the history of the Roman Empire, and its use continued through the Renaissance and even during the modern era. Poison was the protagonist in multiple political intrigues of power and is one of the most used lethal weapons over the years. Thought of as the optimal solution for a perfect murder, the poison has a long history. Its success is due to the invisible, untraceable, and often unpunished death it causes.

La facezia nel tardo ’400, forma popolareggiante o raffinato genere umanistico? Sondaggi su un capitolo minore della produzione "letteraria" di Leonardo da Vinci

The facezia in the late 15th century, popular form or refined humanistic genre? A look into a minor section of Leonardo da Vinci’s ‘literary’ production This article briefly traces the general lines of a complex cultural process that led the facezia to assume, through its connection with humanistic rhetoric, a leading role in the context of refined discursive, social, and cultural practices of the courtly life of the second half of the 15th century. By interpreting the facezia in the double meaning of a literary genre and a ‘socialized linguistic act’, a little-known aspect of Leonardo da Vinci's cultural production is re-interpreted within this framework: i.e. those works in which the Master played the role of a perfect vir facetus. The articles discusses three ways in which Leonardo seemed to appeal to the theoretical elaborations promoted by the humanists. Firstly, he uses rhetorical-argumentative jokes in his theoretical writings. Secondly, he uses Poggio’s Liber facetiarum, of which he was a passionate reader, as a source from which he drew ‘learned’ words. Lastly, he collects and writes numerous jokes of erudite or courtly character.

An enhanced approach for the progressive mean control charts: A discussion and comparative analysis

AbstractRecently, a new double progressive mean (DPM) control chart has been proposed in the literature of statistical process control. In the said proposal, an important term is missing in the variance expression of the DPM statistic that affects the detection ability of the proposed chart. In this study, we have derived and provided the correct version of the said variance along with its corresponding control limits. The run length profiles of the DPM chart are investigated, and the results are updated for the new version of the limits. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis between DPM and progressive mean charts based on the different choices of the design parameter is also included in this study. It is revealed that the revised version offers even more efficient outcomes than the previous ones. In addition, a real dataset application is also presented for practical considerations of the refined version.

Monitoring reliability for a gamma distribution with a double progressive mean control chart

AbstractControl charting technique for time between events (TBE) is very important in high‐yield processes for monitoring reliability. For a regularly maintained system, the interfailure times can be modeled by a gamma distribution. This article proposes a new control chart based on the double progressive mean statistic for monitoring the time between k (≥1) failures of a maintained gamma distributed system (referred as DPM‐TBE chart). The performance of the proposed scheme is measured in terms of the average run‐length (ARL) for the case when the scale parameter is known as well as when it is unknown and is estimated from an in‐control (IC) reference sample. A comparison study with other TBE charts shows that the DPM‐TBE chart is more effective. In addition, the proposed chart is shown to be very robust for large shifts when the true distribution of time between failures is a Weibull or a lognormal. Finally, an illustrative example is given to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed chart.

Revisiting environmental degradation and economic growth nexus using autoregressive distributed lag approach

PurposeThe paper attempts to revisit the nexus between economic growth, carbon emissions, trade openness, financial effectiveness and FDI for a sample of seven developed and developing countries using curvilinear relationship as per environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis over long term.Design/methodology/approachThe authors determine the unit root properties of variables (using Clemente–Montañés–Reyes unit root test with double mean shifts and AO model and augmented Dickey–Fuller test) for structural breaks at different levels. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) methodology was used to estimate long- and short-run parameters among the selected variables in sample countries from 1965 to 2016. Vector error correction (VEC) and Granger causality approach was used to determine the direction of causality.FindingsThe authors confirmed long-run relationship among the variables and highlighted high economic growth and energy consumption as the main causes of environmental degradation. While in India financial development and FDI inflows depict a negative association with environmental sustainability, however, such relationship was positive in the United Kingdom (UK), which is often considered as a benchmark for policymakers. The authors’ findings were in agreement with existing research insights in reporting FDI and financial development as the major contributors towards (unsustainable) sustainable environment through emissions in case of (developing country like India) developed country like UK. For other sample countries (China, Brazil, Japan, South Africa, United States of America (USA)), the authors’ model failed to capture financial development and FDI as significant contributors of carbon emissions. However, unidirectional causality running from energy to carbon emission was observed leading to the policy adoption of incentivizing alternative energy-based resources to increase energy efficiency across the energy value chain.Research limitations/implicationsManufacturing with renewable energy, in collaboration with private and foreign players, under an institutional framework is desirable. Policy instruments including mandatory administrative controls, economic incentives and voluntary schemes that promote energy efficiency building blocks need to be established. A sound legal system for implementing technological innovation, financial subsidy incentives, interest-free loan programmes and development of financial sector supports creation and thriving of energy efficient units, often a perquisite for accelerated development.Originality/valueBy undertaking a comparative analysis, the authors address the research gap through revisiting EKC hypothesis with different set of trade policy and financial development framework. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, earlier studies were limited to one-country data analysis and did not consider the comparative data set of developed and developing countries with reference to financial development and FDI components.